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*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Interdependence and the Gains from Trade,相互依存与贸易的好处,Chapter 3,Interdependence and Trade,Consider your typical day:,You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea.,You pour yourself some orange juice made from oranges grown in Florida.,You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia and sewn in factories in Thailand.,You watch the morning news broadcast from New York on your TV made in Japan.,You drive to class in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.,and you havent been up for more than two hours yet!,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,相互依存与贸易,看看你的每天日常生活:,早晨被产于韩国的闹钟叫醒；,给自己倒了一杯佛罗里达产的橘子轧成的橘子汁；,穿上用佐治亚生产的棉花而在泰国缝制的衣服；,从日本产的电视上看纽约播放的新闻节目；,你开着用来自全世界十几个国家生产的部件组装的汽车去上学。,这些事只是发生在你的不到两个小时的生活中。,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Interdependence and the Gains from Trade,Remember, economics is the study of how societies produce and distribute goods in an attempt to satisfy the wants and needs of its members.,相互依存与贸易的好处,记住，经济学是研究社会如何生产和分配物品，以满足所有社会成员的欲望和需要,。,How do we satisfy our wants and needs in a global economy?,We can be economically self-sufficient.,We can specialize and trade with others, leading to economic interdependence.,在世界经济范围内，我们如何满足自己的欲望和需要？,我们可以在经济上自给自足。,我们可以进行专业化分工，并与他人进行贸易，从而形成经济上相互依存的关系。,Interdependence and the Gains from Trade,A general observation . . .,Individuals and nations rely on specialized production and exchange as a way to address problems caused by scarcity.,相互依存与贸易的好处,一个一般性的观察结果 . . .,个人和国家依靠分工生产和交换来解决稀缺带来的问题。,Interdependence and the Gains from Trade,相互依存与贸易的好处,But, this gives rise to two questions:,但是，这会带来两个问题,:,Why is interdependence the norm?,为什么相互依存是正常现象,?,What determines production and trade?,什么决定生产和贸易,?,Why is interdependence the norm?,为什么相互依存是正常的,?,Interdependence occurs because people are better off when they specialize and trade with others.,因为人们专业化分工并与他人交易能使他们的福利变好，所以他们会形成相互依存关系。,What,determines the pattern of production and trade?,什么决定生产和贸易？,Patterns of production and trade are based upon differences in opportunity costs.,生产和贸易的模式决定于各自机会成本的不同。,Imagine . . .,only two goods: potatoes and meat,only two people: a potato farmer and a cattle rancher,What should each produce?,Why should they trade?,A Parable for the Modern Economy,设想 . . .,只有两种商品: 土豆和牛肉,只有两个人: 农场主和牧场主,每个人应该生产什么?,他们为什么应该交易?,一个现代经济学寓言,The Production Opportunities of the Farmer and the Rancher,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,农场主和牧场主的生产机会,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Self-Sufficiency,By ignoring each other:,Each consumes what they each produce.,The production possibilities frontier is also the,consumption possibilities frontier.,Without trade, economic gains are diminished.,自给自足,不考虑相互交易:,每个人消费的就是他所生产的。,生产可能性边界也是,消费可能性边界。,没有贸易，经济利益就会减少。,Production Possibilities Frontiers,Potatoes (ounces),Meat (ounces),32,8,4,16,(,a) The Farmers Production,Possibilities Frontier,0,A,If there is no trade,the farmer chooses this production and consumption,生产可能性边界,土豆(盎司),牛肉(盎司,),32,8,4,16,(,a),农场主的生产可能性边界,0,A,如果没有贸易，农场主选择这个产量和消费量。,Production Possibilities Frontiers,Potatoes (ounces),Meat (ounces),48,12,24,(,b) The Ranchers Production,Possibilities Frontier,0,B,If there is no trade,the rancher chooses this production and consumption,24,生产可能性边界,土豆(盎司),牛肉,(盎司),48,12,24,(,b),牧场主的生产可能性边界,0,B,如果没有贸易，牧场主选择这个产量和消费量。,24,The Farmer and the Rancher Specialize and Trade,Each would be better off if they specialized,in producing,the product they are more suited to produce, and then,trade,with each other.,The farmer should produce potatoes.,The rancher should produce meat.,农场主和牧场主专业化分工并进行交易,如果每人生产他们更擅长生产的产品，然后进行交易，他们每个人的福利会变好。,农场主应该生产土豆。,牧场主应该生产牛肉。,Table 2 The Gains from Trade: A Summary,Copyright 2004 South-Western,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,表,2 .,贸易,的好处,:,总结,农场主,牧场主,没有贸易时的,生产量和消费量,牛肉,土豆,牛肉 土豆,4盎司 16盎司 12盎司 24盎司,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Figure 2. How Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Opportunities,Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning,Potatoes (ounces),4,16,5,17,8,32,A,A*,0,Meat (ounces),(,a) The Farmer,s Production and Consumption,Farmers,production and,consumption,without trade,Farmers,consumption,with trade,Farmers,production,with trade,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,图 2. 贸易如何扩大了消费机会的集合,土豆 (盎司,),4,16,5,17,8,32,A,A*,0,牛肉（ 盎司,),(,a),农场主的生产和消费,没有贸易时农,场主的生产量,和消费量,有贸易时农场,主的消费量,有贸易时农场,主的生产量,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Figure 2 How Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Opportunities,Potatoes (ounces),12,24,13,27,B,0,Meat (ounces),(,b) The Rancher,s Production and Consumption,48,24,12,18,B*,Ranchers,consumption,with trade,Ranchers,production,with trade,Ranchers,production and,consumption,without trade,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,图2.贸易如何扩大了消费机会的集合,土豆 (盎司,),12,24,13,27,B,0,牛肉（ 盎司,),(,b),牧场主的生产和消费,48,24,12,18,B*,有贸易时牧场,主的消费量,有贸易时牧场,主的生产量,没有贸易时牧场,主的生产量和,消费量,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Table 2 The Gains from Trade: A Summary,Copyright 2004 South-Western,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,表,2 .,贸易,的好处,:,总结,农场主,牧场主,没有贸易时的,生产量和消费量,有贸易时的生产量,交易量,消费量,贸易的好处：,消费量的增加,牛肉,土豆,牛肉 土豆,4盎司 16盎司 12盎司 24盎司,0盎司 32盎司 18盎司 12盎司,得5盎司 给15盎司 给5盎司 得15盎司,5盎司 17盎司 13盎司 27盎司,1盎司 1盎司 1盎司 3盎司,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,The Principle of Comparative Advantage,Who should produce what?,How much should be traded for each product?,Who can produce potatoes at a lower cost-the farmer or the rancher?,Differences in the costs of production determine the following:,比较优势原理,谁应该生产什么?,每个产品的交换比例?,谁能以更低的成本生产土豆农场主还是牧场主？,生产成本的差异决定了：,Differences in Costs of Production,The number of hours required to produce a unit of output. (for example, one pound of potatoes),The,opportunity cost,of sacrificing one good for another.,Two ways to measure differences in costs of production:,生产成本的差异,生产一个单位的产出（比如一盎司土豆）所需要的时间（分钟数）。,机会成本：,把资源用于生产一种物品而放弃生产另一种物品的数量。,衡量生产成本差异的两种方法,:,Absolute Advantage,The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity,absolute advantage。,Describes the productivity of one person, firm, or nation compared to that of another.,The producer that requires a smaller quantity of inputs to produce a good is said to have an,absolute advantage,in producing that good.,绝对优势,绝对优势,根据生产率比较一种物品的不同生产者。,描述一个人、公司和国家相对于其他个人、公司和国家的生产率。,如果一个生产者生产一个单位的物品所需的投入要素比其他生产者少，就说该生产者在生产此物品上有绝对优势。,Absolute Advantage,The Rancher needs only 10 minutes to produce a ounce of potatoes, whereas the Farmer needs 15 minutes.,The Rancher needs only 20 minutes to produce a ounce of meat, whereas the Farmer needs 60 minutes.,The Rancher has an absolute advantage in the production of both meat and potatoes.,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,绝对优势,牧场主生产一盎司土豆只需要10分钟，而农场主则需要15分钟。,牧场主生产一盎司牛肉只需要20分钟，而农场主则需要60分钟。,牧场主在生产牛肉和土豆方面,都有绝对优势,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Opportunity Cost and,Comparative Advantage,Compares producers of a good according to their,opportunity cost.,The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a,comparative advantage,in producing that good.,机会成本与比较优势,根据,机会成本,比较一种物品的不同生产者。,如果一个生产者生产一种物品的机会成本比其他生产者小，就说该生产者在生产此物品上有,比较优势。,Comparative Advantage and Trade,Who has the absolute advantage?,The farmer or the rancher?,Who has the comparative advantage?,The farmer or the rancher?,比较优势与贸易,谁有绝对优势,?,农场主还是牧场主?,谁有比较优势,?,农场主还是牧场主?,The Opportunity Cost of Meat and Potatoes,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,牛肉和土豆的机会成本,一盎司牛肉的,机会成本,一盎司土豆的,机会成本,农场主,4盎司土豆,盎司牛肉,牧场主,2盎司土豆,盎司牛肉,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Comparative Advantage and Trade,The Ranchers opportunity cost of an ounce of potatoes is 1/2 ounce of meat, whereas the Farmers opportunity cost of an ounce of potatoes is 1/4 an ounce of meat.,The Ranchers opportunity cost of an ounce of meat is only 2 ounces pound of potatoes, while the Farmers opportunity cost of an ounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes.,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,比较优势与贸易,牧场主生产一盎司土豆的机会成本是1/2盎司牛肉，而农场主生产一盎司土豆的机会成本是1/4盎司牛肉。,牧场主生产一盎司牛肉的机会成本是2盎司土豆，而牧场主生产一盎司牛肉的机会成本是4盎司土豆。,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Comparative Advantage and Trade,so, the Rancher has a comparative advantage in the production of meat but the Farmer has a comparative advantage in the production of potatoes.,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,比较优势与贸易,所以，牧场主在生产牛肉上有比较优势，而农场主在生产土豆上有比较优势,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Comparative Advantage and Trade,Comparative advantage and differences in opportunity costs are the basis for specialized production and trade.,Whenever potential trading parties have differences in opportunity costs, they can each benefit from trade.,比较优势与贸易,比较优势和机会成本的差异是专业化分工生产和贸易的基础。,只要潜在的交易双方机会成本不同，双方都能从贸易中获得利益。,Benefits of Trade,贸易的好处,Trade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage.,贸易可以使社会中每一个人受益，因为贸易可以使每个人从事自己有比较优势的活动。,Adam Smith and Trade,In his 1776 book,An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,Adam Smith,performed a detailed analysis of trade and economic interdependence, which economists still adhere to today.,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,亚当. 斯密与贸易,在1776年的著作国民财富的性质和原因的研究中，,亚当. 斯密,对贸易和相互依存就进行了详细的分析，至今经济学家还继承了这一分析。,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,David Ricardo and Trade,大卫. 李嘉图和贸易,In his 1816 book,Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,David Ricardo,developed the principle of comparative advantage as we know it today.,在1817年的著作政治经济学与税赋原理中，,李嘉图,提出了我们现在熟知的比较优势原理。,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Should Tiger Woods Mow His Own Lawn?,泰格尔. 伍兹应该自己修剪草坪吗？,?,?,APPLICATI APPVAOE ADVANTAGE,APPLICATIONS OF CAMPARATITE ADVANTAGE,比较优势的应用,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,APPLICATIONS OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE,Should the United States Trade with Other Countries?,Each country has many citizens with different interests. International trade can make some individuals worse off, even as it makes the country as a whole better off.,Imports,goods produced abroad and sold domestically,Exports,goods produced domestically and sold abroad,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,比较优势的应用,美国应该与其他国家进行贸易吗?,每个国家都有许多具有不同利益的公民。尽管国际贸易可以使整个国家的福利变好，但也可能使一些个人福利变坏。,进口,国外生产在国内销售的物品。,出口,国内生产在国外销售的物品。,Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.,Summary,Each person consumes goods and services produced by many other people both in our country and around the world.,Interdependence and trade allow people to enjoy a greater quantity and variety of goods and services.,小结,每个人都消费由国、内外许多其他人生产的物品与劳务。,相互依存和贸易可以使每个人享用更多数量和品种的物品与劳务。,Summary,There are two ways to compare the ability of two people producing a good.,The person who can produce a good with a smaller quantity of inputs has an absolute advantage.,The person with a smaller opportunity cost has a comparative advantage.,小结,有两种方式比较一个生产者生产一种物品的能力。,一个可以用更少量投入生产物品的生产者被称为在生产这种物品上有绝对优势。,具有更小机会成本的生产者被称为有比较优势。,Summary,The gains from trade are based on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage.,Trade makes everyone better off because it allows people to specialize in those activities in which they have a comparative advantage。,Comparative advantage applies to countries as well as to people.,小结,贸易的好处基于比较优势，而不是绝对优势。,贸易可以使每一个人状况变好，因为贸易可以使人们专门从事自己有比较优势的活动。,比较优势原理适用于国家和个人。,
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