垂直角观测【精品-】

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,垂直角观测,3.4竖直角测量,3.5光学经纬仪的检验与校正,3.6 水平角测量误差分析,讲题：竖直角测量方法及经纬仪检校,3.4 竖直角(vertical angle)测量,天顶,铅垂线,水平线,A,C,B,0,90 ,180,270,竖直角,在同一铅垂面内，瞄准目标的倾斜视,线与水平视线的夹角(也叫垂直角)。,=0,90,，仰角为正，俯角为负。,一、竖直度盘(vertical circle)的构造,1包括:,竖盘(vertical circle),、,竖盘指标水准管(vertical index bubble tube)、,及其微动螺旋。,后两局部，多采用竖盘指标自动归零补偿器(vertical index compensator)来替代。,2特点：,读数指标线固定不动，,而整个竖盘随望远镜一起转动。,3、竖盘的注记形式：有顺时针与逆时针两种。,1顺时针注记,180,270,0,90,盘左,指标线,270,90,0,180,盘右,指标线,2逆时针注记,0,270,180,90,盘左,指标线,270,90,180,0,盘右,指标线,二、竖直角(vertical angle)的计算公式,1、顺时针注记,左=90-L,右=R-270,故一测回竖直角 =左+右/2,2、逆时针注记,问题：,左,= ？,右,=？,故有:左= L -90 右=270- R,一测回竖直角: =左+右/2,三、竖盘指标差(index error of vertical circle),1、定义,由于指标线偏移，当视线水平时，竖盘读数不是恰好等于90或270上，而是与90或270相差一个x角，称为竖盘指标差。当偏移方向与竖盘注记增加方向一致时，x为正，反之为负。,180,270,0,90,盘左,2结论：取盘左盘右平均值，可消除指标差的影响。,一般标准规定，指标差变动范围，J625、J215 。,2、计算公式,（1）指标差:,对于顺时针注记的：,正确的竖直角=(90+x) -L=左+x,=R-(270+x)=右-x,四、竖直角的观测及记录,1、假设愛有天意,2、在他乡,3.5经纬仪的检验与校正,经纬仪的主要轴线:,1、竖轴VV(vertical axis),2、水准管轴LL(bubble tube axis),3、横轴HH(horizontal axis),4、视准轴CC(collimation axis),5 、圆水准器轴LL(circle bubble axis),L,L,H,H,C,C,V,V,L,L,一、经纬仪轴线应满足的条件,1、VVLL 照准部水准管轴的检校。,2、HH十字丝竖丝十字丝竖丝的检校,3、HHCC 视准轴的检校,L,L,H,H,C,C,V,V,L,L,4HHVV 横轴的检校5竖盘指标差应为零 指标差的检校,6光学垂线与VV重合 光学对中器的检校7. L,L,VV圆水准器的检验与校正(次 要),L,L,H,H,C,C,V,V,L,L,二、经纬仪的检验与校正,1照准部水准管轴的检校,1检验：用任意两脚螺旋使水准管气泡居中，然后将照准部旋转180，假设气泡偏离1格，那么需校正。,2校正：用脚螺旋使气泡向中央移动一半后，再拨动水准管校正螺丝，使气泡居中。此时假设圆水准器气泡不居中，那么拨动圆水准器校正螺丝。,2十字丝竖丝的检校,1检验：用十字丝交点对准一目标点，再转动望远镜微动螺旋，看目标点是否始终在竖丝上移动。,2校正：微松十字丝的四个压环螺丝，转动十字丝环，使目标点始终在竖丝上移动。,3视准轴的检校,1检验：在平坦地面上选择一直线AB，约60m100m，在AB中点O架仪，并在B点垂直横置一小尺。盘左瞄准A，倒镜在B点小尺上读取B1；再用盘右瞄准A，倒镜在B点小尺上读取B2。,有：,J6 ：2c60；J2 ：2c30时，则需校正。,2校正：,方法：拨动十字丝左右两个校正螺丝，使十字丝交点由B2点移至BB2中点B3。,4横轴的检验与校正,1检验：在2030m处的墙上选一仰角大于30的目标点P，先用盘左瞄准P点，放平望远镜，在墙上定出P1点；再用盘右瞄准P点，放平望远镜，在墙上定出P2点。,有：,J6 ：i20，则需校正。,2校正：,方法：用十字丝交点瞄准P1 P2的中点M，抬高望远镜，并翻开横轴一端的护盖，调整支承横轴的偏心轴环，抬高或降低横轴一端，直至交点瞄准P点。此项校正一般由仪器检修人员进行。,5指标差的检校,(1)检验：用盘左、盘右先后瞄准同一目标，计算指标差x=(L+R-360)/2。,J6： x1；J2： x30时，要进行校正。,(2)校正：,用指标水准管微动螺旋，使中丝对准R- x位置，再有拨针使指标气泡居中。,6光学对中器的检校,1检验：精密安置仪器后，将刻划中心在地面上投下一点，再旋转照准部，每隔120投下一点，假设三点不重合，那么需校正。,2校正：用拨针使刻划中心向三点的外接圆心移动一半。,7圆水准器的检校 (次 要),1检验：精平水准管气泡居中后，假设圆水准气泡不居中，那么需校正。,2校正：用圆水准气泡校正螺丝使其居中。,3.6水平角观测的误差分析,一、物的误差仪器误差：仪器校正的剩余误差,视准轴误差CCHH 盘左盘右观测取平均消除,横轴误差 HHVV 盘左盘右观测取平均消除,竖轴误差 LLVV 盘左盘右观测取平均不能,抵消，仔细整平。,二、人的误差,1.仪器安置误差：,对中误差,整平误差,2.标杆倾斜误差 竖直标杆，观测时尽量瞄准目标底部,3.观测误差：瞄准误差，估读数误差,三.环境,外界因素,选择有利观测时间，设法避开不利条件；,尽量缩短一测回的观测时间，采取观测方法减弱与,时间成正比的误差。,DBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHGECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJHGECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJHGECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca875310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywvtrpnmnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJHGECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDFDBzxwusqonljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJHGECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJHGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywywusrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZYWUSQPNLJHGECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJHGECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXYWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywuwusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVTSQOMKJHFDBAywusrpnljigeca975310-(&$!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975320-(&%!ZXVUSQOMLJHFDCAywutrpnlkigecb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpnmkigedb975420-(*%!ZXWUSQONLJHFECAywvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJHGECAyxvtrpomkigfdb976420-)*%!ZYWUSQPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRSQPNLJHGECAyxvtrpomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECAzxvtrqomkihfdb986420+)*%!#YWUSRPNLJIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNLKIGECBzxvtsqomkjhfdba86421+)*%$#YWUTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)*&$#YWVTRPNMKIGEDBzxvusqomljhfdca86431+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhfeca86531+)(&$#YXVTRPOMKIGFDBzxwusqonljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFDBzywusqpnljhgeca87531+-(&$#ZXVTRQOMKIHFD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