M3U1 Grammar and usage

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,名词性从句,Grammar and usage,Noun Clauses,At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported,that,the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon,.,She wondered,if,the buses would still be running,.,Sorry, Miss, replied the man, the truth is,that,the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.,We call these sentences noun clauses.,宾语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句,(,Noun Clauses)。,名词性从句的,功能相当于名词或名词词组, 它在复合句中能担,任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语,等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为,主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,。,名词性从句,His job,is important.,What he does,is important.,This is,his job,.,This is,what he does every day,.,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,主语,表语,I dont like,his job.,I dont like,what he does every day,.,I dont know about,the man, Mr. White.,I dont know about,the fact that he is a teacher.,宾语,同位语,1,That,he will succeed is certain.,2,Whether,he will go there is not known.,3,What,he said is not true.,4,Where,he hid the money is to be found out .,5,Whoever,comes is welcome.,6,How,we can help the twins,will be discussed,at the meeting.,7,When,theyll start the project,has not been,decided yet.,Subject Clause,主语从句,请你归纳,在名词性从句中，除了,关联词在从句之首,外，其它部分,应用,_,的语序,。,陈述句,名词性从句的连接词,一、主语从句,连词,that(,无词义,无成分,不能省,);,whether(,是否,),不用,if,.,1.,he will come and help us is certain.,2.,we will succeed is still a question.,注意,:,已确定的事由,that,引导,;,没决定的事由,whether,引导,That,Whether,2.,连接代词,指物,:,what (ever),在从句中做主语或宾语,指人,:,who (ever),表所属：,whose,哪,which+n,1.,he did has nothing to do with you.,ticket this is has not been found out.,3.,team will win the match is unknown.,4.,finish the task first should be praised.,What,Whose,Which,Whoever,3.,连接副词,when, where, why, how ,When,the test will be given is not yet decided.,How,we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.,为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用,it,作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语。,1.,It,is certain,that he will succeed.,2.,It,is not known,whether he will go,there.,“It”,is used as,empty subject.,形式主语,Its likely / possible / important / necessary / clear that,很可能/重要的是,/,必要的是,/,很清楚,Its said / reported that,据说/据报道,It seems / appears / happens that,似乎,/,好像,/,碰巧,.,Its been announced / declared that,已经通知/宣布,Its no wonder that,并不奇怪/无疑,Its a pity / a fact / common knowledge,(,众所周知,),/ a common saying,(,俗话说,),that,在下列句型中常使用that引导主语从句,宾语,从句,在句中充当宾语成分,that, (,无词义，无成分，常可省略,),whether, if,一般可互换,人：,who(ever,),物：,what(ever,),which,（哪）, whose,when where why how,宾语从句,连词,1.They know,the bad habit will kill them.,2.It all depends on,it will rain.,3.He didnt know,you want.,4.He asked,the meeting will be held.,5. The teacher asked,knows the answer.,6.He made,clear to the public,he did an important and necessary job.,that,whether,what,when,who,it,that,后有,or,/,or not,时,只用,whether,不用,if.,I dont know,whether,I will stay,or not,.,介词,后面的宾语从句，,只用,whether,，,I worry,about whether,I hurt her feelings.,1. whether,和,if,都可以引导宾语从句,在,主+谓+,it (,形式宾语) +宾补+,that,从句(真正宾语)的句型中,不省略,We thought,it,good news,that,he finally came back.,由连词,and,连接的两个由,that,引导,的宾语从句中,第二个,that,不省略,。,He told me,(that),he would come,and,that,he would come on time.,2. that在宾语从句中的省略与保留,特殊句式,1.I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full（MET98）,A. it B. that C. these D. them,2. I feel _ strange that he should be so careless.,A. / B. it C. that D. how,3. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey.（MET92）,Awhile B. that Cif,Dfor,A,B,B,The question is,whether,we can rely on him.,Thats,because,we were in need of money at that time.,He looked,as if,he was going to cry.,Thats,why,I was late.,表语从句,:,在句中充当表语成分，一般放在系动词之后。,作用,:,对主语进行解释说明。,表语从句,连接词,when / where / why / how / because,that / whether / as if / as though (if,不引导表语从句,),连接代词,who / what,/,whose / which,连接副词,同位语从句,在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词,(,idea; belief; fact; truth; problem; news,等,),后面，对名词作进一步解释说明。,同位语从句常用,that,引导或用连接副词,when / where / why / how / whether,The idea,that computers can recognize,human voices,surprises,many people.,2),News,came,that the manager was coming to inspect (,视察,) them.,3),Sydney kept his,promise,that he would,always do anything he could for Lucy to,make sure of her happiness.,同位语从句,1.,Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact,worries their parents and teachers a lot.,2.,The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in,China./ We heard the news last night.,_,_,_,The fact,that,two thirds of all girls are on a diet,worries their parents and teachers a lot.,_,_,_,We heard,the news,last night,that,the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China,.,连接副词,when / where / why / how /,I have no idea,when,he will come back.,I have no idea,where,he has gone.,She had no idea,how,she should do.,同位语从句与定语从句的区别,He told me the news,that,our team won the game.,He told me the news,that,was true.,_ the baby could speak made his,parents very happy.,A. That B. What C. Why D. If,2. I wonder _ you will go shopping or stay at home.,A. that B. if C. whether D. what,主语从句,宾语从句,3. This is _ he was often late for school.,A. what B. that C. why D. whether,4. We all know the truth _ the earth _ around the sun.,A. if; moved B. that; moves,C. why; move D. whether; move,表语从句,同位语从句,Do the Exercise on page 9,Useful Phrases,reduce pain,a scientific study,breath in,sniff pleasant smell,take the pain,be related to,be linked to,减少疼痛,一次科学研究,吸进,闻香味,忍受疼痛,与,相关,和,有联系的,分析下列宾语从句中的连词,I dont doubt,(that),you will succeed.,I dont know,whether/if,he will come tonight.,I doubt,if /whether,you will keep your promise.,3个句子中的连词,that, whether, if (,是否,),在名词性从句中只起连接作用，在句中不担任成分,被称为,连接词。,注意,: A. that,本身无意义，在宾语从句中可以省略，但在别的三种名词性从句中不可以省略。,B. whether,和,if,有是否的意义，在宾语从句中二者通常可以互换。但,whether,可以用于所有的四种名词性从句,而,if,仅可以用于宾语从句。,引导名词性从句的关联词,连接词,一、名词性从句的语序,(1),名词性从句构成有两种,a. That +,陈述句,That,light travels in straight lines,is known to all.,This is,what,we are looking for.,名词性从句考点归纳,b.,疑问词+句子的剩余成分,Could you tell me where he lives? ( )Could you tell me where does he live? ( ),(2) 疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述,句语序，不能用一般疑问句语序。,How was he successful is still a puzzle. ( )How he was successful is still a puzzle. ( ),你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？,F,T,T,F,他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。,二、名词性从句连接词的选用,(,1) that,和,what,的选用,that,和,what,都可引导所有的名词性从句。但是，,what,除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可作从句的主语、宾语、或表语。而,that,在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。,that / what,1. _,he wants is a book.,2. _ he wants to go there is obvious.3. The result is _ we won the game.4. This is _ we want to know.5. Is _ he told us true?6. We should pay attention to _ the,teacher is saying.7. I have no doubt _ he will come.8. I have no idea _ he did that afternoon.,What,That,that,what,what,what,that,what,a.,主语从句,b.,表语从句,c.,同位语从句,d.,介词后的宾语从句,e. whether to do,做动词宾语不能用,if to,do.f.,与,or not,连在一起引导宾语从句,时不用,if.,if和whether的选用,不能使用,if,的情况,:,1. I asked her _ she had a bike.2. _ we will hold a party in the open,air tomorrow depends on the weather.3. Were worried about _ he is safe.4. I dont know _ he is well or not.5. I dont know _ or not he is well.6. The question is _ he should do it.7. The doctor can hardly answer the question _ the old man will recover soon.8. I havent decided _ to go there.,if / whether,Whether,whether,whether / if,whether,whether,whether,whether,if / whether,其它连接代词和副词的使用,主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义，正确的选择,who, which, when, where, why, how,等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。,我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。,_,we shall hold our sports meeting is not decided.,我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃。,I dont know _ broke the glass yesterday.,我不知道他长的什么样子。,I have no idea _ he looks like.,这就是我忘记眼镜的地方。,This is _ I left my glasses.,When,who,what,where,that,可省略的情况：,that,不可省略的情况：,主语从句表语从句同位语从句用,it,做形式宾语的宾语从句并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词,that,不能省略,引导词that的省略,单个宾语从句中的,that,可省略,1.,I dont think _ she is coming.2. It is a pity _ he has made such a,mistake.3. The reason is _ he is careless.4. The news _ our team won the,match inspired us.5. I dont think it necessary _ you,should read English aloud.6. He told me _ his father had died,and _ he had to make a living,alone.,(,that),that,that,that,that,(,that),that,that / (that),1.同位语从句的格式：,2.能接同位语从句的名词有：,3.连接词通常是,that,也可根据含义选用,三、同位语从句的引导和辨别,n. +,连接词 + 从句,fact, idea,news,order, belief, suggestion, advice, information,等,whether, what, when, where,等来引导同位语从句。,1.,I have no idea _ he comes from.2. He cant answer the question _ he,got the money.3. He gave us many suggestions _,we should get up earlier and take more,exercise.4. I have no doubt _ he will win.5. I have some doubt _ he will win.,where,how,that,that,whether,that / whether / where / how,定语从句是先行词的修饰语,它不涉及,先行词的具体内容。定语从句中,that,不但起连接作用,而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分,充当从句的宾语成分时可省略。,2. 同位语从句对中心词的内容作进一步的,解释和说明,表明中心词的具体内容。,引导同位语从句的,that,在同位语从句中,不做任何成分,只起连接作用,无具体含,义,且不可省略。,同位语从句和定语从句的区别,We expressed the hope,that they had expressed.,2. We expressed the hope,that they would come to China again.,1. The information has been announced,that more middle school graduates will be admitted into university.,2. The information,that he revealed at the meeting,is of great value.,AT,AP,AP,AT,Attributive or Appositive,He gave me,a suggestion,that I (should) be calm now.,名词,demand, suggestion, proposal, advice,等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气, 结构为,should + do, should,可省略,a.,他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的。,He believes _ .,b.,请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么。,Please tell me _ .,his dream will come true some day,at this time yesterday,宾语从句的时态呼应,1.,如果主句时态是现在时或将来时,从句谓语可根据句意需要而选用任一种时态。,what you were doing,他告诉我他正在为考试做准备。,He told me,_,.,他说他已离开家乡十年了。,He told me,_.,老师告诉我们光是沿直线运行的。,The teacher told us,_.,he was preparing for the examination,he had been away from his hometown for ten years,light travels in a straight line,2.,如果主句谓语是过去时,从句谓语动词一般用过去的某种时态,但从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然规律等时,从句谓语通常用一般现在时。,The reason _ we didnt trust him was _ he often lied,2. The reason _ he gave for his absence was _ he was ill.,reason,后面的表语从句只能用,that,引导, 不能用,why,引导, 但,reason,后面的定语从句可以用,why,或者,that,引导。,在名词性从句中，我们还需特别注意以下问题：,why,that,that,that,Part A and Part B on page 11.,have anything to do with,overall health,make the most of,misuse our senses,ignore our sense of touch,rather than,wear a nightshirt,be pleasant to touch,sleep deeply,give sb. chance to do,sth,.,与,有任何关系,全身健康,充分利用,误用我们的器官,忽视我们的触觉,而不是,/,胜过,穿着睡衣,手感好,睡得深,给某人机会做某事,Language Points,at the North Pole,make ones way to,get to my destination,walk through the thick snow,become worse,It is/becomes impossible to do,sth,.,lose sight of,continue walking,sweat with fear,在北极,朝某地走去,到达我的目的地,走过厚厚的积雪,变得更糟,做某事不可能,看不见,继续走,害怕得出汗,高考链接,By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of _ you read.,(2007,上海春,),A. that B. what,C. which D. whether,2. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are. (2007,浙江,),A. where B. what,C. when D. why,3. You can only be sure of _ you,have at present; you cannot be sure of,something _ you might get,in the future. (2007,安徽,),A. that; what B. what; /,C. which; that D. /; that,4. It is none of your business _ other,people think about you. Believe yourself.,(2007,福建,),A. how B. what C. whichD. when,They expressed the hope _ they would,come over to China.,A. which B. that C. whom D. when,2. The fact _ he didnt see Tom yesterday is true.,A. that B. which C. when D. what,3. I have no idea _ he will come back.,A. where B. when C. what D. if,Choose the best answer,4. One of the men held the view _ the,book said was right.,A. what that B. that which,C. that what D. which that,5. Word has come _ some American,guests will come for a visit to our college,next week.,A. what B. whether,C. that D. which,6. The question is _ the film is,worth seeing.,A. if B. what C. whether D. how,7. They received orders _ the work,be done at once.,A. which B. when C. / D. that,8. The reason _ I have to go is _,my mother is ill in bed.,A. why; why B. why; because,C. why; that D. that; because,9. _ I cant understand is _ she wants,to change her mind.,A. What; why B. Which; how,C. That; why D. What; because,10. _ his dream of going to college will,come true is uncertain.,A. That B. Whether,C. If D. Even if,11. It is known to us _ where there is,pollution, there is harm.,A. which B. where,C. what D. that,12. I have the information _.,A. of what hell come soon,B. that hell come soon,C. of that hell come soon,D. his coming soon,13. - I saw your neighbor break your,window with a basketball.,- _ it made me nearly mad.,A. That he broke B. What he broke,C. He broke D. His break,14. It remains a question _ we can get,so much money in such a short time.,A. how B. that C. when D. what,15. - Can I help you?,- Yes, do you know _?,A. when comes the bus,B. when will come the bus,C. when does the bus come,D. when the bus comes,16. He made a promise _ anyone set him,free he would make him very rich.,A. that B. if,C. what D. that if,17. They lost their way in the forest,and _ made matters worse,was _ night began to fall.,A. what; that,B. it; that,C. what; when,D. which; what,18. It now appears _ they are in need of,help.,A. that B. which C. what D. how,19. It is good news _ they will arrive in a,few days.,A. which B. what C. that D. how,20. It _ Joe drives badly.,A. thought that B. thinks that,C. was thought that D. is thought that,21. You must do well _ the teacher,asks you to do.,A. which B. what C. that D. where,22,.,This is _ she was born.,A. where B. which C. that D. what,23. The question is _ we cant go,there today.,A. that B. what C. which D. when,24. The question is _ it is worth doing.,A. if B. whether C. which D. what,25. The reason he has made such great,progress is _ he has never,wasted his time.,A. because B. why C. that D. what,26. My suggestion is _ we should,turn the land into rice fields.,A. what B. that C. which D. where,27. His proposal is that the dam _,at the foot of the mountain.,A. build B. will build,C. be built D. will be built,28. My advice is that he _ regular,house.,A. keep B. would keep,C. keeps D. kept,29. _ knows the truth will tell you,about it.,A. Who that B. Whoever,C. Whom that D. That who,30. We all know the truth _ the earth,goes round the sun.,A. that B. which C. what D. whether,31. We heard the news _ our team,had won.,A. which B. that C. what D. where,32. The problem _ it is right or wrong,has not yet been decided.,A. which B. that C. whether D. if,Translation,重要的是你做什么，而不是说什么。,2.,他出生在何时何地还不知道。,The important thing is what you do, not what you say.,When and where he was born has not been found.,3.,那个人何时被谋杀，为什么被谋杀尚,不知道。,4.,问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么。,5.,我们相信他已经挣了足够的钱来盖所,房子。,When and why the person was murdered is still unknown.,The problem is what he has done to the little boy.,We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house.,Thank you!,