四级写作模板课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,四级写作,大学英语四级考试大纲,对写作的要求,教育部（,2006,修订版）明确规定写作部分要求考生达到,大学英语课程教学要求,中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出,至少,120,词,的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技巧。”,评分标准,短文写作要求考生在,30,分钟内,根据提纲写出一篇,120,词以上,的短文，本部分的得分占总分的,15%,，采用,总分评分法,（,Global Scoring,），从,内容,和,语言,两个方面对作文进行综合评判。满分为,15,分，共分五等：,14,分、,11,分、,8,分、,5,分及,2,分（注：四级作文在试卷总分中占,15%,，改卷时按照作文总分,15,分来评改，然后经过处理转化为,710,分中的作文分数）。各个分数档的标准如下：,评分,依据（,1.,主题,、,2.,表达,、,3.,文字,、,4.,语言,）,14,分,切题,，,表达,思想清楚，,文字,通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无,语言,错误，仅有个别拼写错误。,11,分,切题,，,表达,思想清楚，,文字,通顺，但有少量,语言,错误。,8,分,基本,切题,，有些地方,表达,思想不够清楚，,文字,勉强连贯；,语言,错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。,5,分,基本,切题,，,表达,思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重错误。,2,分,条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。,0,分,白卷；文不对题，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。,备注：,阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如,8,分）相似，即定为该分数（即,8,分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该档次，则可加分（即,9,分）或减,1,分（即,7,分），但不得加或减半分。,字数不足按下表所示酌情扣分：,累计字数,90-99,80-89,70-79,60-69,50-59,49,扣分,1,2,3,5,7,9,二、纵观历年大学英语四级考试作文题目，我们不难发现，近年来的四级作文凸显,三大趋势,：,序号,内容,1,实用性,增强,从,体裁,上看，议论文、说明文、应用文写作占绝大多数，记叙文偶尔也会涉及。到目前为止，虽然,议论文,占绝对优势，但近年来,应用文,上升的势头很猛，书信、欢迎词、祝贺词、招聘书、解说词、见证书、竞选演说等频频出现，集中体现了大纲对实际运用语言能力的要求。,2,主要考核,三大主题,从,内容,上看，所考题型都与考生熟悉的生活事件与现象有关。就,话题,而言，四级作文主要有三类：,社会热门话题,、,校园生活话题,和,日常生活话题,，如教师节、英语口试、计算机的使用、求职面试、上大学的费用等等，因此，平时应尽量偏向这几方面的主题进行练习。,3,注重,综合能力,的考核,四级作文从倾向于单纯考查某一文体，逐渐过渡到,几种文体的结合,。如：,2004,年,6,月的,A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction,是一篇解说词，属应用文，但同时要求说明和描写。这说明作文命题越来越灵活。,四级写作基本模式,三段式,文章,引言段,主题句,(Topic Sentence),扩展句,1 (Developing Sentence 1),扩展句,2 (Developing Sentence 1),结尾句,(Concluding Sentence),发展段,主题句,(TS),扩展句,1 (DS1),扩展句,2 (DS2),结尾句,(CS),结尾段,主题句,(TS),扩展句,1 (DS1),扩展句,2 (DS2),结尾句,(CS),三、为了便于考生尽快掌握四级作文的写作方法，在此综合历年四级考试作文真题，重点介绍,七类,常见的写作类型,。,.,对比选择型,.,现象解释型,.,原因阐释型,.,问题解决型,.,应用型,.,综合叙事型,.,图表型,.,对比选择型,特点及写作要求,对比选择型议论文是大学英语四级考试写作,最常见,的写作题型。一般来说，这类议论文的通常是对一个观点或事物的,正反两方面,或者,两种不同的观点或事物,进行,对比,，从而引出主题，得出结论。在对两种不同的观点或事物进行对比时，主要运用,比较,和,对比,两种写作技巧。在四级考试中曾多次出现此类议论文。,.,对比选择型,写作流程,第一段：,简介,。,(,简单介绍某一现象或事物。,),第二段：,主要对比观点或事物,。,(,分析某一观点或事物的正反两面，或比较两种不同的观点或事物。,),第三段：,结论,。,(,得出结论，或提出自己的看法。,),或者,第一段：,主要观点或事物甲,。,(,简单提及某一现象或事物，并分析该现象或事物的好处。,),第二段：,主要观点或事物乙,。,(,分析该现象或事物的利弊。,),第三段：,结论,。,(,得出结论，或提出自己的看法。,),.,对比选择型,句子模板,1.,对比不同观点,/,对比法：,When it comes to, peoples ideas/views/notions/opinions vary from person to person/from one to another.,There is no consensus(,共识,) of opinions/there are some controversies/there is no agreement among people as to do,/as to the view of,.,Whenever people, they will come across the problem of whether they should,or, and it is natural for different opinions to arise.,The general public has been debating whether or not,.,.,对比选择型,句子模板,1.,对比不同观点,/,对比法：,Some people think we should,. They say that,. While others think otherwise,.They argue that,.,Some people advocate that,. Others hold the opposite opinion/adopt a totally different view/take an opposite side. They believe,.,Those in favor of,believe/claim that,. Those oppose to,argue/hold/point out that,.,Everything has two sides and,is not an exception, it has both advantages and disadvantages.,.,对比选择型,句子模板,2.,在两种对立观点中选择一种观点,/,表明自己的观点：,Were it left to me to decide whether we should, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.,As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable/holds more weight.,As for me, I agree to/prefer to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behinds my belief. First of all,.,Weighing up the arguments on both sides, Im inclined to believe that,.,.,对比选择型,句子模板,2.,在两种对立观点中选择一种观点,/,表明自己的观点：,In my opinion/mind, we should,.,From my perspective/point of view, I think,.,Personally speaking, I approve of,.,From what I have discussed above, I can draw the conclusion that,.,【,模板一,】,1 Nowadays, wherever you go, you will hear people talk about,. 2 Whether you like it or not, it had become a part of our life.,3 Some people who are in favor of,maintain that,. 4 In their view,. 5 While those who are against,argue that,. 6 Besides,.,7 As far as I am concerned, I stand on the side of,. 8 First of all, 9 Furthermore,. 10 Thirdly,. 11 Therefore,.,.,对比选择型,作文模板,【,模板二,】,1 Views/Opinion on (Attitudes towards),vary from person to person.,2 Some people think that,. 3 They hold this opinion because (they think),.,4 Others, however, take a negative / positive attitude to,. (Others, nevertheless, are more pessimistic / optimistic about it). 5 From their point of view,. 6 Besides,.,7 In my opinion/Personally /From my point view /If asked my attitude, I am more in favor of,. 8 I stand in / hold this attitude /opinion / view because,. 9 Its true that, but it doesnt mean that,. 10 Therefore / In a word/ In short,. 11 Instead, we should,.,.,对比选择型,作文模板,.,现象解释型,特点及写作要求,现象阐释型的作文通常先,指明一种现象或提出一种观点,，然后对这一现象或观点进行,解释,，最后得出,结论,或发表个人,见解,。,.,现象解释型,写作流程,第一段：,概述,。,(,简要描述某一现象或某一观点。,),第二段：,具体阐述,。,(,具体阐释现象或观点的,正确性或危害性,等。,),第三段：,个人见解,。,(,表明自己的态度或看法。,),或者,第一段：,概述,。,(,简单描述某一现象或观点。,),第二段：,具体阐述,。,(,具体阐述引起这种现象的或持有这种观点,考虑的主要因素,。,),第三段：,个人评价,。,(,对现象或者观点进行评价。,),.,现象解释型,句子模板,1.,分析原因：,There are many/plenty of/ a number of/ numerous reasons explaining/ for,.,The reasons of,lie in several aspects,.,Many factors contribute to,.,There are many reasons that many account for,.,The reasons for/why,are as follows:,.,There are many reasons for it, but generally, they come down in three major ones.,.,现象解释型,句子模板,1.,分析原因：,is mainly caused by,.,What caused these changes?,.,There are many factors that have stimulated this huge change.,The reasons that caused changes are diverse. On the one hand,.,On the other hand,.,The rapid growth of,owes much to,.,.,现象解释型,句子模板,2.,总结归纳,/,说明影响,/,表明作者态度,/,以作者个人为例：,Through the analysis, we can draw a conclusion that,., In short/ In brief,., To solve the problem of, we,., From all the facts given above, we can see,., Considering all these /Taking all these into consideration/account, I believe,., As to/for me, I believe,., Take me as an example/In my own case, I,.,【,模板一,】,1 In recent years,(,描写现状或趋势,).,2 This has caused a lot of problems.,3 First,(,结果,1),. 4 For example,(,细节，说明结果,1),. 5 Second,(,结果,2),.,(,细节，说明结果,2),. 6 Finally,(,结果,3),.,(,细节，说明结果,3),.,7 Since,is such a serious problem, we should take effective measures to,. 8 First, we should,(,措施,1),. 9 Besides,(,措施,2),. 10 And finally,(,措施,3),.,.,现象解释型,作文模板,【,模板二,】,1 At present/ In recent years/ Nowadays,(,描写现状或趋势,),. 2 It may someday become the main trend when,(,进一步描述这一现象或观点,),.,3 Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when,(doing sth). 4 First of all,(,主要因素,1),. 5 Moreover,(,主要因素,2),. 6 Last,(,主要因素,3),. 7 From their perspective,.,8 Everything has both positive and negative aspects, and,(,这种现象或观点,),is of no exception. 9,(,这种现象或观点的正确性,),. 10 However,(,这种观点或现象的危害性,),.,.,现象解释型,作文模板,.,原因阐释型,特点及写作要求,原因解释型作文的重点在于探讨产生某一社会现象或问题的原因。近十年来，原因阐释型议论文在四级考试中出现的并不多。,.,原因阐释型,写作流程,第一段：,现象,。,(,对某一社会现象进行描述。,),第二段：,原因阐释,。,(,阐释产生这一社会现象的原因。,),第三段：,评述,或,提出解决方法,。,(,发表个人看法，或提出解决思路。,),.,原因阐释型,句子模板,1.,一果多因：,Why,? For one thing,. For another,., The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thing,. For another,. Still another,., A number of factors, both physical and psychological affect/both individual and social contribute to,., Another important factor is,.,.,原因阐释型,句子模板,1.,一果多因：,is also responsible for the change/problem., Certainly, the,is not the sole reason for,., The factors that contribute to,include,., You dont have to look very far to identify the reason that,., Thanks to/ Owing to/Due to/Because of/As a result of,.,.,原因阐释型,句子模板,2.,一因多果,It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on ., It involves some serious consequence for ., There are a number of dreadful consequence of . Perhaps the most serious/disastrous consequence is ., It may cause/result in/lead to a host/number of problems., It leaves/involves some serious consequence of, The immediate result it produce is . And perhaps the most obvious result of is .,.,原因阐释型,作文模板,1 Nowadays, we often hear that,(,提出现象,),. 2 This phenomenon is not accidental, and there is social and individual background.,3 Why,? 4 For one thing,(,原因,1),. 5 For another,(,原因,2),. 6 For instance,(,举例说明,),. 7 From that, 8 we,.,9 As far as I am concerned, I agree that,. 10 I think that,(,作者本人的观点,),. 11,.,第三段或为：,9 We should take measures to,. 10 First,(,措施,1),. Second,(,措施,2),. 11 Finally,(,措施,3),.,.,问题解决型,特点及写作要求,问题解决型的作文通常先,说明情况,，,提出问题,，随后,提出解决方法,或处理方式，最后,给予评价,。,.,问题解决型,写作流程,第一段：,引言,。,(,描述现状、形势、提出问题。,),第二段：,解决方案,。,(,提出解决问题的方法。,),第三段：,评价,或,个人选择,。,(,简要评价提及的方法，或选择其中一、两种自己认为合适的方法并说明理由。,),.,问题解决型,句子模板,1.,提出问题：,Nowadays, with, more and more, which causes serious problem to,., Nowadays,.It has become such a serious problem which has aroused the concern from,., Recently, the problem of,has become increasingly serious in,., Today, with, a serious social problem has arisen,.,.,问题解决,型,句子模板,1.,提出问题：,Today, more and more people have realized that,has become a very serious problem., Nowadays, there is growing concern over,., Currently,is being considered a major problem in,.,.,问题解决型,句子模板,2.,解决问题：,To solve this problem,., As is known to all, there are many ways to,., To put an end to this serious problem, in my opinion, several measures should be taken/adopted by,., How can we solve this problem? I think there are three approaches.,.,问题解决型,句子模板,2.,解决问题：,If you want to solve this problem, the following advice may be helpful., My suggestions to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place,. Secondly,. Finally,., At first thought, the problem seems far too involved (,复杂的,), but it can certainly be solved when seriously dealt with.,.,问题解决型,作文模板,1 Nowadays, great importance has been attached to,(,目前的现象及存在的问题,),. 2 Many ways can contribute to,(,要解决的问题,), but the following ones may be effective.,3 First of all,(,方法,1),. 4 Besides,(,方法,2),. 5 Finally,(,方法,3),.,6 In conclusion/ To sum up, the ways I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other. 7,(,希望,),.,.,应用型,特点及写作要求,应用文，就是在现实生活中有实际应用功能的文体，比如,信函、通知、演讲稿、导游词、见证书,等。应用文是大学英语四级考试中常见的考查内容，与议论文、记叙文和说明文相比，应用型作文与生活、社会的联系更加紧密，,在格式、行文习惯等方面更讲究规矩。,因此，无论写哪些应用型作文，都必须按其各自规范化的、约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意改变格式。,下面主要介绍英文信函、通知、演讲稿、导游词的写作模板。,.,应用型,(,信函,),句子模板,1.,信函句子模板,开头常用表达：,Excuse me for not writing to you for so long a time., Your letter dated,is at hand., Words cannot express my joy of receiving your letter of May 8,th,., I am writing to,., I am very much delighted to inform you that,., I have the pleasure to tell you that,.,.,应用型,信函,2.,信函句子模板,结尾常用套话：,I send you my best wished., Looking forward to hearing from you soon., All the luck in the world to you., Please give my best regards to your family/parents.,.,应用型,(,信函,),作文模板,同学间的日常信件作文模板：,1 Dear,2 I am glad to know that,. 3 As for,_, I suppose that,can be a good choice for you.,(,首先用一句话来回应收到的信，然后进入此次写信的主题。,),4,. 5,. 6 Whats more,. 7 To, you are supposed to,. 8,are also of great importance,.,(,对来信的第二问题进行答复,),9 Now lets talk about,. 10 First of all, you should,. 11 In addition,.,(,转至第三个问题,),12 If any further questions come to you,do not hesitate to write to me.,10,.,Yours,.,应用型,(,通知,) ,作文模板,活动通知作文模板：,Volunteer Needed,1 With the approaching of,(,活动日,),(,组织者,),is to organize,and is now recruiting volunteers.,2 This program is planned to,. 3 It aims to,. 4 By participating in the activity, volunteers can,. 5 Volunteers are expected to,. 6 The program will be carried out,.,7,are needed. 8 Fellow students who meet the requirements and want to take part in the activity, please call us at,or email us at,.,9 Come and join us!,.,应用型,(,演讲稿,),作文模板,竞赛演讲稿作文模板：,A Campaign Speech,1,(,选择一个合适的称呼。,),2 Thank you for,. 3, 4 I am delighted to announce that,.,(,演讲词常用开场白套语。,),5, I have always been considered as,. 6 Meanwhile,. 7,. 8 In addition,if I get elected.,(,层次清楚地陈述自己的优势，突出重点,),9,. 10 If elected, I am confident that,. 11 I will,.,(,工作规划的简要陈述，点到为止,),12 Thank you very much for your attention.,(,结束语套话,),.,应用型,(,导游词,),作文模板,导游解说词作文模板：,1,2 Welcome to,. 3 First of all, Id like to introduce myself: I am, Its my honor to be here with all of you, and I wish you a wonderful trip today,.,(,表示欢迎，自我介绍，开场白套话。,),4,Here is the schedule of the day. 5,is the first place we are going to visit this morning. 6 Then,will be our destination in the afternoon.,(,简要介绍行程安排，无需赘述。,),7,Now we are on the way,.,.,.,.,(,用三四句话介绍第一景点的概况，突出重点。,),8 Thats the introduction to,. 9 If you have any questions, please dont hesitate to ask me.,(,结束语套话,),.,综合叙事型,特点及写作要求,综合叙事型文章是以记人叙事为主要内容、以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。写这类作文要综合,记叙、描写和议论,等写作方法，,既要交代时间、地点、人物、事情的发生、发展和变化,，,也要分析事情发生的原因或写出个人感受。,.,综合叙事型,写作流程,第一段：,引出主题,。,(,交待清楚事情发生的背景，如时间、地点及人物等。,),第二段：,主体,。,(,描述事情发生的起因、经过和结果。,),第三段：,事件分析,。,(,分析事件发生的原因,或者,写出个人的感受,。,),.,综合叙事型,句子模板,1.,表示时间顺序的连接词：,Early in the morning/In the early morning, In the middle of the day/At noon, Late in the afternoon/In the late afternoon, Far/Deep into the night, In the past; At present,; In the future, First; Second; Next; Then; Finally, At first/In the beginning; At last/In the end, Shortly afterwards/At once/Immediately/All of a sudden/Suddenly/Soon, The moment /As soon as/The first time ; Not until, Next time , Before , After , etc.,.,综合叙事型,作文模板,1 It is,(,时间和地点,) when,(,事件,),took place. 2,(,简单叙述一两句,),.,3 I saw,sight. 4,(,描写情景，注意描写的顺序,),. 5 To begin with,. 6 And then,. 7 Eventually,. 8 As a consequence,(,结束语,),.,9 In my opinion, three factors contribute to,. 10 First,(,原因,1),. 11 Second,，,(,原因,2),. 11 Last ,(,原因,3),. 12 All these led to,(,结束语,),.,第三段或为以下模式：,9 I do believe,(,个人感受,),.,.,图表型,特点及写作要求,图表型作文要求根据图表上的数据，找出所反映的,某个趋势或某一个问题、现象,，并对该问题、趋势所产生的原因进行,分析,。常见的图表型作文有表格（,table,）、曲线图（,line chart,）、条形图,/,柱状图（,bar chart,）、饼形图（,pie chart,）和图片（,picture,）。,图表型作文的写作,误区,：有些考生习惯在第一段罗列所有数据，形式单调，没有重点，篇幅又长，容易让人厌倦，而第二、三段受篇幅和时间限制，未能充分展开。,.,图表型,写作注意事项,写图表型作文的,注意事项,：,1.,看懂,并理解图表的含义，这是写好图表型作文的前提；,2.,选择,能充分说明图表主题的,典型,数据；,3.,根据分析结果和文章的题目写出各段的主题句并展开,论述,。,合理的结构安排,是：第一段简明扼要，尽量少引数据，重在点明趋势；二、三段的分析是重点，应展开。,.,图表型,写作流程,第一段：,描述图表反映的总情况,。,(,总体说明图表所反映的趋势、问题、现象，并选用典型数据进行说明。,),第二段：,分析原因,。,(,分析该问题或该现象的原因或后果。,),第三段：,结论,。,(,提出解决问题的办法、建议或进行展望。,),.,图表型,句子模板,1.,图表内容总括性描述：,As can be seen from the table, great changes have been taking place in,., From the above table it can be seen that,., As it is shown in the table,., According to the graph,., It is clear from the table that,., The survey/study shows/suggests that,., According to the figures given in the table,., As you may see from the diagram,., The two charts above tell us something about,.,.,图表型,句子模板,2.,图表内容具体数据变化描述：,increase/decrease by ,2. increase from to,3. increase steadily from ,4. There was a marked increase in ,5. There has been a rapid increase in ,6. an increase of,7. decline in ,8. four times as much as ,9. amount to,.,图表型,句子模板,(2),图表内容具体数据变化描述：,10. fall from to ,11. appear stable,12. reach (+,数字,),13. continue to grow,14. has been growing faster and faster since,15. less than,16. up to,17. compared with,18. the number of remains the same as ,.,图表型,句子模板,(3),分析原因：,1. There are many/plenty of/ a number of/ numerous reasons explaining/ for,.,2. The reasons of,lie in several aspects,.,3. Many factors contribute to,.,4. There are many reasons that may account for,.,5. The reasons for/why,are as follows:,.,6. There are many reasons for it, but generally, they come down in three major ones.,.,图表型,句子模板,(3),分析原因：,7.,is mainly caused by,.,8. What caused these changes?,.,9. There are many factors that have stimulated this huge change.,10. The reasons that caused changes are diverse. On the one hand,.,On the other hand,.,11. The rapid growth of,.,owes much to,.,.,图表型,句子模板,(4),总结归纳,/,说明影响,/,表明作者态度,/,以作者个人为例：,1,. Through the analysis, we can draw a conclusion that,.,2. In short/ In brief,.,3. To solve the problem of, we,.,4. From all the facts given above, we can see,.,5. Considering all these /Taking all these into consideration/account, I believe,.,6. As to/for me, I believe,.,7. Take me as an example/In my own case, I,.,.,图表型,作文模板,1 According to/As shown in the table/chart/graph, the period,from,to,increased significant, while_,decreased/ dropped sharply.,2 There are a huge number of reasons behind this,phenomenon. /The reasons of the changes lie in several,aspects. 3 First of all,(,原因,1),.,4 Secondly,(,原因,2).,5,Thirdly,(,原因,3).,6 All in all, we can see that in the past,years/months/weeks,has/have been rising/dropping year by year. 7 We can also expect that,(,展望发展趋势,),.,6 From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. 7 The trend described in the table/chart/graph will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken).,合理分配时间,3-5,分钟 审题、构思或粗拟提纲，,10-15,分钟起草，,3-5,分钟检查、修改个别错处，,5,分钟誊抄。,一、审题,明确体裁。写作之前一定要明确要写的,是什么文体，是议论文（分为“,Topic,题型”,和,A&B,又称“正反观点题”）、应用文（主要,是书信）、图表文或其它文体。这样才会按,照该文体的基本规律展开内容，并体现出该,文体应有的特征。,二、确定主题句,审完题后， 接下来我们就要思考该如何,写这一问题了。首先就是要确定正确的写,作思路。,第一步就是要写主题句,。放在文章,的开头让阅卷老师一目了然，突出重点，同,时主题句也是确保作文不偏题的前提。,*,写主题句的方法,:,把题目中的中文提纲译成英语，,再加以修饰拓展,。,三、粗拟提纲,正式写文章之前，先,粗拟一个提纲,是必要的。所谓“粗拟”，即不必每句话,都写出来，简短地,拟几个主题句,，以及,一些,相关用词,，这样做的目的是既节约,时间又能规定思路，不致跑题。,写在最后,成功的基础在于好的学习习惯,The foundation of success lies in good habits,63,谢谢大家,荣幸这一路，与你同行,ItS An Honor To Walk With You All The Way,讲师：,XXXXXX,XX,年,XX,月,XX,日,