中医英语翻译理论与实践课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,中医英语翻译理论与实践,中医英语翻译理论与实践中医英语翻译理论与实践,中医英语翻译理论与实践中医英语翻译理论与实践中医英语翻译理论,1,一点常识,一点常识,2,礼记王制,“,中国，夷、蛮、戎、狄五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。”,礼记王制,3,严子译例言,译事三难,信 达 雅,。求其信已大难矣。顾信矣不达。虽译犹不译也。,严子译例言译事三难信 达 雅。求其信已大难矣。顾信矣不达,4,支谦法句经序,仆初嫌其辞不,雅,。维祗难曰：“佛言依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者，当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。”座中咸曰：“老氏称美言不,信,，信言不美。仲尼亦云：书不尽言，言不尽意。明圣人意深邃无极。今传胡义，实宜径,达,。”是以自偈受译人口，因循本旨，不加文饰。,支谦法句经序,5,译业与译才,译业与译才,6,咸宁万国第一,Bringing peace to all the countries in the world,黄帝升坐紫微宫，岐伯、雷公各侍左右。,Huangdi was sitting in the palace in the Heaven. Qibo and Leigong, his senior ministers, were,standing on either side in attendance.,咸宁万国第一,7,黄帝曰：“惜时与卿等谈医论药，旨在救天下万民于忧患，非为吾华夏一族所计。朕观日月交辉，忧人世多艰。愿昔时所厘之医道广播四海，咸宁万国。”,Huangdi said: “I have established this system of medicine for people all over the world, not just for the Chinese nation. I hope that it can be disseminated and practiced over the world.”,黄帝曰：“惜时与卿等谈医论药，旨在救天下万民于忧患，非为吾华,8,岐伯曰：“陛下所立之医道乃兴国生民之大法。故当传于四方，惠及愚智贤不肖。,Qibo said: “The medicine that Your Majesty have established is indispensable to the life of the people. So it should be disseminated to all the whole world and serve for peoples from different countries.,岐伯曰：“陛下所立之医道乃兴国生民之大法。故当传于四方，惠及,9,自黄帝内经问世，华夏医道于汉唐之际东传高丽、扶桑，南播交趾诸岛，北及朔方之域，西入吐蕃高原，于各族各部之繁荣昌盛，善莫大焉。”,Since the publication of Huangdi Neijing, Chinese medicine was spread to Korea, Japan, Viet Nam and northern areas of China. It has made great contributions to the prosperity and development of these countries.”,自黄帝内经问世，华夏医道于汉唐之际东传高丽、扶桑，南播交,10,黄帝曰：“四异之邦与吾华夏言语不通，嗜欲不同。华夏医道，何以传之于彼？”,Huangdi said: “The languages spoken in these countries and areas are different from the Chinese language. How was the Chinese medicine disseminated to these places?”,黄帝曰：“四异之邦与吾华夏言语不通，嗜欲不同。华夏医道，何以,11,岐伯对曰：“诸四异之邦文在初创，医道未立。故遣其聪慧之士远涉千山，前来中土，潜习华文，精修医术。,Qibo answered: “At that time medicine and written language in these countries and areas were not established yet. These countries sent students and scholars to China to study Chinese language and medicine through Chinese media.,岐伯对曰：“诸四异之邦文在初创，医道未立。故遣其聪慧之士远涉,12,及谙熟之，并携医经药典还国，以华文传于其地。故今之日文多杂以华字。朝韩越国，旧亦书华文行儒学。”,After returning their countries, they practiced and taught Chinese medicine through the media of Chinese characters. That is why today Chinese characters still can be found in Japanese written language.”,及谙熟之，并携医经药典还国，以华文传于其地。故今之日文多杂以,13,黄帝曰：“吐蕃、西域及朔方之大部今属中国之地；高丽、扶桑、交趾皆为儒学昌盛之邦。华夏医道传之其地当无山隔水断之忧。,Huangdi said: “Korea, Japan and Viet Nam are all the countries within the circle of Confucian civilization. The dissemination of Chinese medicine in these countries is certainly not very difficult,.,黄帝曰：“吐蕃、西域及朔方之大部今属中国之地；高丽、扶桑、交,14,朕所虑者，乃泰西之国。其国与华夏远涉重洋，言语迥异。华夏之医，如何传之于彼？”,What I am always worrying about is the countries in the West. The Western countries are quite different from China in language and customs. What shall we do to disseminate Chinese medicine to these countries?”,朕所虑者，乃泰西之国。其国与华夏远涉重洋，言语迥异。华夏之医,15,岐伯曰：“古人云：名物不同，传实不易。欲使泰西之人晓谕华夏医术，须经翻译之径。然泰西之语与华夏之文契合者少，遂使翻译辞不达义，谬误广布。”,Qibo answered: “It is true that the Western languages are totally different from the Chinese language. That is why there are many errors in the current translation of Chinese medicine into the Western languages.”,岐伯曰：“古人云：名物不同，传实不易。欲使泰西之人晓谕华夏医,16,黄帝曰：“医者，性命攸关之术。岂可恣意妄为？差之毫厘，谬之千里。反左为右，生即为杀。然泰西之语与吾华夏之文泾渭两色，如之奈何？”,Huangdi said: “Medicine is closely related to the life of the people. One small mistake may lead to a great disaster. But the Western languages are so different from the Chinese language. How to translate Chinese medicine into Western languages then?”,黄帝曰：“医者，性命攸关之术。岂可恣意妄为？差之毫厘，谬之千,17,岐伯对曰：“必得精于华夏医术、谙于泰西言语之士潜心较之、辨之，方可厘定传译之序，通达医道之旨，消讹除误，交通东西。”,黄帝问曰：“此等贤士，何处可得？”,Qibo answered: “It can only be done by those who have a good command of both Western languages and Chinese medicine.,”,Huangdi asked: “Where can we find such erudite scholars to undertake such a difficult task?”,岐伯对曰：“必得精于华夏医术、谙于泰西言语之士潜心较之、辨之,18,岐伯对曰：“华夏之国，今恰政通人和，重教兴学。此等贤才，当可访寻。陛下即可遣一天官到下界走访一番，若遇此等贤才，即诏命其精研译道，传译华夏医药于泰西诸国。”,Qibo answered: “China now is stable and peaceful. The government pays much attention to education. Qualified translators can certainly be found in this country with such a great ancient civilization. Your Majesty may send an official from the Heaven to the world of man to look for such qualified translators,.”,岐伯对曰：“华夏之国，今恰政通人和，重教兴学。此等贤才，当可,19,黄帝曰：“卿言极是。雷公何在？,”,雷公拜曰：“臣谨听圣训。”,Huangdi said: “Good suggestion! Wheres Leigong?”,Leigong kowtowed and answered: “I am ready to follow Your Majestys edict.”,黄帝曰：“卿言极是。雷公何在？”,20,黄帝曰：“今差汝速往下界，遍访华夏古国，悉求精通医术、熟谙西语之贤士。,Huangdi said: “Ill send you to the world of man to look for qualified translators who have a good command of both Chinese medicine and Western languages.,黄帝曰：“今差汝速往下界，遍访华夏古国，悉求精通医术、熟谙西,21,诏命其精研译道，传译华医于泰西，以使万国咸宁，天下安康。,雷公稽首再拜曰：“谨遵圣意。”,When you have found such erudite scholars, ask them to carefully study the methods of translation and translate Chinese medicine into Western languages.”,Leigong kowtowed again and said: “I will act in compliance with Your Majestys instructions.”,诏命其精研译道，传译华医于泰西，以使万国咸宁，天下安康。,22,中医英语翻译,原则与方法,23,中医英译基本特点,1.,仿造化,所谓仿造，指的是在翻译原语的无等值词汇时用译语中的直接对应词代换无等值词汇的组成部分，即词素或词。,中医英译基本特点1.仿造化,24,例如：,liver blood,（肝血）、,blood deficiency,（血虚）、,activating blood to resolve stasis,（活血化瘀）等等。英语中有,liver, blood, deficiency,这些单词，但却没有,liver blood, blood deficiency,这样的概念。仿造翻译就是借用英语中已有的相关单词来表达中医特有的概念。亦即通过对英语已有单词的重新排列组合向英语语言输入中医特有的概念和表达法。,例如：liver blood（肝血）、blood defic,25,2.,定义化,辨证论治：,diagnosis and treatment based on the overall analysis of symptoms and signs,“辨证论治”目前已基本简洁为,treatment based on syndrome differentiation,或,syndrome differentiation and treatment,2. 定义化辨证论治：diagnosis and treat,26,从翻译的角度来看，这个术语中的“辨”、“证”和“治”是“关键字”，现一般通译为,differentiation, syndrome,和,treatment,。只要这三个“关键字”翻译一致且整个术语的结构比较简洁，即基本达到了术语翻译的要求。,从翻译的角度来看，这个术语中的“辨”、“证”和“治”是“关键,27,3.,多样化,例如，“虚”,指脏腑的“虚”时可用,asthenia,，如”脾虚”可译为,asthenia of the spleen,，若译为,deficiency of the spleen,，则有可能被误认为脾脏有实质性的缺损,。,纯指功能的虚弱，也可以用,hypofunction,来表示。表示“体虚”这一概念时，也可用,weakness,或,debility,来表达,.,3.多样化例如，“虚” 指脏腑的“虚”时可用asthenia,28,4.,拼音化,由于中西方文化及中西医之间的巨大差异，中医理论中特有的一些概念在英语中很难找到对应语。如“气”、“阴阳”、“气功”、“推拿”等等。这些概念具有典型的中国文化特色，无论直译还是意译都无法准确地再现原文的内涵。从目前国内外的实践来看，采用音译法翻译中医上某些特有概念是比较可行的。事实上，这种方法已逐步为中医翻译界所普遍采用，也为国外读者所接受。,4.拼音化由于中西方文化及中西医之间的巨大差异，中医理论中特,29,中医英语翻译的难点,1.,对应语的缺乏,五行,five elements; five phases,三焦,three warmers; three burners; three heaters; triple energizer,经脉,meridian; channel; conduit,五脏,five solid organs; five zang-organs; five zang-viscera,六腑,six hollow organs; six fu-organs; six fu-viscera,中医英语翻译的难点1.对应语的缺乏,30,2.,理解的偏差,黄帝内经,Yellow Emperors Internal Medicine,带下医,doctor underneath the skirt,失笑散,Powder for Lost Smiles,2.理解的偏差黄帝内经 Yellow Emperors,31,中医英语翻译的原则,1.,自然性原则,疫毒痢,：,中毒性菌痢（,toxic bacillary dysentery,）,寸白虫,：,绦虫病（,taeniasis,）,痨瘵,：,肺结核（,pulmonary tuberculosis,）,疳积,：,小儿营养不良（,infantile malnutrition,）,瘰疬,：,颈部淋巴结核（,tuberculosis of cervical lymph node,）,瘿,：,甲状腺肿大（,goitre, thyroid enlargement,）,中医英语翻译的原则1.自然性原则,32,2.,简洁性原则,原文词的意义单位（实词）数,信息密度,= -,译文词的意义单位（实词）数,信息密度标准可分为三个档次：,A,挡为,0.5,，,B,挡为,0.25,，,C,挡为,0.1,。最佳信息密度不低于,A,挡，低于,B,挡的词应反复推敲，低于,C,挡的词不应采用。,2.简洁性原则 原文,33,3.,民族性原则,音译,有一部分中医用语在英语中有其“形”，但却无其“意”，如“表里”、“六淫”等。在英语中有,external/exterior,（表）和,internal/interior,（里）这样的词语，也有,wind,（风）、,cold,（寒）、,summer-heat,（暑热）、,dampness,（湿）、,dryness,（燥）、,fire,（火）这样一些概念，但却没有中医上的特定内涵。,3.民族性原则音译,34,再比如英语语言中有,heart,（心）和,fire,（火），但却没有,heart fire,这样一个概念。那么在翻译时如何处理中医的这些概念呢？一般的做法是借用英语语言固有的词汇，按照中医概念的特定内涵重新组合其结构形式，从而使其能承载中医概念的信息。如将“心火”译为,heart fire,，将“肾虚”译为,kidney asthenia,或,kidney deficiency,等。严格地讲，这样的翻译还只是“表层”翻译，原概念的“深层”含义还游离于其新组合的形式之外。其“形”与“意”的有机结合还需要在交流的过程中不断磨合，逐步得以实现。,再比如英语语言中有 heart（心）和fire（火），但却没,35,4.,回译性原则,所谓“回译性原则”，指的是英译的中医名词术语在结构上应与中文形式相近。这样在中医药的国际交流中，就能较好地实现信息的双向传递。如将“肺气不足”译为,insufficiency of lung qi,，将“活血化瘀”译为,activating blood to resolve stasis,，将“湿热”译为,damp-heat,等等，英译的中医术语与原文相比，在结构上和字面意义上都比较接近，因而具有一定的回译性。,4.回译性原则所谓“回译性原则”，指的是英译的中医名词术语在,36,5.,规定性原则,规定性原则指的是对中医名词术语的翻译在内涵上加以限定，使其不能另有解释。提出这样一个原则主要是为了解决中医名词术语翻译上内涵的对等问题。,5.规定性原则规定性原则指的是对中医名词术语的翻译在内涵上加,37,例如“辨证”尽管一般人多译作,syndrome differentiation,，但对这一译法历来争论不休。有人认为中医的“证”不同于西医的,syndrome,。但是，如果我们从“名”与“实”的辨证关系出发来考虑问题，便可以将,syndrome differentiation,加以规定。规定其只能表达中医“辨证”这个概念，不能作任何其它的解释。,例如“辨证”尽管一般人多译作syndrome differe,38,比如世界卫生组织对“针灸经穴名称”的国际标准化，实际上就是一种规定。它规定“三焦”的英语译名为,triple energizer,、“经脉”的译名为,meridian,、“冲脉”的译名为,thoroughfare vessel,等等。如果我们将其英语译名与中文原文加以比较，便会发现诸多“不相对应”或“不相吻合”之处。然而由于对它们的内涵作了规定，所以并没有在实际的交流中引起人们想象中的“混乱不堪”。这就是规定性原则的作用所在。,比如世界卫生组织对“针灸经穴名称”的国际标准化，实际上就是一,39,中医英语翻译方法,1.,借用西医用语,解剖概念,心、肝、脾、肺、肾”,heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney,中医英语翻译方法1.借用西医用语,40,病症名称,心悸,palpitation,便秘,constipation,呃逆,hiccup,遗尿,enuresis,黄疸,jaundice,白喉,diphtheria,癃闭,retention of urine,经闭,amenorrhea,纳呆,indigestion,病症名称心悸 p,41,治疗方法,放血 bloodletting,驱虫anthelmintic treatment,正骨reduction,止血hemostasis, hemostasia,止痛analgesia,止泻antidiarrhea,按摩疗法massotherapy,治疗方法放血 bloodletting,42,2.,直译法,基础理论：,阴中之阴,yin within yin,阳中之阳,yang within yang,母子关系,mother-child relation,木生火,wood generating fire,金克木,metal restricting wood,抑木扶土,inhibiting wood to strengthen earth,2.直译法基础理论：,43,生理：,通调水道,regulation of the water pathway,脾主运化,The spleen controls transportation and transformation.,肝藏血,The liver stores blood.,肾藏精,The kidney stores essence.,藏而不泻,storage without excretion,泻而不藏,excretion without storage,生理：,44,病理：,阴阳失调,imbalance between yin and yang,热入心包,invasion of heat into the pericardium,脾失健运,failure of the spleen to transport normally,肝不藏血,failure of the liver to store blood,胃失和降,failure of the stomach qi to descend,气虚不孕,sterility due to qi asthenia,风热腰痛,lumbago due to wind-heat,肾阳不足,insufficiency of kidney yang,病理：,45,3.,意译法,白虎历节white tiger joint running,牛皮癣oxhide lichen,鹤膝风cranes knee wind,天行赤眼heaven-current red eye,天柱骨celestial pillar,3.意译法白虎历节white tiger joint ru,46,“天柱骨”就是指的“颈椎骨”，译作,celestial pillar,就不知所云了。中医上讲的“天柱骨折”和“天柱骨倒”实际上就是指的“颈椎骨折”（,fracture of cervical vertebra,）和“项软”（,flaccidity of neck,）。,中医上讲的“天行”就是“流行性”（,epidemic,）的意思。翻译成英语时，“天行”有时也可不必译出，因为英语中相应的术语本身就含有这曾意思。例如“天行发斑疮”、 “天行瘟疫”译成英语就是,smallpox, pestilence,。,“天柱骨”就是指的“颈椎骨”，译作celestial pil,47,4.,音译,玄奘（,602-664 A.D.,）在翻译佛经时就提出了“五种不翻”的观点。翻译名义集序中称这五种是：,秘密故，如陀罗尼（真言、咒语）；,含多义故，若薄伽梵具六义（自在、炽盛、端言、名称、吉祥、尊贵）；,此无故，如阎浮（胜金）树，中夏实无此木；,顺古故，如阿耨菩提（正偏知）。,皆掩而不翻。,4.音译玄奘（602-664 A.D.）在翻译佛经时就提出了,48,5.,音意结合,元气,primordial qi,正气,healthy qi,真气,genuine qi,宗气,pectoral qi,中气,middle qi,营气,nutrient qi,卫气,defense qi,肾气,kidney qi,5.音意结合元气 primordial qi,49,国家标准,与国际标准,国家标准 与国际标准,50,中 医 基 础 理 论 术 语,Basic theory nomenclature,of traditional Chinese medicine,发 布,:,国家标准化管理委员会,本标准由国家中医药管理局提出并归口。,本标准起草单位：辽宁中医学院。,本标准起草技术负责人：李德新。,本标准界定了中医基础理论中阴阳 、五行、脏象、气血精津液、经络、体质、病因、病机、养生、预防、治则、五运六气等的术语。,中 医 基 础 理 论 术 语Basic theory n,51,Principles for English expression selection,1. Accurate reflection of the original concept of Chinese terms.,2. No creation of new English words.,3. Avoidance of pinyin (Romanized Chinese) use.,4. Consistency with WHOs Standard Acupuncture Nomenclature.,Principles for English express,52,国标,中医基础理论,fundamental theory of TCM,整体观念,concept of holism,天人相应,correspondence between human and environment,西太区,基础理论,Basic theory,整体观念,holism,天人相应,correspondence between nature and human,国标中医基础理论fundamental theory of,53,国标,辨证论治,treatment upon syndrome differentiation,证候,clinical manifestation,理法方药,theory, principle, prescription and medicinal,西太区,辨证论治,pattern identification/ syndrome differentiation and treatment,精气学说,essential qi theory,国标辨证论治西太区辨证论治,54,国标,阴阳学说,yin-yang theory,阴阳对立,opposition between yin and yang,阴阳互根,interdependence of yin and yang,西太区,阴阳学说,yin-yang theory,阴阳对立,opposition of yin and yang,阴阳互根,mutual rooting of yin and yang,国标阴阳学说西太区阴阳学说,55,国标,阴阳消长,waxing-waning between yin and yang,阴阳平衡,equilibrium between yin and yang,阴阳自和,natural harmony of yin-yang,西太区,阴阳消长,waxing and waning of yin and yang,阴阳平衡,yin-yang balance,阴阳调和,yin-yang harmony,国标阴阳消长西太区阴阳消长,56,国标,阴阳转化,inter-transformation of yin and yang,阴盛格阳阴极似阳,exuberant yin repelling yang,亡阳阳脱,yang prostration,西太区,阴阳转化,yin-yang conversion,阴极似阳,extreme yin resembling yang,阳; 脱阳; 阳脱,yang collapse亡,国标阴阳转化西太区阴阳转化,57,国标,阴阳离决,separation between yin and yang,阴竭阳脱,yin exhaustion and yang collapse,阴阳两虚,deficiency of both yin and yang,西太区,阴阳离决,dissociation of yin and yang,阴竭阳脱,exhaustion of yin and collapse of yang,阴阳两虚,dual deficiency of yin and yang,国标阴阳离决西太区阴阳离决,58,国标,阴平阳秘,sound yin and firm yang,阴中之阴,yin within yin,阴阳交感,interaction of yin and yang,西太区,阳盛阴衰,yang exuberance with yin debilitation,阴中之阴 yin within yin,国标阴平阳秘西太区阳盛阴衰,59,国标,五行,five elements,五行学说,five-element theory,相生,generation,相克,restriction,西太区,五行,five phases,五行学说,five phase theory,相生,engendering,相克,Restrain,国标五行西太区五行,60,国标,相乘,over-restriction,相侮,counter-restriction,亢害承制,harmful hyperactivity checked for harmony,西太区,相乘,Overwhelm,相侮,Rebellion,亢害承制,harmful hyperactivity and responding inhibition,国标相乘西太区相乘,61,国标,母气,mother element qi,子气,child element qi,制化,restriction and generation,西太区,母气,mother qi,子气,child q,制化,inhibition and generation,国标母气西太区母气,62,国标,精,essence,semen,西太区,精,Essence （(1) the fundamental substance that builds up the physical structure and maintains body function; (2) reproductive essence stored in the kidney ）,国标精西太区精,63,国标,先天之精,innate essence,后天之精,acquired essence,精气,essential qi,西太区,先天之精,innate essence,后天之精,acquired essence,精气,essential qi,国标先天之精西太区先天之精,64,国标,先天之气,innate qi,后天之气,acquired qi,元气原气,original qi,正气,healthy qi,西太区,先天之气,innate qi,后天之气,acquired qi,原气; 元气,source qi,正气,healthy qi,国标先天之气西太区先天之气,65,国标,真气,genuine qi,宗气,pectoral qi,中气,middle qi,西太区,眞气,genuine qi,宗气,ancestral qi,脏气,visceral qi,中气,middle qi,国标真气西太区眞气,66,国标,卫气,defense qi,营气,nutrient qi,气机,qi movement,气化,qi transformation,西太区,卫气,defense qi,营气,nutrient qi,气机,qi movement,气化,qi transformation,国标卫气西太区卫气,67,国标,君火,monarchic fire,相火,ministerial fire,少火,moderate fire,西太区,君火,sovereign fire,相火,ministerial fire,先天之火,innate fire from the life gate,国标君火西太区君火,68,国标,脏象,visceral manifestation,脏象学说,theory of visceral manifestation,脏,zang viscus,腑,fu viscus,西太区,脏象,visceral manifestation,脏象学说,visceral manifestation theory,脏,viscus,腑,bowel,国标脏象西太区脏象,69,国标,五脏,five zang viscera,六腑,six fu viscera,三焦,triple energizer,奇恒之腑,extraordinary fu viscera,西太区,五脏,five viscera,六腑,six bowels,三焦,triple energizers,奇恒之腑,extraordinary organs,国标五脏西太区五脏,70,国标,元神之府,house of original mentality,疏泄,free flow and rise of qi,刚脏,firm-characterized zang viscus,西太区,元神之府,house of the original spirit,疏泄,free coursing,刚脏,unyielding viscus,国标元神之府西太区元神之府,71,国标,娇脏,delicate zang viscus,宣发,dispersion and ascent,肃降,purification and descent,西太区,娇脏,delicate viscus,宣发,diffusion,肃降,purification and down-sending,国标娇脏西太区娇脏,72,国标,经络,meridian and collateral,经脉,Meridian,手太阴肺经,lung meridian of hand taiyin,奇经八脉,eight extra meridians,西太区,经络,meridian and collateral,经脉,meridian vessel,手太阴肺经,lung meridian (lU),奇经八脉,eight extra meridians,国标经络西太区经络,73,国标,督脉,governor vessel,任脉,conception vessel,冲脉,thoroughfare vessel,带脉,belt vessel,阴维脉,yin link vessel,阳维脉,yang link vessel,阴跷脉,yin heel vessel,阳跷脉,yang heel vessel,西太区,督脉 governor vessel,任脉conception vessel,冲脉thoroughfare vessel,带脉belt vessel,阴维脉yin link vessel,阳维脉yang link vessel,阴跷脉yin heel vessel,阳跷脉yang heel vessel,国标督脉 governor vessel西太区督脉 gove,74,国标,三因,three categories of disease cause,内因,endogenous cause,外因,exogenous cause,不内外因,non-endo-exogenous cause,病机,pathogenesis,西太区,三因,three causes,内因,internal cause,外因,external cause,不内外因,cause neither internal nor external,病机,mechanism of disease,国标三因three categories of disea,75,国标,虚实错杂,虚实夹杂,deficiency and excess in complexity,虚中夹实,deficiency complicated by excess,真虚假实,true deficiency with false excess,气阴两虚,deficiency of both qi and yin,西太区,虚实夹杂,deficiency-excess complex,虚中夹实,deficiency with excess complication,真虚假实,true deficiency with false excess,气阴两虚,dual deficiency of qi and yin,国标虚实错杂 虚实夹杂西太区虚实夹杂,76,人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，,明辨是非的能力。,所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，,古人说“书中自有黄金屋。,”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识，,培养逻辑思维能力；,通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，,培养文学情趣；,通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。,有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操，,给我们巨大的精神力量，,鼓舞我们前进,。,人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，,77,