心血管活动的调节RegulationofCardiovascularActivities课件

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level,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Prof. Enyin Lai,laienyin,Skeletal muscle contraction and sciatic nerve,Prof. Enyin LaiSkeletal muscl,Types of muscle:,Skeletal muscle,骨骼肌,Cardiac muscle,心肌,Smooth muscle,平滑肌,Muscle,Types of muscle: Muscle,Muscle contraction,The sliding filament mechanism,（肌丝滑行机制）, in which myosin,（肌凝蛋白）,filaments bind to and move actin,（肌纤蛋白）,filaments, is the basis for shortening of stimulated skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.,In all three types of muscle, myosin and actin interactions are regulated by the availability of calcium ions.,Changes in the membrane potential of muscles are linked to internal changes in calcium release and contraction.,Muscle contractionThe sliding,Neuronal influences on the contraction of muscles is affected when neural activity causes changes in themembrane potential of muscles.,Smooth muscles operate in a wide variety of involuntaryfunctions such as regulation of blood pressure andmovement of materials in the gut.,Muscle contraction,Neuronal influences on the con,Structure of skeletal muscle,Structure of skeletal muscle,Skeletal muscles,are attached to the,skeleton by tendons.,Skeletal muscles typically contain,many, many muscle fibers.,Skeletal muscles Skeletal musc,The latent period between excitation and development,of tension in a skeletal muscle includes the time,needed to release Ca,+,from sarcoplasmic reticulum,move tropomyosin, and cycle the cross-bridges.,The latent period between exci,Neuromuscular transmission,Excitation-contraction coupling,Muscle contraction,General process of excitation and contraction in skeletal muscle,Neuromuscular transmissionGene,A single motor unit,（运动单位）,consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls.,A single motor unit（运动单位） cons,The neuromuscular junction,（神经肌接头）,is the point of synaptic contact between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it controls.,Action potentials in the,motor neuron cause,Acetylcholine,（乙酰胆碱）,release into the neuromuscular junction.,Muscle contraction follows the delivery,of acetylcholine to the muscle fiber.,The neuromuscular junction（神经肌,The mechanical response of a single muscle fiber to a single action potential is know as a,TWITCH,Twitch contraction,单收缩,The mechanical response of a s,Complete dissipation of elastic tension,between subsequent stimuli.,S,3,occurred prior to,the complete dissipation,of elastic tension from S,2,.,S,3,occurred prior tothe dissipation of ANY,elastic tension from S,2,.,Frequency-tension relation,频率,-,张力关系,T e m p o r a l s u m m a t i o n.,Complete dissipation of elasti,Unfused tetanus,非融合性强直收缩,:,partial dissipation of,elastic tension between,subsequent stimuli.,Fused tetanus,融合性强直收缩,:,no time for dissipation,of elastic tension between,rapidly recurring stimuli.,Frequency-tension relation,Unfused tetanus非融合性强直收缩: Fused,心血管活动的调节RegulationofCardiovascularActivities课件,Objectives,To make a sciatic nerve & gastrocnemius (SNG) (,坐骨神经和腓肠肌,) preparation,To measure the effects of different stimulus intensities and frequences on the muscle response,To measure a single twitch, incomplete tetanus and complete tetanus,ObjectivesTo make a sciatic ne,Experimental animal: Toad,Parotid glands,Experimental animal: ToadParot,Ringers solution is a solution of recently boiled distilled water containing NaCl 6.5g, KCl 0.14g, CaCl,2,0.12g, NaHCO,3,0.20g, NaH,2,PO,4,0.01g per liter,To keep moist and the activity of preparation,Ringers solution is a solutio,Equipment Required,RM6240 biological signal collecting system,Force transducer,Equipment RequiredRM6240 biolo,Intact Nerve-Muscle Prep,Pith the toad with a probe, resulting in the toad not feeling pain,As soon as the brain and spinal cord destroyed, the toad should become flaccid,foramen magnum,Intact Nerve-Muscle PrepPith t,Peel the skin of one leg,Fix the toad on the frog board with the dorsal surface uppermost,Peel the skin of one leg,Identify the gastrocnemius muscle,Tie a knot around the achilles tendon using suture thread,Cut the achilles tendon as close to the bottom of the foot as possible,Gastrocnemius,Shank muscles,Identify the gastrocnemius mus,Locate the sciatic nerve in the thigh region,Use the glass hooks to separate the sciatic nerve,Pass a piece of thread beneath the sciatic nerve,Locate the sciatic nerve in th,gastrocnemius,sciatic nerve,electrode,thread,Hold knee in place by pushing down,two T-pins,Tie the free end of the thread to the hole on the end of the tongue of the force transducer,Place the stimulating electrode on the sciatic nerve,gastrocnemiussciatic nerveelec,Attention 1,: Do not touch the nerve with any object that is made of metal; this will render the nerve useless,Attention 2,: Avoid stretching or otherwise damaging the nerve. Keep the tissue moist with frog ringers solution,Attention 1: Do not touch the,transducer,transducer,Start the software,Switch the,RM6240 Data Acquisition System,on,Click on the “,RM6240USB2.0q(I)(English)”,icon on the Desktop of computer,Start the softwareSwitch the R,Exercise 1: effect of stimulus intensity on twitch amplitude,Set record parameters,Exercise 1: effect of stimulus,The recording trace should be set to,zero,loose,The recording trace should be,Apply a light,load,to the muscle by raising the force transducer with the tension adjuster until the trace moves approximately 2 g above the baseline,Make sure to lift the muscle vertically to an angle that is perpendicular to the rest of the toad leg,Apply a light load to the mus,Display the stimulation mark,Display the stimulation mark,Begin the recording,Change the stimulus intensity,to 0.2V,Determine the,threshold intensity,by increasing the stimulus intensity,in 0.1V increments,Stop and save the recording trace,Begin the recording,Data analysis,Observe the grape showing the relationship between the stimulus intensity and contraction amplitude, record the following values:,Threshold stimulus:,(volts),Maximal stimulus:,(volts),threshold stimulus,maximal stimulus,0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1,0.5,1.9,Data analysisObserve the grape,Observe a single twitch induced by maximal stimulus,Zoom in the image,threshold stimulus,maximal stimulus,Regional measurement,Zoom width,Cancel scribe line,Observe a single twitch induce,Record the following values in a single twitch induced by maximal stimulus :,Latent period:,(ms),Contraction Period:,(ms),Relaxation period:,(ms),Contraction amplitude:,(g),latent period,Contraction period,Relaxation period,amplitude,Regional measurement,Cancel scribe line,Record the following values in,Exercise 2: effect of stimulus frequency on twitch amplitude,Set record parameters,Exercise 2: effect of stimulus,Display the stimulation mark,Begin the recording,Display the stimulation mark,Set the stimulus intensity to the lowest value that will give strong contraction in the exercise 1,Stop and save the recording trace,6,Set the stimulus intensity to,Data analysis,Determine the following values:,A single twitch:,Hz, Contraction amplitude :,g,Incomplete tetanus:,Hz, Contraction amplitude :,g,Complete tetanus: ,Hz, Contraction amplitude: ,g,twitch,incomplete tetanus,complete tetanus,Data analysisDetermine the fol,Title,Aim,Results,Requirement for Experimental Report,Observe the grape showing the relationship between the stimulus intensity and contraction amplitude, record the following values:,Threshold stimulus:,(volts),Maximal stimulus:,(volts),TitleRequirement for Experimen,Record the following values in a single twitch induced by maximal stimulus :,Latent period:,(ms),Contraction Period:,(ms),Relaxation period:,(ms),Contraction amplitude:,(g),Determine the following values:,A single twitch:,Hz, Contraction amplitude :,g,Incomplete tetanus:,Hz, Contraction amplitude :,g,Complete tetanus: ,Hz, Contraction amplitude: ,g,Record the following values in,