高考英语语法——非谓语动词课件

非谓语动词,非谓语动词,性 质,非谓语动词具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语，即：,除谓语以外的一切成分。,性 质,形式,1.,不定式,相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。,2.,动名词,相当于名词。充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。,分词,3.,相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语。包括现在分词和过去分词。,形式,语态,必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。,逻辑主语能发出该动作 （发）,逻辑主语不能发出该动作 （收）,不发不收用结构：,动词不定式：用独立结构,动名词：用复合结构,分词：用独立主格结构,语态,非谓语动词时态,&,语态对照表,及物与不及物,语态,类别 时 态,vt.,vi.,主动语态,被动语态,主动语态,ing,一般式,:,(,与谓语动词同时发生,),making,being made,going,完成式,:,(,先于谓语动词发生,),having made,(,不作定语）,having been made,(,不作定语）,having gone,(,不作定语）,ed,只有一般式,:,不强调时间先后，只说明原因、条件等,made(,表被动,）,gone(,表完成）,inf,一般式,:,与谓语动词,(,几乎,),同时发生,to make,to be made,to go,完成式,:,先于谓语动词发生,to have made,to have been made,to have gone,进行式,:,在谓语动词动作发生时正在进行,to be making,to be going,非谓语动词时态&语态对照表,非谓语动词可作的语法成分,成份,类别,主,语,宾语,表语,定语,宾补,状 语,时间,条件,原因,目的,结果,方式,让步,伴,随,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,动名词,非谓语动词可作的语法成分 成份主宾语表语定语宾补,不定式,1.,不定式作主语：,To master,a foreign language is very important.,注意：,(1),如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，,可以在不定式前加一个由,for,引起的短语。,It is easy,for the students,to read.,不定式,(2),下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个,of,引起的短语，这些形容词是：,(,表评价性的，来说明逻辑主语的性质、特征、属性）,kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, wrong, right, careless, rude, polite, naughty,等,Its kind of you to think so much of us.,(2)下列形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个 of 引起的短语,2.,不定式作表语,Her work is,to look,after the children.,注意：,不定式作,be,动词的表语时，可以和主语部分调换，说明主语的内容。,2. 不定式作表语,3.,不定式作宾语：,有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有：,want, demand, hope, wish, expect, like, hate,，,start, begin, fail, help, offer, try, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, agree, plan, determine, prefer, intend,等,3.不定式作宾语：,注意：,如果作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，须用先行词,it,作间接宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。这类动词有：,think, find, feel, consider, make,等。,例如：,The computer,makes it possible to,calculate faster.,不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词（如：,but, except,等）后才行，此时不定式可带,to,或不带,to,。,例如：,He seldom comes,except to,look at my pictures.,注意：,4.,不定式作宾语补足语,The teacher advised us to have a rest first.,注意：,see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let,等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带,to,但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带,to,其中,let sb. do sth.,变为被动式为,sb. is let to do sth.,。,help,后作宾补的动词不定式可带,to,，也可不带,to.,即,help sb. (to) do sth.,。,4.不定式作宾语补足语,5.,不定式作定语,位于所修饰的名词、代词之后,He is the man to depend on/to believe in.,注意：,作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,5.不定式作定语,6.,不定式作状语,状语的形式很多，有目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，其中目的、结果要用不定式。,目的状语还可用,in order to,或,so as to,来表示。,结果状语还可用,soas to, suchas to, enough to, tooto, only to,等结构来表示。,6.不定式作状语,注意：,不定式在作表语,/,补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。例如：,This question is difficult to answer.,某些形容词在,tooto,结构中表示肯定，这类词是：,anxious, eager, glad, ready, surprised, willing,等。,例如：,She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.,在,not, never, only, all, but,的,tooto,结构中，,too,的含义为,very,，不定式没有否定含义。例如：,Im only too glad to stay at home.,注意：,7.,疑问词不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。,How to finish the work in time is a problem.,（主语）,We don,t know when and where to go.,（宾语）,注：,动词不定式的否定式（,not to do sth.,），语法功能同不定式肯定式。,7. 疑问词不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。,8.,不定式的时态与语态,一般式：,不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。,I saw him,go,out.,I plan,to attend,the meeting,to be held,tomorrow.,8.不定式的时态与语态,进行式：,不定式表示的动作正在进行。,Im very glad,to be working,with you.,完成式：,不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。,Im sorry,to have kept,you waiting.,The article is said,to have been read,by many people.,进行式：,9.,不定式作独立成分,To tell (you) the truth,he doesnt agree with you.,To begin with, Beijing is a very beautiful city.,10.,不定式与疑问词,who, which, when, where, how, what,等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,He didnt know,what to say.,How to solve the problem,is important.,9.不定式作独立成分,11.,不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式。,What is to be done is unknown.,The bridge to be built there is very long.,11.不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用,动名词,1,动名词作主语,Seeing is believing.,注意：,it,作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但下列句型常用动名词：,It is + no good (no use, fun, a waste of time),+doing,动名词,2,动名词作表语,His job is washing and cooking.,注意：,动名词作表语与主语是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语常是无生命的名词或,what,引导的名词性从句。,3,动名词作定语,This is her father,s walking stick.,2动名词作表语,4,动名词作宾语,When he came in, we all stopped talking.,注意：,mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, escape consider, admit(,承认,),，,advise, appreciate, enjoy, avoid, finish, face, practise, suggest, stop, delay, imagine, include, keep, quit, resist, risk, understand, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to,等动词以及介词后接动名词作宾语。,4动名词作宾语,5,动名词的完成式,动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生，或在谓语之后发生的动作。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。例如：,We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.,5动名词的完成式,6,动名词复合结构的一般规则：,(1),逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。例如：,Toms (His),coming is what we have expected.,(2),逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词普通格。例如：,Is there any hope of,our team,winning the match?,6动名词复合结构的一般规则：,(3),逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词,this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone,时，只有普通格。例如：,She was disturbed by,somebody,shouting outside.,(3)逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词 this, that,7,动名词的时态：一般式和完成式,（,1,）如果动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。,We are interested in _ chess.,（,2,）如果动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。,Im sorry for not _ my promise.,（,3,）但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。,On hearing,the bad news, she cried.,Ill never,forget seeing,that film for the first time.,playing,having kept,7动名词的时态：一般式和完成式playinghaving,8,动名词的语态,doing, being done,having done having been done,（,1,）,He was afraid of _ at home.,（,2,）,The house showed no sign of _.,注意：,但有些动名词在句中虽是主动形式，却有被动含义。,The house,requires / needs / wants,repairing,.,The book,is worth,reading,.,being left,having been,damaged,8动名词的语态being lefthaving been,9.,不定式和动名词作主语,（,1,）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作， 而不定式作主语表示具体动作，如：,Smoking,is prohibited(,禁止,) here.,（,2,）动名词和不定式的完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生，如：,Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job.,9. 不定式和动名词作主语,（,3,）动名词的独立主格结构：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，如：,Jacks suddenly disappearing,made them worried.,（,4,）不定式及动名词短语作主语时，可转换成,it,作形式主语的形式，如：,I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.,。,（3）动名词的独立主格结构：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前,10.,不定式和动名词作宾语,规则,1,：,动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格，如：,Do you mind my/me reading your paper?,规则,2,：,作宾语的动名词和不定式，完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，如：,I regretted,not having taken,her advice.,。,10. 不定式和动名词作宾语,规则,3,：,介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词作宾语，如：,admit, dislike, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear(,忍受,), envy, cant help(,不禁,), delay, escape, cant stand(,受不了,), deny, excuse(,借口,), consider(,考虑,), fancy, mind, miss(,错过,), mention, finish, pardon, resist, forgive, imagine, risk, practice, suggest(,建议,), keep, quit, put off, give up,规则3：介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词作宾语，如：ad,feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(,习惯于,), look forward to, pay attention to, devoteto, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(,能胜任,), turn to(,求助于,),等，如：,I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.,feel like, be worth, set about,规则,4,：,动词,advise / allow / permit / forbid,后既可跟,doing sth.,作宾语，又可跟,to do(,不定式作宾补,),，如：,You would be well advised,to stay,indoors.,规则,5,：,need, require, want, deserve,动名词的主动形式表被动意义，相当于,to be done,，如：,The road is covered with some fallen trees,and they need removing/to be removed immediately.,规则4：动词advise / allow / permit,规则,6,：,有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如：,Dont you remember seeing the man before?,常用的还有：,(1)forget to do,忘记要去做某事,(,此事未做,),forget doing,忘记做过某事,(,此事已做过或已发生,),(2)stop to do,停止、中断,(,某件事,),，目的是去做另一件事,stop doing,停止正在做的事,规则6：有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如：D,(3)remember to do,记得去做某事,(,未做,),remember doing,记得做过某事,(,已做,),(4)regret to do,对要做的事遗憾,(,后常跟动词,say, tell, inform,等,),regret doing,对做过的事后悔,(5)try to do,努力、企图做某事,try doing,试验、试一试某种办法,(3)remember to do 记得去做某事(未做),(6) mean to do,打算，有意要,mean doing,意味着,(7)go on to do,继而,(,去做另外一件事情,),go on doing,继续,(,原先没有做完的事情,),(8)propose to do,打算,(,要做某事,),proposing doing,建议,(,做某事,),(6) mean to do打算，有意要,(9) like /love/hate/ prefer,to do,表示具体行为；,doing sth.,表示抽象、倾向概念。,【,注意,】,如果,like/love/hate/prefer,这几个动词前有,should/ would,，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词，如：,I should like to see him tomorrow.,(9) like /love/hate/ prefer,规则,7,：,常见的带不定式作宾语的动词,(,口诀助记,),如下：,想要干：,want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim,，,would like/love, desire, swear,早打算：,plan, prepare, mean, arrange,同意否：,agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford,问问看：,ask(ask to do,要求做,), beg,规则7：常见的带不定式作宾语的动词(口诀助记)如下：,决定了：,decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined,尽力干：,try, manage(,反义词,fail), struggle, strive, attempt,不愿意：,care,别装蒜：,pretend,【,注意,】,口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式，几乎都有将来意味。,决定了：decide, determine, make up,规则,8,：,固定句型,(1)There is no good/point/sense/harm,doing sth.,做某事没用,(,不好,/,没意义,/,没有害处,),(2)have difficulty/trouble/problems/a hard time/a good time/ fun,(in),doing,(3)spend/waste/lose time(in) doing sth.,(4)There is no,doing sth. (there is no,表“不可能”,),规则8：固定句型,(5)come/become/grow/get,to,like/love/realize/understand/ know,等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上,/,意识到,/,懂了,/,知道了,”,。,(6)do/did/does,nothing/anything/everything,but (except), 动词原形；如果谓语动词不是,do/did/does, but (except),所跟的不定式须带,to,。,(7)can not (help/choose) but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do,表示“不得不” 。,(5)come/become/grow/gettolik,(8)“Why not, 动词原形”表示向某人提出建议，意为“为什么不,？”，“干嘛不,？”,(9)“would rather/had better,(not),动词原形”意为“宁愿,/,最好,(,不,),做某事”。,(10)there be,的非谓语形式,作动词,expect,，,like,，,mean,，,intend,，,want,，,prefer,，,hate,宾语时，通常用,there to be,结构，在,mind, object to,等后面用,there being,。,作状语多用,there being,结构。,(8)“Why not 动词原形”表示向某人提出建议，意,(11),为避免重复，在,hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to,等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的,to,，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有,be, have, have been,时，要保留这些词。,(11)为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish,分 词,分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。,一般式 完成式,现在分词,doing having done,being done having been done,过去分词,done,分 词,1.,现在分词和过去分词的区别,语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如：,the moving film,动人的电影，,the moved girl,受感动的姑娘。,注：,关于心理状态动词的,-ing,形式表主动意，,-ed,形式表被动意，详见该讲后的专题。,时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。例如：,a developing country,发展中的国家。,1.现在分词和过去分词的区别,2.,现在分词的基本用法,(1),一般主动式用法：,作定语：,The sleeping child is only five years old.(,The child who is sleeping is),作表语：,The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.,作宾补：常用于,see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep,等动词之后。例如：,We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.,2.现在分词的基本用法,注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。,作状语：,时间状语：,Reading the letter, I couldn,t help thinking of my school life.,原因状语：,Being ill, I didn,t go to school yesterday.,方式或伴随状语：,Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.,注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中,(2),完成主动式用法：,这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。例如：,Having finished her homework, she went to bed.,Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.,(2)完成主动式用法：,(3),一般被动式用法：,表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。例如：,The car being repaired is mine.(,The car which is being repaired is mine.),(4),完成被动式用法：,表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。例如：,Having been praised a second time, I decided to make still greater progress.,(3)一般被动式用法：,3.,过去分词的基本用法,(1),作定语：,The stolen car was found by the police last week.,(2),作表语：,The glass is broken. /When I got to the classroom, the door was locked.,(3),作宾补：,You must get/have your hair cut.,(4),作状语：,Given more time, we can do the work much better.,3.过去分词的基本用法,4.,独立主格结构,当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。例如：,The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(,When the bell rang, we all stopped talking.),4.独立主格结构,5.,使用现在分词的几个注意点,(1),作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，例如：,Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.,（正）,(Standing,When we stood),Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen.,（误）,5.使用现在分词的几个注意点,(2),短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。例如：,He saw the old man knocked down by the car. (knocked down,不可改为,being knocked down,或,having been knocked down),(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语,6.,现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别,(1),作宾语时，现在分词的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：,Do you see the hospital built(,建好的,)/being,built,(,正在建造的,) there?,(2),作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：,Being led(,Led )by the Party, the Chinese people have won great victories.,6.现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别,(3),作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例如：,The soldiers lay on the ground, covered with nothing.,(3)作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例,(4),作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：,Built in 1192 , the bridge was very useful.,如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：,Discussed(,Having been discussed) many times, the problem was settled at last.,如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：,Not having been invited, she had to stay at home.,(4)作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间,(5),在,have, get,之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：,I,ll have my hair cut. (cut,不能改为,being cut,或,be cut) He got his watch repaired. (repaired,不能改为,being repaired,或,to be repaired),(6),在,make, order, want, like, wish,等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如：,The speaker couldn,t make himself heard.(,一般不说,being heard),(5)在have, get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分,7.,心理状态动词的,-ing,形式与,-ed,形式,所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：,surprise,使惊讶；,interest,使感兴趣。它们的,-ing,形式含主动意义，,-ed,形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：,surprising,令人惊讶的，,interesting,令人感兴趣的；,surprised,（因,）感到惊讶的，,interested,（因,）感兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：,The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.,She was much surprised at the surprising news.,7.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式,8.,不定式、动名词和分词作表语,规则,1,：,不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。,规则,2,：,表心理状态的,interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing,等形容词作表语时，表示客观“令人,的”；,interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised,等表示主观“感到,的”。,8.不定式、动名词和分词作表语,规则,3,：,get, become, look, seem, appear, remain,等系动词后都可跟,done,表示被动或主语的状态。如,remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/ burnt,等。,注：常用,be done,介词短语表示所处的状态，如下：,be addicted to,沉迷于,be absorbed in,全神贯注于,be aimed at,旨在,/,意图,be armed with,有,装备,be buried in,埋葬在,规则3：get, become, look, seem, a,be based on/upon,以,为基础,be burdened with,担负着,be crowded with,挤满了,be covered with/by,覆盖着,be coated with,涂抹了,be combined with,与,联合,be based on/upon以 为基础,be compared with,与,相比较,be caught in,陷入,be lost in,沉迷于,be concerned about,关心,be dressed in,穿着,be devoted to,专心致志于,be divided into,分成,(,几份,/,几组,),be designed/meant/intended for,专为,而设计,be engaged in,忙于,be compared with与相比较,be engaged to sb.,与某人订婚,be fixed on,专注于,be faced with,面临着,be filled with,装满了,be greeted with,受到了,问候,be grown up,已经长大了,be hidden in,躲在,be linked to,与,有关,be engaged to sb.与某人订婚,be connected with,与,相连,/,有关,be made of/from/up of,由,制成,/,由,组成,be known as/for/to,以,著称,/,因,著名,be recovered from,从,中康复,be loaded with,载有,be connected with与相连/有关,be located in/on/at,位于,be married (to sb.),与某人结婚,be paved with,铺着,be replaced with,更换为,be related to/with,与,有关,be separated from,与,隔开,be shouldered with,肩负着,be stationed in,驻扎在,be surrounded with/by,四周环绕着,be located in/on/at位于,9.,不定式、动名词和分词作定语,规则,1,：,单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前；但修饰不定代词时在不定代词后；非谓语动词短语作定语一般要跟在名词后。,规则,2,：,不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别：,9.不定式、动名词和分词作定语,to do sth.,表示：与被修饰的名词有：动宾关系,主谓关系, ,不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词。,to be done,表示将要被做。,done,表示已经完成的或表被动的动作,(having been done,不可作定语,),。,being done,表示被修饰词正在做。,doing sth.,表示：正在进行的动作，经常性动作或现在,(,或当时,),的状态，即将发生的动作。,to do sth. 表示：与被修饰的名词有：动宾关系,【,注意,】,不及物动词构成的不定式作定语，要加上适当的介词且介词不能省。,【注意】,规则,3,：,一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为,“,已经,的,”,。例如：,a fallen leaf,落叶,(,已经落在地上,)a falling leaf,飘零的落叶（尚在空中）,规则3：一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，,【,注意,】,有些表示,“,使,”,的动词，其,ing,形式，意为,“,令人,的,”,，表示事物的性质、特征，强调给他人的印象；其,ed,形式，意为,“,感到,的,”,，表示人的心理、状态，强调主语内心的感受，也可修饰,look, expression, tears, smile, voice,等名词。,drink, learn, sink, light,都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。例如：,a drunken driver,喝醉酒的司机,【注意】,10.,不定式和分词作状语,规则,1,：,不定式和分词作状语，有一般式和完成式，也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，可以按照下列形式选择使用：,10.不定式和分词作状语, to do,表示目的或结果,(to do,in order to do / so as to do,其中,so as to do,不能放在句首,),。,only,to do,表示意想不到的结果。,to do,doing sth.,表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作,(,主动关系,),。,being,adj,./,n,.,常表示原因。,being,p.p,.,强调与谓语动词同时发生的被动 动作,(“,因为正在被,”),。,done,已经发生的被动动作。,having done,先于谓语动词发生的动作,(,主动关系,),。,having been done,先于谓语动词发生的动作,(,被动关系,),。,(not), to do表示目的或结果(to do in order,规则,2,：,不定式“,to do sth.”,作目的和结果状语时，总是在谓语动词后发生。而分词一般式 “,doing sth.”,作状语时，总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。,规则,3,：,so,adj,./,adv,.,as to do,或,such,(a/an),adj,.,n,.,as to do,，可以转化为,sothat,或,suchthat,引导的结果状语从句。,规则2：不定式“to do sth.”作目的和结果状语时，总,【,注意,】,(1) tooto do,表示肯定的情况,当,only too,和,all too,与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。,too ready/apt/anxious/eager/glad/willing(,表示心情或情绪,),to do,，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义，这时,too,相当于,very,。,never (not),tooto,句型为“不会太,所以能,”,之意。,【注意】,(2) devote, absorb, lose, seat, dress, hide,等动词的非谓语形式作状语和定语时，可以用它们的,ed,形式,(devoted, absorbed, lost, seated, dressed, hidden),或,ing,形式,oneself,形式,(devoting/ absorbing/ losing/ seating/ dressing /hiding oneself),。,(2) devote, absorb, lose, seat,(3),有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系，如：, to tell you the truth,实话说；,needless to say,不用说；,to be honest/ frank,老实说，坦白说；,to be more exact,更确切地说；,to make things worse,更糟的是；,say that,假设,；,not to mention,更不用说,(3) 有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插, generally / frankly / roughly speaking,一般说来,/,坦白说,/,粗略地说,; considering ,鉴于,/,考虑到,;,judging by/from,从,来看，依据,来判断,;,supposing /suppose that,假定,;,providing that,假定,;,according to,依据,;,including,包括,;,owing to,由于,;,talking/speaking of ,谈及, given,考虑到,;,provided that,如果, generally / frankly / roughl,(4),独立主格结构：,n,./,pron,.,doing/done/to do/,adj,./,adv,./,prep,.,短语前后主语不一致时，作状语的非谓语动词需有自己的逻辑主语，此时的“,n,./,pron,.,doing/done/to do/,adj,./,adv,./,prep,.,短语”，就是“独立主格结构”。,(4)独立主格结构：n./pron.doing/done/,独立主格结构的特点：,独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。,n,./,pron,.,与后面的,doing/done/to do/,adj,./,adv,./,prep,.,短语是主谓关系。, 独立主格结构一般与主句用逗号分开。,独立主格结构的特点：,(5),连词分词,(,短语,),有时，为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有,when,，,while,，,if,，,unless,，,though,，,after, before, as,等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致。,(5)连词分词(短语),11.,不定式和分词作宾语补足语,规则,1,：,带宾补的动词,like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow,，,invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach,，,lead,等动词宾语,to do sth.,，宾语与,to do,为主动关系。,11.不定式和分词作宾语补足语,规则,2,：,感官动词带宾补的结构,see, observe,，,hear, notice,watch, feel,，,look at,listen to,宾语,do sth.(,主动，全过程或经常性动作,),doing(,主动，正在进行,),done(,与宾语是被动关系,),【,注意,】,若感官动词在被动语态中，则,to,要还原。,规则2：感官动词带宾补的结构see, observe，宾语,规则,3,：,get/send,带宾补的结构。,get/send,宾语,doing,表示“使,起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去。,get,宾语,to do,let/have sb. do,表示“让某人做某事” 。,get,宾语,done,have sth. done,表示“使某事被做”。,send,宾语,to do,表示“派某人去做某事”。,规则3：get/send 带宾补的结构。,规则,4,：,make,带宾补的结构,使役动词,make,宾语,do/done,；宾语与,do,为主动关系，与,done,是被动关系；若,make,在被动语态中，,to,要还原。,规则4：make带宾补的结构,规则,5,：,have,带宾补的结构,Have,宾语,have,宾语,to do,意为“有某事要做”,(,主语本人做,),to be done,意为“有要做的事情”,(,不是主语本人做,),do,意为“让某人做某事”,doing,意为“让某人一直做某事”,done,意为“让人做了某事”或“遭遇某事”,规则5：have带宾补的结构Havehave宾语to d,规则,6,：,keep/leave,宾语,doing(,主动，且持续进行,)/done(,被动,),。,规则,7,：,catch,宾语,doing,表示“发现某人正在做某事”，宾语与,doing,为主动，且正在进行。,规则,8,：,find,宾语,doing(,主动，正在进行,)/done(,被动、状态或完成,),。,规则,9,：,want/order/ask/wish/like,宾语,(to be)done (,宾语与,done,之间为被动关系,),。,规则6：keep/leave宾语doing(主动，且持续,12. with,复合结构,with,复合结构既可看作介词短语，在句子中作定语；也可看作独立主格结构，在句中充当状语。它由“,with,宾语补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为：,with,宾语,adv,./,prep,.,adj,.,doing(,主动，同时,)/being done(,正在被,),done(,被动或完成,),to do(,与宾语有动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作,),12. with复合结构 withadv./prep.,英语非谓语动词题的七条经典原则,原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式,原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上要用现在分词,原则三：用作结果状语时，可用,-ing,或不定式,原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词,原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主