跨文化交际Nonverbal-Communication-课件

Chapter 3Nonverbal Communication1.Nonverbal Communication2.Kinesics3.Space and Distance1.Nonverbal Communication1.1Definitions1.2Importance1.3Functions1.1 DefinitionsNonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used,either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors,in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.Definitions(contd)Nonverbal communication is the interaction that is carried out by our bodies,gestures,and tones of voice,in other words,everything except the actual words.1.2 ImportanceReasons:Accounts for much of the meaning we derive Accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations.from conversations.Spontaneously reflects the speakers Spontaneously reflects the speakers subconsciousness.subconsciousness.Always presentAlways presentLevel of MeaningCognitive contentCognitive content-stated messages,what is said openly-stated messages,what is said openlyAffective contentAffective content-feelings,attitudes,and behaviors-feelings,attitudes,and behaviors7%through words,38%through voice,and 7%through words,38%through voice,and 55%through looks and behaviors55%through looks and behaviors1.3 FunctionsAccenting-punctuateAccenting-punctuateComplementing-supportComplementing-supportContradicting opposite toContradicting opposite toRegulating-controlRegulating-controlRepeating send the same meaning Repeating send the same meaning Substituting-replaceSubstituting-replace2.KinesicsKinesics Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to is the nonverbal behavior related to movement,either of parts of the body,or of the movement,either of parts of the body,or of the body as a whole,including facial expressions,body as a whole,including facial expressions,gestures,postures,eye contact,etc.gestures,postures,eye contact,etc.Kinesics is“body language”.Kinesics is“body language”.Kinesics(contd)2.12.1Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions2.22.2GesturesGestures2.32.3PosturesPostures2.42.4Eye ContactEye Contact2.1 Facial ExpressionsWesterners and the Chinese share:Westerners and the Chinese share:Is it me?Is it me?Keep quiet please.Keep quiet please.Lost in thought.Lost in thought.Is it true?Is it true?Facial Expressions(contd)Examples of feelings that can be expressed are:Examples of feelings that can be expressed are:fear,anger,surprise,contempt,disgust,fear,anger,surprise,contempt,disgust,happiness,sadness,concentration,confusion,happiness,sadness,concentration,confusion,desire,excitement,frustration,glare,and snarl.desire,excitement,frustration,glare,and snarl.Facial Expressions(contd)Regardless of culture,these expressions are the Regardless of culture,these expressions are the same:fear,anger,surprise,contempt,disgust,same:fear,anger,surprise,contempt,disgust,happiness,and sadness.happiness,and sadness.2.2 GesturesThe“OK”signThe“OK”signThe thumb up and thumb down signThe thumb up and thumb down signThe“V”signThe“V”signOther signsOther signsThe“OK”SignAmerica:agree or everything is okAmerica:agree or everything is okLatin America:offensive,similar to showing your Latin America:offensive,similar to showing your middle fingermiddle fingerFrance:youre worthlessFrance:youre worthlessTurkey:one is homosexual Turkey:one is homosexual Australia:zeroAustralia:zeroThe Thumb Up SignMost American and European countriesMost American and European countries-great,approve-great,approveAustralia and NigeriaAustralia and Nigeria-up yours-up yoursSome Asian and Islamic countriesSome Asian and Islamic countries-rude and offensive-rude and offensiveThe Thumb Down SignSth is bad or sth you do not approve of.Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of.Sth or someone has failed.Sth or someone has failed.Not used as often as the thumbs up sign.It is a Not used as often as the thumbs up sign.It is a rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.The“V”signPalm outward:Palm outward:-two,victory,general approval,peace or friend-two,victory,general approval,peace or friendPalm facing yourselfPalm facing yourself-two,insulting(up yours)-two,insulting(up yours)Others The Stop SignRaise the hand up with the palm facing towards Raise the hand up with the palm facing towards the opposite person.The hand is tilted forward.the opposite person.The hand is tilted forward.Fingers pushing down:sit down or settle.Fingers pushing down:sit down or settle.Singapore or Malaysia:to hail someones Singapore or Malaysia:to hail someones attention or asking for permission to speak.attention or asking for permission to speak.Others The Dog Call SignCurl the index finger and tell someone to come Curl the index finger and tell someone to come to you.to you.Acceptable in the UK and US,but rude in many Acceptable in the UK and US,but rude in many Asian countriesAsian countries*Philippines:used only for dogs Philippines:used only for dogs*Singapore:death Singapore:death2.3 PosturesWith two arms up in the air:arroganceWith two arms up in the air:arroganceStanding firmly face-to-face:start to fightStanding firmly face-to-face:start to fightHands on the waistHands on the waist-direct intrusion into others affairs-direct intrusion into others affairsShrugging shouldersShrugging shoulders-indifferent,powerless,having no secret to-indifferent,powerless,having no secret to concealconcealPostures(contd)Follow ones natural habits so often go unnoticed Follow ones natural habits so often go unnoticed(subconscious in nature)(subconscious in nature)May damage your image if you neglect your May damage your image if you neglect your posturespostures2.4 Eye ContactDirect eye contactDirect eye contactChinese:avoid Chinese:avoid North Americans:appreciateNorth Americans:appreciateThe British:avoidThe British:avoidEye Contact(contd)Looking at the personLooking at the personLooking sidewaysLooking sidewaysEye Contact(contd)Duration of eye contact(in US):Duration of eye contact(in US):2.95 seconds and 1.18 seconds2.95 seconds and 1.18 secondsShorter:shy,uninterested,absent-minded Shorter:shy,uninterested,absent-minded Longer:with unusually high interestLonger:with unusually high interest3.Space and Distance3.13.1ProxemicsProxemics3.23.2Attitudes Toward CrowdingAttitudes Toward Crowding3.1 ProxemicsDefinition:the study of peoples perception and Definition:the study of peoples perception and use of space.use of space.Four categories:intimate,personal,social,and Four categories:intimate,personal,social,and public distance.public distance.Categories of DistanceIntimate Distance(0-45cm)Intimate Distance(0-45cm)-for the closest relation,e.g.a couple-for the closest relation,e.g.a couplePersonal Distance(45-120cm)Personal Distance(45-120cm)-friends,old-friends,old classmates,acquaintance and classmates,acquaintance and relativesrelativesCategories of Distance(contd)Social Distance(1.3-3m)Social Distance(1.3-3m)-colleagues,business partners,people at social-colleagues,business partners,people at social gatheringsgatheringsPublic Distance(beyond 3m)Public Distance(beyond 3m)-speaking in public-speaking in publicPersonal TerritoryPrivate space and personal spacePrivate space and personal spaceRefers to the space people have for their own Refers to the space people have for their own activitiesactivitiesProxemicsThe use of space is directly linked to the value The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture.system of culture.Personal territory can be large or small,Personal territory can be large or small,depending on place,sex,age,and character.depending on place,sex,age,and character.Hold your ground and not back away.Hold your ground and not back away.3.2 Attitudes Toward CrowdingAttitude toward crowdingAttitude toward crowdingChinese:high toleranceChinese:high toleranceAmericans:low toleranceAmericans:low toleranceWay of queuingWay of queuingChinese:stand closely to the front Chinese:stand closely to the front value togethernessvalue togethernessAmericans:keep a distance from the frontAmericans:keep a distance from the frontvalue apartnessvalue apartnessSummaryNonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication-definition,functions-definition,functionsKinesicsKinesics-definition,facial expression,gesture,posture-definition,facial expression,gesture,postureSpace and DistanceSpace and Distance-categories of distance,attitudes toward-categories of distance,attitudes toward crowding,way of queuing crowding,way of queuing Case StudyDiscuss in group:Discuss in group:The reasons why Peter was angry and refused The reasons why Peter was angry and refused to take Chens apology.to take Chens apology.The reasons why Chen smiled when he was The reasons why Chen smiled when he was making an apology.making an apology.HW2Page 66:Page 66:Do you agree to the view that nonverbal Do you agree to the view that nonverbal communication is more important than verbal communication is more important than verbal communication in intercultural communication?communication in intercultural communication?Why?Why?Date for submission:Date for submission:Features of KinesicsFive types of movementsFive types of movementsEmblemsEmblemsIllustratorsIllustratorsAffect DisplayAffect DisplayRegulatorRegulatoradaptoradaptorEmblemsEmblems are nonlinguistic substitutes for specific Emblems are nonlinguistic substitutes for specific words or phrases in a language.words or phrases in a language.Change over time and differ culture to cultureChange over time and differ culture to cultureIllustratorsIllustrators are nonlinguistic behaviors that Illustrators are nonlinguistic behaviors that accompany and literally illustrate a linguistic accompany and literally illustrate a linguistic message.message.Less subject to changeLess subject to changeAffect DisplayAffect displays are movements of the facial area Affect displays are movements of the facial area that convey emotional meaning.(e.g.facial that convey emotional meaning.(e.g.facial expressions)expressions)Under less conscious controlUnder less conscious controlRegulatorsRegulators are nonlinguistic behaviors that Regulators are nonlinguistic behaviors that monitor,maintain,or control the behaviors of monitor,maintain,or control the behaviors of another individual.another individual.(eye contact)(eye contact)To inform another person what the others To inform another person what the others expect or want him to do.expect or want him to do.