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英语语法专题系列讲座第二讲英语主谓英语主谓“三一致三一致”原则原则主主谓谓一一致致三三原原则则练习历年高考题例题(1)当主语之后有)当主语之后有as well as 引导的短语时引导的短语时(常被看做并常被看做并列主语,但实际不是列主语,但实际不是),其谓语的数与主语保持一致。,其谓语的数与主语保持一致。Helen,as well as her brother,has gone abroad.海伦和她弟弟都出国了。海伦和她弟弟都出国了。The teacher,as well as 5 of his students,was invited to attend the party.老师和他的老师和他的5 5个学生被邀请参加宴会。个学生被邀请参加宴会。(4)用用 and 连接的并列主语被连接的并列主语被 each,every 或或 no 修修 饰时,谓语动词用单数。饰时,谓语动词用单数。语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致No teacher and no student is in the classroom.Every pen and every book _(lay)on the desk already.has been laid语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致(5)each of+复数代词,谓语动用单数。复数代词,谓语动用单数。复数代复数代 词词+each,谓语动词用复数。谓语动词用复数。如如We each have something to say.我们每人都有些话要说。语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致None of the money was ever recovered.那笔钱一个子儿也没收回来那笔钱一个子儿也没收回来。语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致One fifth of the workers in the factory are women.内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致Bread&butterismyfavoriteforlunch.午餐我最喜欢吃面包抹黄油。内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致quitea就近一致就近一致就近一致就近一致就近一致就近一致就近一致就近一致Neithernor,ExampleE-mail,aswellastelephones,_animportantpartindailycommunication.(99上海2)A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play答案及分析答案及分析答案是答案是 A。当主语之后有当主语之后有 as well as 引导的短语时引导的短语时(常常被看做并列主语,但实际不是被看做并列主语,但实际不是),谓语的数与主语保持一,谓语的数与主语保持一致。因致。因 e-mail 是单数,故答案选择是单数,故答案选择 A。Multiple choice:1.Onthewall_twolargeportraits.A.hangsB.hangC.hangedD.hanging(C85)2.“Newsofvictories_pouringinasourarmyadvances,”thecompanycommandersaid.A.keepB.keepsC.keptD.havekept(C85)3.There_alotofmilkinthebottle.A.areB.isC.wereD.has(C86)4.Zhangsfamily_ratherbig,withtwelvepeopleinall.A.isB.areC.beingD.was(C85)5.NobodybutJaneandMary_thesecret.A.knowB.knowsC.haveknownD.isknown(C86)Multiple choice:6.Allbutone_herejustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were(C87NO.45)7.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks_tothenationasagift.A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered(C90NO.20)8.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary_tiredofhavingoneexamafteranother.A.isB.areC.amD.be(C89NO.27)9.Thenumberofpeopleinvited_fifty,butanumberofthem_absentfordifferentreasons.A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were(C96NO.14)10.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided 概念复习与练习概念复习与练习两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接,谓语用复数TomandDick_(be)goodfriends.但若两个主语表示一个集合体或同一人或物时则用单数。Asingeranddancer_(be)presentattheparty.Theworkerandwriter_(be)talkingtothestudents.Breadandbutter_(taste)good.(aneedleandthread,ahorseandcart,awatchandchain,acoatandtie,truthandhonesty,medicalhelpandcure)arewasistastes2用and连接的两个单数名词若被no,each,every,many a修饰,则谓语动词用单数。Nobirdandnobeast_(be)seeninthebareisland.Manyaboyandmanyagirl_(have)madesuchafunnyexperiment.AtChristmaseachboyandeachgirl_(be)givenapresent.ishasis3在陈述句中,如两个主语由notonly butalso,or,eitheror,neithernor等所连接,谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致;如陈述句改为疑问句,则句首助动词的数与其相邻的主语的数相同。比较如下例句:EitherheorI_(be)togothere._(be)eitheryouorhegoingtoattendthemeeting?amAre4.如主语之后有like,with,togetherwith,but,except,besides,aswellas等词连接引导的(介词)短语(注:这些短语常可移置句首或句尾注:这些短语常可移置句首或句尾)时,谓语的数与其前面的主语保持一致。Aprofessor,togetherwithsomestudents,_(be)senttohelpinthework.Noonebuttheteachers_(be)allowedtousetheroom.wasis5一些集体名词用作主语时,如果被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数;如果所指为其中的成员,谓语用复数。如audience,committee,class(班级班级),crew(全体船员或机组人员),family,government,public(公众)等,但people,police,cattle等用作主等用作主语时只能后接复数动词语时只能后接复数动词。Myfamily_(be)abigfamily.Myfamily_(be)listeningtotheradio.Thepolice_(be)tryingtocatchthethief.isareare6.通常作复数的集体名词有些集体名词如police,people,cattle(牛牛),militia(民兵民兵),poultry(家禽家禽)等用作主语时,通常被看作复数,用复数动词。例如:Domesticcattle_(provide)uswithmilk,beefandhides.provide7.通常作不可数名词的集体名词有一些集体名词如machinery,furniture,equipment,merchandise(商品商品),clothing作主语时,通常被看作不可数名词,后接的谓语动词用单数。例如:Themerchandise_(have)arrivedundamaged.Allthemachineryinthefactory_(be)madeinChina.hasis8一些表示钱、时间、距离、重量、长度等的名词用作主语时,尽管形式上常用复数,但通常多被看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数动词。Tenminutes_(be)enough.Onedollarandseventyeightcents_(be)whatshehas.Fiftymiles_notfarbycar.isisis9.all用作主语指代人物人物时,一般看作复数,谓语动词用复数;指代整个事件整个事件或情况情况时,一般被看作单数,谓语动词用单数。AllthatIwant_(be)agoodE.dictionary.All_(be)silent.(人人都缄口不语。)All_(be)outofdanger.iswerewere10.形容词前加定冠词the时,所表示的是一类人,谓语动词用复数。Whatalifethepoorwereliving!Theyoungarehappytogivetheirseatstotheold.Therichinthatcountryhavetopaymoreincometax(所得税).11.关系代词who,which,that用作定语从句的主语时,其谓语的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。Thosewhowanttogoshouldsigntheirnameshere.Heisoneofthe studentswhohavepassedtheexam.Heisthe only oneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.12.以以-ics结尾的学科名称结尾的学科名称某些以-ics结尾的学科名称,如physics(物理学)、mathematics(数学)、mechanics(机械学)、politics(政治学)、statistics(统计学)、economics(经济学)、linguistics(语言学)、athletics(体育学)等作主语时,后接单数谓语动词单数谓语动词。例如:Physics/Mathematicsisdifficulttolearn.Linguisticsisaninterestingsubject.EconomicswasnotintroducedintoChinauntilthebeginningoflastcentury.13.英语以-s 结尾的名词中还包括一些由两个部分组成的物体名称,如scissors(剪子剪子),pincers/pliers(钳子钳子),glasses(眼镜眼镜),shorts(短裤短裤),trousers(裤子裤子),suspenders(吊裤带吊裤带)等。这一类名词作主语时,如果前边不加apairof等英语短语,通常被看作复数,后接复数谓语动词通常被看作复数,后接复数谓语动词。例如:Pincers(钳子)areneededforthisjob.如果前边带有单位词(如apairof等),则由单位词的单复数形式决定动词的单复数形式。例如:Onepairofscissorsisntenough.Tenpairsofpliers(钳子)areneededthere.14.以以 s 结尾的政体和地理名称结尾的政体和地理名称某些以-s 结尾的政体名称,如theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations,theNetherlands等,尽管带有复数词尾,但所表示的是单一政治实体,故作单数用。但若不但若不是政体名是政体名,而是而是群岛群岛、山脉山脉、海峡海峡、瀑布瀑布等地理名称,通常作复数用。例如:TheWestIndies,apartfromtheBahamas,arecommonlydividedintotwoparts.TheHimalayas(喜马拉雅山脉)haveamagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.TheUnitedNationswasestablishedin1945.TheNetherlandsisanothernameofHolland.15.英语中还有一些以-s 结尾的名词如arms(武器),clothes(衣服),contents(内容,目录),fireworks(烟火),goods(货物),minutes(记录),morals(道德,品行),remains(遗体),stairs(楼梯),suburbs(郊区),thanks(谢意),wages(工资)等,通常被看作复数,作主语时后接复数谓语动词。例如:ClothesaregenerallyexpensiveinGuangzhou.MythanksalsogotoProf.Maforhistimelyhelp.ThesuburbsinBeijingareverybeautifulinthefall.16.凡是由ings 结尾的名词,如clippings(剪下来的东西),diggings(掘出的东西),earnings(收入),filings(锉屑),lodgings(租住的房屋),surroundings(环境),sweepings(扫拢的垃圾)等作主语时,通常被看作复数用,后接复数谓语动词。例如:Theclippingsofthetreesareusuallyburnt.Thesweepingsofthesquarehavebeenburied(掩埋).17.还有一些以-s接尾的单、复数同形的名词,如:headquarters(总部),means(方法、手段),series(系列),species(种类),works(工厂)等用作主语时,其谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名称是作单数,还是用作复数。例如:Aheadquarterswassetuptodirecttheoperation(指挥作战).TheirheadquartersareinParis.Theonlymeanstoachievesuccessistoappeal to arms(诉诸武力).18.Remains用来指“遗体”作主语时,之后的谓语动词通常用复数形式:Hisremainslieinthechurchyard.Themartyrsremainswereburiedatthefootofthehill.但作“遗迹”或“剩余物”解释时,在不同的上下文中可看作复数或单数:Hereistheremainsofatemple.Theremainsofthemealwere/wasfedtothedog.19.如果作主语的名词词组由“分数(或百分数)+of词组”构成,其动词形式依of词组中名词单复数而定。例如:Twothirdsoftheswampland(沼泽地)_(have)beenreclaimed(开垦).Oversixtypercentofthecity_(be)des-troyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctors_(be)women.haswaswere20.如果主语是allof.,someof.,noneof.,halfof.,mostof.等表示不确定数量的名词词组,其后边的动词形式依of词组中名词的单复数而定。例如:Mostofthemoney_paidbyhisdeputy(助手).Mostofthemembers_there.Allofthecargo_lost.Allofthecrew_saved.waswerewaswere21.两数相减或相除,动词用单数;两数相加或相乘,动词可用单数,也可用复数。例如:Fortyminusfifteen(40-15)leavestwenty-five.Fortydividedbyeight(408)isfive.Sevenandfive(7+5)makes/maketwelve.Fivetimeseight(58)is/areforty.22.如果主语是由“akind/sort/typeof,thiskind/sort/typeof+名词”构成,动词用单数。例如:Thiskindofmanannoysme.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those(注注:这时的 kind/sort/type 也要变为复数),同时,of 词组中的名词又是复数,则动词用复数形式:Thesekindsofmenannoyme.Thosetypes/sortsofmachinesareuptodate.23.如果主语是由“manya+名词”或“morethanone+名词”构成,其意义虽属多数,但随后的动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则,用单数形式。例如:Manyamanhasdonehisduty.Morethanonegamewaslost.Manyastudentinthisclassstudieshard.24.由who,why,how,whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语,其后的动词通常用单数。两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语,如果主语表示两件事情,动词用复数。例如:Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremainamysterytous.Whatyousaidandwhatyoudidwerequitedifferentfromeachother.
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