土木工程专业英语课件

CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsChapter1EngineeringProjectChapter1p1Chapter1EngineeringProjectCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsConversation1.Howmanyphasesdoesaprojectcover?Theexecutionofitcanbeusuallydividedintosomebasicstages,likeengineering,procurementandtransportation,andfieldconstruction.一个工程项目的实施通常可分为几个基本阶段：工程设计、采购和运输、以及现场施工。2.Pleasegiveadescriptionaboutthisproject.请对这个工程项目作一个叙述说明。3.Whoisthecontractor?ThecontractorisToyoEngineeringCorporation(TEC)ofJapan.Chapter1p2ConversationChapter1p2CivilEngineeringEnglishContents承包商是日本的东洋工程公司。（简称TEC）4.Itisaninquiry(commercialandtechnicalproposal,approval,agreement,protocol,annex,technicalappendix)aboutthisproject.这是这个项目的询价书。（商务和技术报价书、批准书、协议、会议记录、附加条件、技术附件）5.Whomakesuptheprojectteam?Theprojectteamnormallyconsistsofprojectengineer,designengineer,scheduleengineer,andvariousspecialists.项目工作组通常包括有项目工程师、设计工程师、计划工程师、以及各类专家。6.HowcanweevaluatetheresultsoffieldconstructionWecanevaluatetheresultsoffieldconstructionbyfourcriteria,whicharequality,time,costandsafety.Chapter1p3承包商是日本的东洋工程公司。（简称TEC）Chapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContents我们可以通过四个指标来评价现场施工的成绩，即质量、时间进度、费用和安全。7.Whatareyouresponsiblefor?8.Iamresponsibleforthetechnical(scheduling,inspection,qualitycontrol)workofthisproject.我负责这个项目的技术（技术、检查、质量控制）工作。9.Wouldyoutellusthetechnicalcharacteristicaboutthisproject?你能告诉我们有关这个工程项目的技术特性吗？Certainly!10.Doyouhaveanyreferencematerialsaboutthisproject?你有关于这个工程项目有参考资料吗？Yes,hereyouare.Chapter1p4我们可以通过四个指标来评价现场施工的成绩，即质量、时间进度、CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsTextFrameworkofCivilEngineeringIntroductionGenerally，engineeringis the application ofeconomic,social,and scientific practicalknowledge todesign,build,and maintain structures,machines,devices,systems,materialsandprocesses.Basically,engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is very broad,innovative,cost-consciousandmindfulofhumanfactorsandincludesvariousmorespecializedfieldsofengineering,eachwithamorespecificemphasisonparticularareasoftechnologyandtypesofapplication.土木工程框架介绍一般而言,工程学是应用经济、社会和科学的实用知识来设计、建造和维护结构、机器、设备、系统、材料和过程。基本上,工程学是一个面向最终产品的学科,它非常广泛,创新,成本意识和考虑到人的因素,包括各种更专业的工程领域,每一个更具体地强调特定领域的技术和应用类型。Chapter1p5TextChapter1p5CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsCivilengineeringisoneofthemostdiversebranchesofengineering.Thecivil engineer plans,designs,constructs,and maintains a large variety ofstructures and facilities for public,private,commercial and industrial use.Thesestructuresincluderesidential,office,factorybuildings;andinfrastructure,for example,airports,roads,railways,water supply andtreatmentetc.),bridges,dams,andbuildings.土木工程是工程中最多样化的分支之一。土木工程师计划、设计、建造和维护大量的公共、私人、商业和工业用途的结构和设施。这些结构包括住宅、办公室、工厂建筑;和基础设施,例如,机场,公路,铁路,供水和处理等),桥梁,水坝和建筑物。p6CivilengineeringisoneofthCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsTheterm“civilengineer”didnotcomeintouseuntilabout1750,when John Smeaton,the builder of famous Eddystonelighthouse near Plymouth,England,is said to have beguncallinghimselfa“civilengineer”todifferhimselffromthemilitaryengineers of his time.However,the profession is as old ascivilization.EddystoneLighthouse土木工程师一词直到1750才开始使用,当时英国普利茅斯附近著名的Eddystone灯塔的建造者约翰.斯米顿据说已经开始自称土木工程师,与他当时的军事工程师不同。然而,这个行业和文明一样古老。Eddystone灯塔Chapter1p7Theterm“civilengineer”didCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsThe engineering marvels of the world,starting from the pyramids totodays thin shell structures,are the results of the development in civilengineering.Communicationlineslikeroads,railways,bridges,etc.withoutwhichdevelopmentisimpossible,arefruitsofcivilengineerswork.Variousfunctionsofacivilengineerarelistedbelow.从金字塔到今天的薄壳结构,世界工程奇迹是土木工程发展的结果。如道路、铁路、桥梁等通信线路没有发展是不可能的,是土木工程师工作的成果。下面列出了土木工程师的各种功能。p8TheengineeringmarvelsoftheCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsInvestigationThefirstfunctionofacivilengineeristocollectthenecessarydatathatisrequiredbeforeplanningaproject.调查土木工程师的第一个功能是收集计划项目前所需的数据。SurveyingTheobjectiveofsurveyingistopreparemapsandplanstolocatethevariousstructuresofaprojectonthesurfaceofearth.测量勘测的目的是准备地图和计划在地球表面寻找项目的各种各样的结构。Chapter1p9InvestigationChapter1p9CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsPlanningDependingontheresultsobtainedfrominvestigation and surveying,a civil engineer shouldprepare the necessary drawing for the project interms of capacity,size and location of its variouscomponents.On the basis of this drawing,anecessaryestimateshouldbeworkedout.规划土木工程师应根据调查和测量所得的结果,在其各部件的容量、尺寸和位置方面,为项目准备必要的图纸。在这幅图画的基础上,应该制定出一个必要的估计。Chapter1p10PlanningChapter1p10CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsDesignAfterplanning,thesafedimensionofthecomponentsrequiredisworkedout.With this dimension a detailed drawing is prepared for variouscomponentsandalsoforthewholestructureandadetailedestimateisalsocalculated.设计经过规划,制定了所需部件的安全尺寸。利用此维度,为各种部件以及整个结构准备了详细的图纸,并计算了详细的估计值。p11Designp11CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsExecutionThis function deals with the preparation of schedules for constructionactivities,finalization of contracts,supervision of construction work,preparationofbillsandmaintenance.执行本职能涉及编制施工活动进度表、合同定稿、施工监理、帐单编制和维修等工作。p12Executionp12CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsResearchanddevelopmentAcivilengineerneedstogetinvolvedinresearchanddevelopmenttoobtainprofitsandtoimprovetheefficiencytothepresentandfutureneeds.研究与开发土木工程师需要参与研究和开发,以获取利润,提高效率,以满足目前和未来的需要。Chapter1p13ResearchanddevelopmentChapteCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsSub-disciplinesofCivilEngineeringAnydisciplineofengineeringisawidefieldwithvariousspecializations.Civilengineeringistraditionallydividedintoseveralsub-disciplinesincludingstructural engineering,transportation engineering,geotechnical engineering,constructionmaterials,surveying,constructionengineering,waterresourcesengineering,coastal engineering,environmental engineering and municipalengineering.土木工程分学科任何工程学的学科是一个广泛的领域与各种各样的专业化。土木工程传统上分为结构工程、交通工程、岩土工程、建筑材料、测绘、建筑工程、水资源等几个子学科。工程,海岸工程,环境工程和市政工程。p14Sub-disciplinesofCivilEnginCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsStructuralEngineeringStructuralengineeringfocusesonthestructuraldesignandstructuralanalysisofbuildings,bridges,towers,flyovers,tunnels,off-shorestructureslikeoilandgasfieldsinthe sea,and other structures.This involves identifying the loads which act upon astructureandtheforcesandstresseswhichappearwithinthatstructureduetothoseloads,andthendesigningthestructuretosuccessfullysupportandresistthoseloads.The loads can be self weight of the structures,other dead load,live loads,moving(wheel)load,wind load,earthquake load,load from temperature change,etc.Thestructuralengineermustdesignstructurestobesafefortheirusersandtosuccessfullyfulfillthefunctiontheyaredesignedfor(tobeserviceable).Duetothenatureofsomeloadingconditions,subdisciplineswithinstructuralengineeringhaveappeared,includingwindengineeringandearthquakeengineering.Chapter1p15StructuralEngineeringChapterCivilEngineeringEnglishContents结构工程结构工程的重点是结构设计和结构分析的建筑物,桥梁,塔,天桥,隧道,离岸结构,如在海洋中石油和天然气离岸结构，和其他结构。这包括确定在结构上的载荷,以及由于这些载荷而出现在该结构内的力和应力,然后设计结构以成功地支持和抵抗这些负载。荷载可以是结构自重、其他死荷载、活荷载、动(轮)荷载、风荷载、地震荷载、温度变化荷载等。结构工程师必须设计结构,以安全为其用户和成功地履行其设计的功能(可维修)。由于某些加载条件的特殊性,结构工程中的分支已经出现,包括风工程和地震工程。p16结构工程p16CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsTransportationEngineeringTransportationengineeringisconcernedwithmovingpeopleandgoodsefficiently,safely,and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community.Thisinvolves specifying,designing,constructing,and maintaining transportationinfrastructurewhichincludesstreets,canals,highways,railsystems,airports,ports,and mass transit。It includes areas such as transportation design,transportation planning,traffic engineering,some aspects of urbanengineering,pavement engineering,intelligent transportation system,andinfrastructuremanagement.Chapter1p17TransportationEngineeringChaCivilEngineeringEnglishContents交通工程交通工程是以高效、安全、有效的方式移动人和物品,并以一种有利于充满活力的社区为目的。这涉及指定、设计、建造和维护运输基础设施,包括街道、运河、公路、铁路系统、机场、港口和大众运输。它包括交通设计、交通规划、交通工程、城市工程、路面工程、智能交通系统、基础设施管理等方面。p18交通工程p18CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsGeotechnicalEngineeringGeotechnicalengineeringisafieldofcivilengineeringregardingtherockandsoilthatcivilengineeringsystemsaresupportedby.Knowledgefromthefieldsofgeology,materialscienceandtesting,mechanics,andhydraulicsareapplied by geotechnical engineers to safely and economically designfoundations,retainingwalls,andsimilarstructures.Environmentalconcernsinrelationtogroundwaterandwastedisposalhavespawnedanewareaofstudycalled geoenvironmental engineering where biology and chemistry areimportant.Chapter1p19GeotechnicalEngineeringChapteCivilEngineeringEnglishContents岩土工程岩土工程是土木工程系统所支持的岩石和土壤的土建工程领域。地质、材料科学、测试、力学和水力学等领域的知识,是由岩土工程工程师在安全、经济地设计地基、挡土墙和类似结构的基础上应用的。与地下水和废物处理有关的环境问题催生了一个新的研究领域,称为地理环境工程,其中生物学和化学是重要的。p20岩土工程p20CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsQualificationsforCivilEngineeringEngineeringisaprofession which meansanengineer must have a specializededucation。Manygovernmentjurisdictionsalsohavelicensingprocedureswhichrequireengineeringgraduatestopassanexamination.Similarto？thebarexaminationsforalawyer,beforetheycanactivelystartontheircareers.土木工程资格工程是一门专业,意味着工程师必须有专门的教育。许多政府管辖区也有许可证程序,要求工程毕业生通过考试。类似的律师酒吧考试,他们才可以积极地开始他们的职业生涯。Chapter1p21QualificationsforCivilEnginCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsIntheuniversity,mathematics,physics,andchemistryareheavilystressedthroughouttheengineeringcurriculum,butparticularlyinthefirsttwoorthreeyears.Mathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering,soitisgreatlystressed.Today,mathematicsincludescoursesinstatistics,whichdealswithgatheringclassifying,andusingnumericaldata,orpiecesofinformation.在大学里,数学、物理和化学都受到了沉重的压力。工程学课程,但特别在前三年。数学在工程的各个分支中是非常重要的,因此受到了很大的压力。今天,数学包括统计课程,其中涉及收集分类、使用数字数据或信息片断。p22Intheuniversity,mathematicCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsAnimportantaspectofstatisticalmathematicsisprobability,whichdealwithwhatmayhappen,therearedifferentfactors,orvariables,thatcanchangetheresultofproblem。Beforetheconstructionofabridgeiscarriedout,forexample,astatisticalstudyismadeoftheamountoftrafficthebridgewillbeexpectedtodealwith.Inthedesignofbridge,variablessuchaswaterpressureonthefoundations,impact,theeffectsofdifferentwindforces,andmanyotherfactorsmustbeconsidered.统计数学的一个重要方面是概率,它处理什么可能发生,有不同的因素,或变量,可以改变问题的结果。之前对桥梁的施工进行了统计研究,并对该桥预计将处理的交通量。在桥梁设计中,变量等由于水压对地基、撞击、不同风力的影响,以及许多其他必须考虑因素。Chapter1p23AnimportantaspectofstatistCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsBecauseagreatdealofcalculationisinvolvedinsolvingtheseproblems,computerprogrammingisnowincludedinalmostallengineeringcurricula,Computers,cansolvemanyproblemsinvolvingcalculationswithgreaterspeedandaccuracythanahumanbeingcan.。Butcomputerareuselessunlesstheyaregivenclearandaccurateinstructionandinformation-inotherwords,agoodprogram.由于大量的计算涉及到解决这些问题,计算机现在几乎所有的工程课程都包含了编程,计算机,可以解决许多问题,涉及计算的速度和准确性比人能更高。但计算机是无用的,除非他们得到明确和准确的指令和信息-换句话说,一个好的程序。p24BecauseagreatdealofcalculCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsInspiteoftheheavyemphasisontechnicalsubjectsintheengineeringcurriculum,currenttrendistorequirestudentstotakecourseinthesocialsciencesandthelanguagearts.Itshouldbepointedoutthattheworkperformedbyanengineeraffectssocietyinmanydifferentandimportantwaysthatheorsheshouldbeawareof。Anengineeralsoneedsasufficientcommandoflanguagetobeabletopreparereportsthatareclearand,inmanycases,persuasive。Anengineerengagedinresearchwillneedtobeabletowriteuphisorherfindingforscientificpublications.尽管在工程课程中对技术科目的重视程度很高,但目前的趋势是要求学生在社会科学和语言艺术中学习。应该指出的是,工程师所做的工作影响了社会在许多不同的和重要的方式,他或她应该知道。工程师还需要足够的掌握语言的能力,能够编写清晰的报告,在许多情况下,有说服力。从事研究的工程师将需要能够写出他或她的科学出版物的发现。Chapter1p25InspiteoftheheavyemphaCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsThelasttwoyearsofanengineeringprogramincludesubjectwithinthestudentsfieldofspecialization,Forthestudentwhoispreparingtobecomeacivilengineer,thesespecializedcoursesmaydealwithsuchsubjectsasgeodeticsurveying,soilmechanics,orhydraulics.工程项目的最后两年包括在学生的领域内的主题专业化,为准备成为土木工程师的学生,这些专业课程可以处理诸如大地测量、土力学或水力学等学科。p26ThelasttwoyearsofanengiCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsActiverecruitingforengineersoftenbeginsbeforethestudentslastyearintheuniversity.Manydifferentcorporationandgovernmentagencieshavecompetedfortheservicesofengineersinrecentyear。Intodaysscience-orientedsociety，peoplewhohavetechnicaltrainingareindemand。Youngengineersmaychoosetogointoenvironmentalorsanitaryengineering。forexample,whereenvironmentalconcernshavecreatedmanyopenings;ortheymaychooseconstructioncompaniesthatspecializeinhighwaywork;ortheymayprefertoworkwithoneofthegovernmentagenciesthatdealswithwaterresources;Indeed,thechoiceislargeandvaried.对工程师的大力招聘通常从学生在大学的最后一年开始。近年来,许多不同的公司和政府机构竞相争夺工程师。在当今的科学型社会中,需求技术培训的人。年轻的工程师可以选择进入环境或卫生工程,例如,环境问题创造了许多空缺;或者他们可以选择专业从事公路工程的施工企业;或他们可能更喜欢与一个工作处理水资源的政府机构;的确,选择是大而多样的。Chapter1p27ActiverecruitingforCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsWhentheyoungengineerhasfinallystartedactualpractice，thetheoreticalknowledgeacquiredintheuniversitymustbeapplied。Heorshewillprobablybeassignedatthebeginningtoworkwithateamofengineers。Thus,on-the-jobtrainingthatcanbeacquiredwilldemonstratehisorherabilitytoapplytheorytopracticeforthesupervisors.当年轻的工程师终于开始实际实践时,理论知识必须申请在大学获得。他或她可能会被指派在开始与一个工程师团队工作。因此,可以获得的在职培训将证明他或她的能力运用理论到实践为监督员。p28WhentheyoungengineerhasfiCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsWordsandExpressionsstructurestrktn.结构;构造;建筑物;体系Devicedivaisn.装置，设备;方法;策略;手段Orient:rintv.标定方向;使向东方Innovativenvetvadj.革新的;创新的;创新立异specializedspelaizdadj.专门的;专业的;专用的facilitiesfsilitin.工具；设备Commercialkm:ladj.商业的；贸易的；营利的Residentialrezidenladj.住宅的，适于作住宅的；Infrastructureinfrstrktn.基础设施;基础建设militarymilitriadj.军事的;军用的Chapter1p29WordsandExpressionsChapter1CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsCivilizationsvlazen;n.文明，文化；开化Functionfknn.功能，作用Investigation investigeinn.（正式的）调查，勘测Componentkmpunntn.成分;零件;数要素;Capacitykpsitin.容量;性能;生产能力Dimensiondimennn.尺寸;数次元，度，维度Calculateklkjuleitv.计算;估计;打算Constructionknstrknn.建筑物;建造;contractkntrktn.合同；契约municipalmju(:)nisipln.市的，市政的Chapter1p30Civilization svlazeCivilEngineeringEnglishContentssub-disciplinesbdisiplinn.分支Geotechnicaldi:teknkladj.岩土工程技术的hydraulicshadr:lksn.水力学qualificationkwlifikeinn.资格，授权;条件Curriculumkwlifikeinn.全部课程，课程Statisticalsttistikladj.统计的;统计学的variablevribln.可变因素，变量Foundationfaundeinn.地基;基础;Accuracykjursin.精确（性），准确（性）Recruitrikru:tv.招聘，征募;吸收新成员sanitarysnitriadj.清洁的;卫生的supervisorsju:pvaizn.监督者，管理者;镇长Chapter1p31sub-disciplinesbdisiplinCivilEngineeringEnglishContentsNotes:1.Basically,engineeringisanend-product-orienteddisciplinetypesofapplication.工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新和成本意识，同时也注意到人为因素，包含各种更专门化的工程领域，每个领域更加具体的强调专门的技术领域和应用类型。2.Dependingontheresultsobtainedvariouscomponents.依据勘测和调查中获得的结果，土木工程师应该在工程的生产能力，规模，各个部件的位置方面卫工程准备必要的制图。3.Manygovernmentjurisdictionsalsohavelicensingprocedureswhichrequireengineeringgraduatestopassanexamination.许多政府决议机构也有许可程序，要求工程专业毕业生必须通过考试。4.Thus,on-the-jobtrainingthatcanbeacquiredwilldemonstratehisorherabilitytoapplytheorytopracticeforthesupervisors.工作中获得的培训可以使年轻的工程师为监管者展示将理论应用到实际的能力。Chapter1p32Notes:Chapter1p32CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsExercisesI.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatisCivilEngineering?2.Whatarethesub-desciplinesofCivilEngineering?3.Whatarethequalificationsforacivilengineer?II.Translatethesecondparagraph“Civilengineeringisbuildings.”intoChinese.III.Translatetheparagraphwiththesubtopicof“TransportationEngineering”intoChinese.IV.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:1.直到大约1750年，人们才开始使用“土木工程师”这一术语。2.为了获得利润，提高目前和未来需要的效率，土木工程师需要参与项目研究和研发。Chapter1p33ExercisesChapter1p33CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsIII.WritingLetterofrequestingaraise/salaryincreaseWriting TipsSalarynegotiation(askingforasalaryincrease,apayrise,orsimplymoremoney)affectseveryonefromtimetotime.Salary negotiation can be difficult,and many people handle it poorly,causingfrustrationandill-feeling.Inthiscase,youcanwritealetteraskingforaraisebecausedoingsowillforceyoutodocumentallyouraccomplishmentswhichshouldnotonlyhelpyouwiththeraise,butwillhelpyouwithupdatingyourresumewhenitstimetostartjob-hunting.Moreandmore,youneedtothinkofraisemeetingsinthesameveinassalarynegotiation;thus,themorereasoningyouhave,themorelikelyyoullgettheraiseyouwish.Chapter1p34III.WritingChapter1p34CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsUsefulpatterns:Ihavesuccessfullytakenresponsibilityfor.Ihaveanumberofaccomplishmentstomycredit:.Myknowledgeandskillin.hasallowedthecompanyto.Ihavetakeninitiative,forexample.IhavebeenworkingatthissalaryforXXmonths;achangeinpaylevelisappropriate.Chapter1p35Usefulpatterns:Chapter1p35CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsSampleDearBrianJones:Irequestanopportunitytomeetwithyoutoreviewmysalary.Ifeelthatthisistheappropriatetimeforasalaryreviewbecausechooseone,orwriteyourown:.“Ihavebeenwiththecompanyforayearwithoutaraise”,or“Ihaverecentlymadeasignificantcontributiontothecompany”,or“annualreviewisapproaching/overdue”,“weagreedtoreviewmysalaryafterthefirstthreemonths”.Iwashiredbyyourcompanynameformyabilityandexperiencein.reviewthereasontheywantedyouIbelievethatanincreaseinmysalaryisnowwarranted.statewhyyoudeservetheraise;hereisalisttohelpyou;pickoneortwo,nottoomanyChapter1p36SampleChapter1p36CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsIwouldlikeyoutoknowthatIviewmyfutureatcompanynameverypositively.Iwanttocontinueto.Ianticipatesomeday.Ihavebeenledtobelievethatyouaresatisfiedwithmywork,soIamconfidentthatyouwillwanttosincerelyconsidermyrequest.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyouverysoon.Sincerely,SusanSmartWritingAssignments:SupposeyouhaveworkedatPanasonicfor4years.Duringthislongtimeyouhavemadegreatcontributiontothecompanysmarketingfield.So,youthinkitstimeforyoutogetasalaryrise.Writealetterrequestingaraise.Chapter1p37IwouldlikeyoutoknowthatCivilEngineeringEnglishContents发展历史英吉利海峡的涡石灯塔这座灯塔是由哈里.温斯坦利设计的，于1696年1699年用木材建造而成的，但在1703年的一次大风暴中被席卷而去。p38发展历史p38CivilEngineeringEnglishContents第二座灯塔用木材和铁建成的，1755年毁于火灾。1756年1759年间，约翰.斯米顿全部用石料建造了第3座灯塔。这座灯塔一直使用到1882年，因为这时建造了目前的涡石灯塔p39第二座灯塔用木材和铁建成的，1755年毁于火灾。1756年CivilEngineeringEnglishContents现在竖立在涡石礁上的灯塔高出海面40米。像当今绝大多数灯塔一样，它不再由人操作，而是用机械装置来运转。因此，不再需要人长期孤独地住在上面来照管灯了。每个灯塔发光形式不尽相同：有的发出固定光束，有的发出闪光，有的灯塔出红色的光束。海员可以根据光束来辨认灯塔。p40现在竖立在涡石礁上的灯塔高出海面40米。像当今绝大多数灯塔一CivilEngineeringEnglishContents用灯塔来帮助海员已经有几千年的历史了。但自从20世纪40年代以来，随着电子导航装备的发展，灯塔变得不再重要。过去光美国就有1500座灯塔，现在全世界仅有1400座左右的灯塔在使用。p41用灯塔来帮助海员已经有几千年的历史了。但自从20世纪40年代CivilEngineeringEnglishContentsp42p42此课件下载可自行编辑修改，此课件供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，此课件供参考！部分内容来源于网络，如有侵权请与我联系删除！部分内容来源于网络，如有侵权请与我联系删除！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，此课件供参考！43