英语辩论介绍课件

Introduction of Parliamentary 1 I.Definition of debate:Debate id defined as“exchange of reasoning”In other words,it is a questioning exploration that is changing,energetic and dynamic.II.Styles of debate:Parliamentary debate:(1)the standard American style:has two teams of two contestants making a total of 6 speeches because one speaker will speak twice by giving a“reply”speech.Part one:OverviewPart one:Overview I.Definition of debate:Part2(2)the standard British style:it brings a greater level of complexity by having four competing teams,two teams on each side each compromising of two people making a total of 8 speeches.Each team has a specific role to play depending on their order of speaking.For example;the summing up for the whole side is done by the last speaker of the second teams.(2)the standard British style3I.Definition of Motion:There are a number of different words to describe motions.They can be called,for example:topics,subjects,resolutions,moots,proposals,propositions or issues.Motions are usually worded asthis house believes thatII.Purpose of motion:In parliamentary debate,the motion indentifies a problem or situation that could be changed.The purpose of the debate is to test whether the proposed change offered by Part two:PreparationPart two:PreparationI.Definition of Motion:Part t4affirmative side in their definition of the motion isworkable and reasonable.affirmative side in their defi5 Manner,Method,Matter Manner,Method,MatterDebateMatterMannerMethodThe Building blocks for a debateIncludes the actual Arguments you useHow you present your case Includes body language and deliveryThe strategic choices made in a debate Manner,Method,Matter6It is the delivery style a debater uses to persuade the audience.It is involved in physical and vocal aspects:Appearance(dress appropriately)Stance physical aspect Gestures Eye contact Style(be yourself but plan for variety)Use of notesPart Three:Manner-How you behave in Part Three:Manner-How you behave in debatingdebatingIt is the delivery style a deb7Use of notesTips:(1)Dont read(2)Do use notes:to remind you what to say,to remind you when to say it,to remind you how to say it.How to Use Notes:(1)Main points:the headings not a full script(2)The order of the points:structure of speechUse of notes8(3)The style:voice,speed,pause(to remind you when to use soft calm voice,when to more aggressive,when to slow down)(4)Leave some spaces(to renumber the order if necessary)(5)Evidence for each main point(small cards,not paper)(6)Have spare cards to write rebuttal notes(7)Difficult words for pronouncing or remembering(in big letters)(3)The style:voice,speed,pa9 Volume(dont shout but be heard)Voice(vary the pace and pitch)Speed(dont gabble:slow down,clear,formal)PausesVocal aspect Language(keep language simple)signposting repetition Humor Vo10I.Quality of definitionThe affirmative side has what is called its“burden”.That is the duty to establish a debatable case for the motion.(1)It is necessary that all debaters agree on what is being debated and that what s being debated is understood by the audience.(2)It is necessary in parliamentary debating that the motion is interpreted in a way that there is a case to answer.That is to say,the affirmative side must interpret the motion in a way that allows the opposition to challenge them Part Four:Method-How to do itPart Four:Method-How to do itI.Quality of definitionPart F11II.The clashThe opposition must challenge by directly confronting the affirmative sides case.They do not,however,have to stick to the exact conditions of the case as laid out by the affirmative.They can extend or narrow a topic if it helps them but must give clear reasons for doing so.If the negative side does not challenge the affirmative sides case,they will lose on Matter as well as Method.II.The clash 12III.Allocation of tasks(1)American parliamentary debate a formal contest of reason,wit and rhetorical skill which simulates debate in a theoretical House of Parliament.Two teams,the Government and the Opposition,of two debaters each,consider a resolution proposed to the House.III.Allocation of tasks131.1.Each team will compromise the following members:1.1.1 Prime Minister:(PM)(7Minutes)Introduce the resolution/motion.Define any ambiguous words in the motion or narrow the motion to specifics Give clear and precise case statement.(It should be one sentence which indicates what the affirmative side wants to prove during the debate)Support case with several independent arguments.1.1.Each team will compromise141.1.2.Leader of Opposition:(LO)(8 Minutes):Evaluate the definition.Accept or reject the defintionAnnounce opposition strategy/counter case.Introduce independent analysis.Rebut PM argument.1.1.2.Leader of Opposition:(151.1.3.Member of Government(MG)(8 Minutes):Provide overviews.Attack Opposition independent analysis.Rebuild/review Government case.Introduce new argument.1.1.3.Member of Government(M161.1.4.Member of Opposition:(MO)(8 Minutes):Introduce new points and analysis.Counter Member of Government.1.1.4.Member of Opposition:(M171.1.5.Leader of Opposition Rebuttal(LO)(4 Minutes):NO NEW ARGUMENTS ALLOWEDCompare and contrast the two casesHighlight weaknesses by the affirmative sideEmphasize the strengths in the negative sides arguments.Conclusion.1.1.5.Leader of Opposition Re181.1.6.Prime Minister Rebuttal(PMR)(5 Minutes):NO NEW ARGUMENTS ALLOWEDRebut the negative sides caseSummarize affirmative sides case.Address crucial issues.Compare and contrast the arguments.Conclusion.1.1.6.Prime Minister Rebuttal19(2).Point of Information(POI):2.1 POIS are comments made by members directed at the speech of the member holding the floor;POI should be brief,pertinent and preferably witty.Points of order and points of personal privilege are prohibited.POI指在对方发言时，针对发言者正在申述的观点提出本方观点。POI要简短，切题，机智。严禁针对比赛规则和个人提出问题。(2).Point of Information(POI202.2 A“Point of Information”must be indicated by a member of an opposing team rising from his/her seat and extending hand towards the member holding the floor.A member offering a Point of Information may draw attention to the offer by saying“on that point Sir/Madam,”or similar.提出POI时要从座位上起立，将一只手指向发言的人。提问者可以用类似on that point Sir/Madam的话引起发言者的注意。2.2 A“Point of Information”m212.3 A member holding the floor must respond to an opposing member,or members offering Points of Information,in one of the following ways:A clear gesture or hand signal rejecting the offer A verbal rejection of the offer A verbal acceptance of the offer 2.3 A member holding the floor222.4 If a POI is accepted,the point should be phrased as clarification,or comment,and made in two sentences(or less)within 15 seconds.The speaker accepting it must frame an answer or response to it within the context of his/her speech.2.5 POI may be offered during the first four constructive speeches,POI may not be offered during the first and last minutes of constructive speeches.POI may not be offered during final rebuttal(总结陈词阶段）speeches.2.4 If a POI is accepted,the232.6 Each debater should attempt to take at least two POI during a speech.The opposing side should attempt to rise at least four times for POIS in each constructive speeches2.6 Each debater should attemp24II.The British Parliamentary Debate:The British Parliamentary Debate:Four teams of two debaters participate in each round.The teams supporting the motion are referred to as the“Proposition.”The teams arguing against the motion are known as the“Opposition”teams.Two teams represent the Proposition:the Opening Proposition and the Closing Proposition.Two teams represent the Opposition:the Opening Opposition and the Closing Opposition.Each of these teams competes against all other teams in the round and will be ranked 1st through 4th at the conclusion of the debate.II.The British Parliamentary 25(1)Speaker Order No.1:Opening Proposition Team,1st speaker:Prime Minister or“Leader of the Proposition”7 minutesNo.2:Opening Opposition Team,1st speaker:Leader of the Opposition“:-7 minutesNo.3:Opening Proposition Team,2nd speaker:Deputy Prime Minister or Deputy Leader of the Proposition“7 minutesNo.4:Opening Opposition Team,2nd speaker Deputy Leader of the Opposition 7 minutesNo.5:Closing Proposition Team,1st speaker Member of the Proposition 7 minutes No.6:Closing Opposition Team,1st speaker Member of the Opposition 7 minutes(1)Speaker Order26No.7:Closing Proposition Team,2nd speaker:Proposition Whip“7 minutes NO.8:Closing Opposition Team,2nd speaker:Opposition Whip 7 minutes(2)Speech timing Each speech will be 7 minutes.Points of Information are allowed after the first minute and before the last minute of all speeches.No.7:Closing Proposition Tea271:00Single ring of a bell(POIs allowed)6:00Single ring of a bell(POIs no longer allowed)7:00Double ring of a bell(Conclusion of speaking time)7:15Continuous ringing(Conclusion of grace period)1:00 28(3)Speaker Roles:No.1:“Prime Minister”or“Leader of the Proposition”:to present a case supporting the motion.The primary role of Opening Proposition team,initiated in this speech,is to establish the foundation for meaningful debate on the motion.No.2:“Leader of the Opposition The Opening Oppositions primary team role is to counter the first Proposition teams case through direct or indirect refutation and/or provide substantive arguments against the motion.(3)Speaker Roles:29No.3:Deputy Prime Minister”:This speaker should refute the Leader of the Oppositions speech,and further develop the Opening Proposition teams case.No.4:Deputy Leader of the Opposition This speaker supports his or her teammate,answering objections from the other side and introducing additional arguments or support.No.3:Deputy Prime Minister”:30No.5:Member of the Proposition:support the position developed by the Opening Proposition team by introducing an extension.A successful extension will develop a distinct argument identity for the Closing Proposition team while supporting the Opening Proposition team.The Member of the Proposition may also refute the arguments made by the Deputy Leader of the Opposition.No.5:Member of the Proposit31No.6:Member of the Opposition:should support the position developed by the Opening Opposition team and must also introduce an extension.As with the Member Proposition,the Member Oppositions extension will be most successful if it establishes a unique argument identity that distinguishes the Closing from the Opening Opposition while continuing the general direction of argument initiated by the Opening Opposition.The Member Opposition may also directly or indirectly refute the arguments of the Member Proposition.No.6:Member of the Oppositio32No.7:Proposition Whip“:summarizes the Propositions arguments and summarizes the refutation of the Opposition side.With the exception of refuting the Member Oppositions extension,the speaker should not introduce positive(new)matter.No.8:Opposition Whip:summarizes opposition to the extension and makes reply to each teams position in the debate.This speaker should not introduce positive(new)matter.No.7:Proposition Whip“:33Cautions:(1)The Leader of the Proposition should provide any clarification of terms at the beginning of his or her speech.(2)All debates shall commence 30 minutes after the motion has been announced.Debaters may consult any written materials during the preparation time.(3)Debaters may request a point of information(either verbally or by rising)at any time after the first minute,and before the last minute,of any speech.Cautions:34