欧洲文化入门-Rise-of-Christianity课件

DIVISIONTWOTHEBIBLEANDCHRISTIANITYDIVISIONTWOTHEBIBLE1 1l lChristianitymeansabeliefinthedivinityofJesusChrist.ItisbasedupontheteachingsofJesus.RomancommunicationsnetworksenabledChristianitytospreadquicklythroughouttheRomanempireandeventuallytotherestofEurope,andfinallytheentireglobe.Christianitymeansabeliefin2 2TheRiseofChristianityHistoryofChristianityBasicBeliefsofChristianityTheRiseofChristianityHistor3 3HistoryofChristianityl lItwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity.l lTheancestorsoftheJewsweretheHebrews,whichmeans“Wanderers”.l lSome3,800yearsagotheHebrewswanderedthroughthedesertsoftheMiddleEast.HistoryofChristianityItwas4 4l lAbout1,300B.C.,theHebrewsleftEgyptandbegantheExodus,journeytothePromisedLandCanaan.40yearslater,theHebrewscametosettleinCanaan,whichroughlycorrespondstothepresent-dayPalestine,andformedsmallkingdoms.About1,300B.C.,theHebrews5 5l lWhentheHebrewsleftthedesertandenteredthemountainousSinai,MosesclimbedtothetopofthemountaintoreceiveGodmessagefrom,whichcametobeknownastheTenCommandments.l lBynow,theHebrewshadbeenweldedintoatough,strongandgreatnation.WhentheHebrewsleftthedese6 6Inthe6thcenturyB.C.,theHebrews,nowknown as Jews,formed synagogues inBabylontopractisetheirreligion.TheJewishscholarswrotedownthelawsofMoses in five books called Torah,whichcomposedtheoldestandmostimportantpartoftheOldTestament,whichstilllaterbecame the first part of the ChristianBible.Inthe6thcenturyB.C.,theH7 7l lChristianity,althoughstemmedfromHebrewroots2,000yearsago,seperatesitselffromJudaism.AttheheartofChristianityisthelifeofJesus:howhelivedanddiedtoredeemthewholehumanrace.Christianity,althoughstemmed8 8l lChristianitybaseditselfontwostrongbeliefs:First,JesuschrististheSonofGod,andwassenttoearthtoliveandsufferashumansdo,andtodietoredeemmankind.Second,Godgavehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.Christianitybaseditselfont9 9RiseofChristianityl lChristianity first arose historically as areform movement within Judaism.Theapostle Paul forced it open to non-JewsandgaveittheGreekflavorthatalloweditto flourish in the eastern Mediterranean.Thesignificantquestionishowitbecamethe officialreligionof the Roman empireand an agency of the Roman imperialgovernment.RiseofChristianityChristian1010RiseofChristianityl lThe Romans had an elaborate religioussystem with many groups and types ofdeities,butRomanreligiondidnotprovideamoralbaseormessageofhope.RiseofChristianityTheRomans1111ChristianitysAdvantagesl lItsfounderwasanactualperson.Itsfounderwasanactualperson.l lItIt hadhad thethe JewishJewish legallegal codecode andand traditiontradition ofofmorality.morality.l lItIthadhadthetheabilityabilitytotoadoptadoptandandadapt:adapt:ChristmasChristmaswaswastakentakenfromfromthethecultcultofofMithras,Mithras,thetheMadonnaMadonnafromfrom thatthat ofof Isis,Isis,andand manymany otherother ChristianChristiantraditionswereborrowedfromotherreligions.traditionswereborrowedfromotherreligions.l lTheTheearlyearlyChristiansChristianswerewereextremeextremebigots,bigots,filledfilledwithwith zealzeal andand commandedcommanded toto evangelize;evangelize;expansionwasbuiltintoChristianity.expansionwasbuiltintoChristianity.ChristianitysAdvantagesItsf1212l lChristianityChristianityappealedappealedtotothethedowntroddendowntroddenmasses.masses.Women,Women,low-skilledlow-skilledworkers,workers,prostitutes,prostitutes,thethe uneducated,uneducated,slaves,slaves,fishermen,fishermen,taxtaxcollectors,collectors,andandsosoforthforthwerewerethethecompanionscompanionsandandbelovedbelovedofofJesus,Jesus,andandaagrowinggrowingclassclassofofthetheoppressedoppressedandanddespiseddespisedsawsawChristianityChristianityasasthethe onlyonly faithfaith thatthat viewedviewed themthem withoutwithoutcontemptcontempt-asasthethesaltsaltofofthetheEarthEarth-andandthatthatofferedoffered themthem thethe hopehope ofof aa betterbetter lifelife-sometime.sometime.Christianityappealedtothed1313l lChristianityChristianity attractedattracted onlyonly thethe committed,committed,sincesincebecomingbecomingaaChristianChristianwaswaslikelikesigningsigningonesonesownowndeathdeath warrant,warrant,andand thethe sectssects numbersnumbers werewereperiodicallyperiodically purgedpurged inin aa wavewave ofof RomanRomanpersecution.persecution.ThoseThose ofof weakweak faithfaith diddid notnot staystaylong.long.Christianityattractedonlyth1414l lItItisissaidsaidthatthatthethebloodbloodofofthethemartyrsmartyrswaswasthetheseedseedofofthetheChurch,Church,andandthisthiswaswastruetrueininmanymanyrespects.respects.TheTheChristiansChristiansmetmethorriblehorribledeathsdeathswithwithequanimityequanimity andand eveneven joy,joy,impressingimpressing allall whowhowatchedwatched withwith thethe factfact thatthat thethe ChristiansChristiansseemedseemed toto havehave somethingsomething worthworth dyingdying for.for.ChristianitysChristianitys abilityability toto survivesurvive persecutionspersecutionsimpressedimpressed thosethose whowho possessedpossessed littlelittle faithfaith ofoftheirown.theirown.Itissaidthatthebloodof1515WhyweretheChristiansSoDisliked?WhyweretheChristiansSoDi1616Exclusivistl lChristianChristianmonotheismmonotheismdenieddeniedotherothergods.gods.WhileWhileRomanRoman paganismpaganism hadhad certaincertain trendstrends towardtowardmonotheism,monotheism,thisthisentailedentailedoneonegodgodassumingassumingthethetraitstraits ofof othersothers(syncretism).(syncretism).ButBut thatthat diddid notnotmeanmeandenyingdenyingthetheexistenceexistenceofofthetheotherothergods.gods.ChristianChristianrefusalrefusaltotorecognizerecognizethethegodsgodsofofothersotherswaswas offensive.offensive.IndeedIndeed thethe existenceexistence ofof thethepaganpagan godsgods waswas notnot denieddenied outright;outright;insteadinsteadtheywerethoughtofasdemonsbyChristians.theywerethoughtofasdemonsbyChristians.ExclusivistChristianmonotheis1717Exclusivistl lTheThe ChristiansChristians refusedrefused toto recognizerecognize emperoremperorworship,worship,thethe practicepractice ofof extendingextending toto thetheemperorsemperors aa formform ofof reverencereverence thatthat equatedequatedthemthem withwith gods.gods.ToTo whatwhat extentextent peoplepeople reallyreallybelievedbelieved thatthat thethe emperorsemperors werewere godsgods isisdebatable,debatable,butbutthethepracticepracticedemonstrateddemonstrated onesonesloyaltyloyaltytotothetheemperor,emperor,andandrefusalrefusaltotododososowaswasarejectionofnormalcivicbehavior.arejectionofnormalcivicbehavior.ExclusivistTheChristiansrefu1818Exclusivistl lAllAll thesethese aspectsaspects ofof ChristianChristian monotheismmonotheism ledledpaganspaganstotodescribedescribeChristiansChristiansasasmisanthropicmisanthropic(hatersofmankind).(hatersofmankind).ExclusivistAlltheseaspectso1919SinisterMisunderstandingsl lTheThepaganspagansinterpretedinterpretedcertaincertainChristianChristianpracticespracticesalongalongthethelineslinesofofvariousvarioussecretsecretritesritesinincertaincertainpaganpagancults.cults.TheTheEucharistEucharistwaswastakentakentotobebe cannibalism.cannibalism.TheThe lovelove feastsfeasts(agape)(agape)ofof thetheearlyearly ChristiansChristians inin whichwhich theythey celebratedcelebrated theirtheirmetaphoricalmetaphoricalbrotherhoodbrotherhoodininChristChristwaswastakentakentotobebe aa formform ofof incest.incest.EvenEven thoughthough thesetheseaccusationsaccusations werewere notnot true,true,theythey turnturn upupsurprisinglysurprisingly oftenoften inin paganpagan viewsviews onon thetheChristiansinthefirsttwocenturies.Christiansinthefirsttwocenturies.SinisterMisunderstandingsThe2020LackofTraditionalJustificationl lAtAt thethe beginningbeginning itit waswas hardhard toto distinguishdistinguishChristiansChristiansfromfromJews,Jews,especiallyespeciallyforforpagans.pagans.TheTheexclusivismexclusivism ofof thethe JewsJews ledled toto themthem beingbeinggenerallygenerally dislikeddisliked amongamong thethe paganspagans ofof thetheGreco-RomanGreco-Romanworld.world.ButButthetheJewsJewsactedactedasastheytheydiddid becausebecause thatthat waswas thethe traditiontradition theythey hadhadinheritedinherited fromfrom theirtheir ancestors,ancestors,andand anyany RomanRomancouldcould easilyeasily understandunderstand thethe ideaidea ofof doingdoingsomethingsomething solelysolely forfor thethe reasonreason thatthat thatthat waswaswhatwhat hadhad alwaysalways beenbeen donedone(the(the RomansRomansreveredrevered theirtheir ownown mosmos maiorummaiorum oror ancestralancestralcustom).custom).LackofTraditionalJustificat2121LackofTraditionalJustificationl lAccordingly,Accordingly,thetheRomansRomansbentbentoveroverbackwardsbackwardstotoaccommodateaccommodate JewishJewish practices.practices.ForFor instanceinstanceJewsJews couldcould notnot bebe summonedsummoned toto courtcourt onon thetheSabbath.Sabbath.ChristiansChristians onon thethe otherother handhand hadhad nonosuchsuchexcuse.excuse.Indeed,Indeed,ininthethebeginningbeginningthethevastvastmajoritymajority ofof ChristiansChristians hadhad toto bebe convertsconvertsthemselvesthemselvesandandthusthusviolatorsviolatorsofoftheirtheirforebearsforebearsways.ways.LackofTraditionalJustificat2222HowdidtheRelationsBetweenChristiansandtheRomanGovernmentChange?HowdidtheRelationsBetween2323l lAtAtthethebeginningbeginningChristianityChristianitywaswasregardedregardedasasaarebelliousrebelliousandanddisintegratingdisintegratingmovementmovementandandwaswassubjectedsubjected toto frequentfrequent persecution.persecution.JesusJesus ChristChristwaswasrushedrushedtototrialtrialandandcrucifiedcrucifiedasasaarevolutionarypreacheranddangerousreformer.revolutionarypreacheranddangerousreformer.l lBothBothSt.St.PeterPeterandandSt.St.PaulPaulsufferedsufferedmartyrdommartyrdomundertheRomanEmperorNeroabout67A.D.undertheRomanEmperorNeroabout67A.D.l lTheTheRomansRomansblamedblamedandandpunishedpunishedthetheChristiansChristiansforfor allall kindskinds ofof disastersdisasters suchsuch asas plaguesplagues andandfamines.famines.AtthebeginningChristianity2424l lInIn6464A.D.A.D.whenwhenhalfhalfofofRomanRomanwaswasburnedburnedtotothetheground,ground,NeroNeroilluminatedilluminatedhishisgardengardenwithwithaapublicdisplayofburningChristians.publicdisplayofburningChristians.l lByBy305305DiocletianDiocletiangavegaveupuphishiseffortefforttotodestroydestroytheyoungreligion.theyoungreligion.l lWhenWhen ConstantineConstantine I I wonwon thethe thronethrone fromfrom hishisrivals,rivals,inin313313heheissuedissuedthetheEdictEdictofofMilanMilanwhichwhichgrantedgranted religiousreligious freedomfreedom toto allall andand mademadeChristianitylegal.Christianitylegal.In64A.D.whenhalfofRoman2525l lInIn392392A.D.,A.D.,EmperorEmperorTheodosiusTheodosiusmademadeChristianityChristianity thethe officialofficial religionreligion ofof thethe EmperorEmperorandoutlawedallotherreligions.andoutlawedallotherreligions.l lNowNowChristianityChristianityhadhadchangedchangedfromfromananobjectobjectofofoppressionoppression toto aa weaponweapon inin thethe handshands ofof thetherulingclasstocrushtheiropponents.rulingclasstocrushtheiropponents.In392A.D.,EmperorTheodosiu2626BranchesofChristianityAstimeprogressed,Christianitydividedintothreemajorbranches.l lA.TheRomanCatholicbranchl lB.theEasternOrthodoxbranchl lC.TheProtestantbranchBranchesofChristianityAstim2727TheRomanCatholicbranchitisthesuccessorofthechurchestablishedinRomesoonafterChristsdeath.IttracesitsspiritualhistorytotheearlydisciplesofJesus.RomanCatholicismwasoriginallypredominatelypracticedinIreland,Poland,FranceandSpain.TheleaderofthisbranchofCatholicismiscalledThePope.Until1963,allRomanCatholicservicesandcommunicationsweredoneinLatin.TheRomanCatholicbranchitis2828TheRomanCatholicbranchUsuallyintheWest,referencestoTheChurch(capitalized)meanTheRomanCatholicChurch.Foralmost1500yearsitwastheonlymajorWesternChristiangroup.ItisalsoreferredtoinsomeliteratureasHolyMotherChurch,areflectionoftheloveandtherelationshipCatholicsenvisiontohavewiththeirchurch.TheRomanCatholicbranchUsual2929TheRomanCatholicbranchl l Doctrine:1.aCatholicbelievesthatduringtheDoctrine:1.aCatholicbelievesthatduringthecommunion(eucharist)(munion(eucharist)(n.宗宗 圣餐圣餐)ceremony,)ceremony,thebreadandwineactuallybecomesthebodythebreadandwineactuallybecomesthebodyandbloodofJesusChrist.andbloodofJesusChrist.l l2.aCatholicbelievesinthe2.aCatholicbelievesintheinfallibilityoftheinfallibilityofthePopePopeonmattersofdoctrine(calledspeakingonmattersofdoctrine(calledspeakingexcathedraexcathedra)l l3.aCatholicbelievesin3.aCatholicbelievesintheImmaculatetheImmaculateConceptionofMaryConceptionofMary(meansthatshewasborn(meansthatshewasbornwithoutoriginalsin).Thisisthebeliefthatthewithoutoriginalsin).ThisisthebeliefthattheHolySpiritmadeMarypregnantHolySpiritmadeMarypregnantTheRomanCatholicbranchDoct3030TheRomanCatholicbranchl lSacramentsSacramentsarespecialeventsinCatholicsarespecialeventsinCatholicsliveswhenGodsendsspecialgrace.CatholicsliveswhenGodsendsspecialgrace.Catholicsrecognizeseven:recognizeseven:baptism,communion,baptism,communion,confession,confirmation,marriage,holyconfession,confirmation,marriage,holyorders,andanointingofthesickorders,andanointingofthesick(thisused(thisusedtobecalledtobecalledExtremeUnctionExtremeUnctionandwasusedandwasusedwhenapersonwasdying,butitwasopenedupwhenapersonwasdying,butitwasopeneduptotheillinthelate20thcentury).totheillinthelate20thcentury).TheRomanCatholicbranchSacr3131TheRomanCatholicbranchTheCatholicChurchsystemishierarchical.Pope罗马教皇罗马教皇Archbishops红衣大主教Bishops diocese(主教教区)Priest aparish教区（最小组成单位)Disciples门徒门徒TheRomanCatholicbranchTheC3232TheRomanCatholicbranchSt.CeceliaSt.CeceliaTheAngelinthisromanticizedTheAngelinthisromanticizedportrayalofCeciliaisholdingtherosesportrayalofCeciliaisholdingtherosesthatareoneofheremblems.thatareoneofheremblems.St.PatrickSt.PatrickPatrickisinvokedPatrickisinvokedagainstsnakesandisoftenagainstsnakesandisoftenportrayeddrivingthembeforehim.portrayeddrivingthembeforehim.TheRomanCatholicbranchSt.C3333theEasternOrthodoxbranchl lDuringthefourthcentury,duetothedivisionofDuringthefourthcentury,duetothedivisionoftheRomanEmpireintowesternandeasterntheRomanEmpireintowesternandeasterncomponents,theRomanCatholicchurchsplitcomponents,theRomanCatholicchurchsplitandtheandtheEasternOrthodoxEasternOrthodoxbranchwasformed.branchwasformed.ThetwochurchesbecameofficiallyseparateinThetwochurchesbecameofficiallyseparatein1054.Orthodoxchurchesarelargelynational,1054.Orthodoxchurchesarelargelynational,eachassociatedwithaparticularcountry.Itiseachassociatedwithaparticularcountry.ItiscommoninRussia,Greece,Romania,Bulgaria,commoninRussia,Greece,Romania,Bulgaria,theUkraine,andArmenia.theUkraine,andArmenia.theEasternOrthodoxbranchDur3434theEasternOrthodoxbranchl lAmarriageinanEasternOrthodoxChurch.Thepriestholdstheweddingcrownsovertheheadsofthebrideandgroom.theEasternOrthodoxbranchAm3535theEasternOrthodoxbranchl lTheInsideofTheInsideofaaRomanianChurchRomanianChurchtheEasternOrthodoxbranchThe3636theEasternOrthodoxbranchThevirginMarytheEasternOrthodoxbranch3737TheProtestantbranchl lItsplitfromRomanCatholicismduringtheReformation,asixteenthandseventeenthcenturyseriesofchurchreformsindoctrineandpractice.In the 16th century,alarmedatthecorruptionoftheCatholicChurch,anumberofprieststriedtogetChristianitybacktoitsearliersimplicityandbiblicalbasis.TheProtestantbranchItsplit3838TheProtestantbranchl lAtfirst,theytriedforreform,buttheysoonbelievedthatonlyatotalsplitfromtheChurchwoulddo.Theseeventsrevolvearoundfourmajorreformmovements:theLutherans,Anglicans,Anabaptists,andtheReformedTradition.Chiefnamesamongtheseprotesters(orProtestants)wereMartinLuther,Ulrich(orHuldreich)Zwingli,JohnCalvinandJohnKnox.TheProtestantbranchAtfirst,3939TheProtestantbranchl lThismovementchallengedtheauthorityofthePope,andbecamepopularinScandinavia,England,andtheNetherlands.Therearemany,manybranchesofProtestantismwithdifferentbeliefsinthevariousstreams.SomeofthelargedenominationstodayareLutherans,MethodistsandBaptists.TheProtestantbranchThismove4040欧洲文化入门-Rise-of-Christianity课件4141TheProtestantbranchl lTheSeven-HeadedPapalBeast.TheSeven-HeadedPapalBeast.Around1530aLutherancartoonwascirculatedinAround1530aLutherancartoonwascirculatedinGermanywhichturnedGermanywhichturnedthepapacyintothethepapacyintotheseven-headedbeastseven-headedbeastoftheBookofoftheBookofRevelation.ThepapacyssevenheadsconsistRevelation.Thepapacyssevenheadsconsistofpope,cardinals,bishops,andpriests;thesignofpope,cardinals,bishops,andpriests;thesignonthecrossreadsformoney,asackfullofonthecrossreadsformoney,asackfullofindulgences;andadevilisseenemergingfromindulgences;andadevilisseenemergingfromanindulgencechestbelow.anindulgencechestbelow.TheProtestantbranchTheSeven4242TheProtestantbranchl lTheSevenHeadedMartinLuther.TheSevenHeadedMartinLuther.l lInresponse,aGermanCatholicpropagandistInresponse,aGermanCatholicpropagandistshowedshowedLutherasRevelationsbeast.LutherasRevelationsbeast.InIntheCatholicconceptionLutherssevenheadstheCatholicconceptionLutherssevenheadsshowhimbyturntobeahypocrite,afanatic,showhimbyturntobeahypocrite,afanatic,andBarabbas-thethiefwhoshouldhavebeenandBarabbas-thethiefwhoshouldhavebeencrucifiedinsteadofJesus.crucifiedinsteadofJesus.l lToday,inthespiritofecumenism,CatholicsandToday,inthespiritofecumenism,CatholicsandProtestantsarebrothersinChrist.ExceptinProtestantsarebrothersinChrist.Exceptinrarecases,thehatredisgone.rarecases,thehatredisgone.TheProtestantbranchTheSeven4343BasicBeliefsofChristianityl lThecentralfigureinChristianityisJesus(orChrist).Thismanwasnotonlyman,butalsothesonofGodandlivedhislifewithoutsin.Duringhislifetime,Jesusperformedmanymiraclesandspoketomanypeopleabouthisfatherinheaven.HewasarrestedforclaimingtobeGodssonandwashungonthecrossbytheRomansatage33.BasicBeliefsofChristianityT4444BasicBeliefsofChristianityl lChristiansbelievethatthesufferinganddeathuponthecrosswhichthissinlessmanenduredpaidforthesinsofallmankind,andbecauseofJesusactions,salvationcanbeachievedbyanyonewhobelievesinhim.(celebratedatLent)BasicBeliefsofChristianityC4545BasicBeliefsofChristianityl lFollowinghisdeath,Christiansbelievethatherosefromthegrave(celebratedatEaster)andreturnedtotheearth,appearingtohisfollowersandtellingthemofthekingdomofGodtowhichhewasgoing.Healsopromisedhisdisciplesthathewouldreturnonedaytobringallbelieverswithhimtothatkingdom,toenjoyeternallifeinthepresenceofGod.BasicBeliefsofChristianityF4646BasicdoctrinesofChristianityl lTrinityTrinityl lHolyProprietiesHolyProprietiesl lLastJudgmentLastJudgmentl lParadiseParadisel lHellHelll lPurgatoryPurgatoryl lMassMassl lVirtuesVirtuesl lSinsSinsl lHolyApostlesHolyApostlesl lHolyDayHolyDayl lExcommunicationExcommunicationBasicdoctrinesofChristianit4747BasicdoctrinesofChristianityl lTrinityTrinityHolyFatherPower;HolyFatherPower;HolySonWisdom;HolySonWisdom;HolySpirit-LoveHolySpirit-LoveGodtheFather(top),theGodtheFather(top),theHolySpirit(representedbyHolySpirit(representedbyadove),andchildJesusadove),andchildJesusBasicdoctrinesofChristianit4848BasicdoctrinesofChristianityl lHolyProprietiesHolyProprieties Baptism;Baptism;Layingonof;Layingonof;Confession;Confession;HolyCommunion;HolyCommunion;Ordination;Ordination;HolyMarriage;HolyMarriage;AnointmentAnointmentBasicdoctrinesofChristianit4949BasicdoctrinesofChristianityl lLastJudgementLastJudgementThefinalandeternalThefinalandeternaljudgmentbyjudgmentbyGodGodofofallnations.Itwilltakeallnations.ItwilltakeplaceaftertheplaceaftertheresurrectionoftheresurrectionofthedeaddeadandtheandtheSecondSecondComingofChristComingofChrist.TheLastJudgmentbyLochnerinthe15th.CBasicdoctrinesofChristianit5050BasicdoctrinesofChristianityl lParadiseParadiseAplaceinwhichAplaceinwhichexistenceispositive,existenceispositive,harmoniousandharmoniousandtimelesstimelessInparadisethereisonlyInparadisethereisonlypeacepeace,prosperity,and,prosperity,andhappiness.happiness.ItistheplaceforangelsItistheplaceforangelsandthevirtuousdeadandthevirtuousdead BasicdoctrinesofChristianit5151BasicdoctrinesofChristia