应用语言学--The-Need-of-Applied-Linguistics-课件

TheNeedofAppliedLinguisticsInourdailylife,weuselanguagetocommunicatewithourfriendsandwritenotes.Whileusinglanguage,werarelyconcern about what is language and the concept oflanguage.However,peoplesometimesfacewithproblemsor challenges that relate to language,such as languageteaching improvements and translating improvements,about how to promote the efficiency of teaching andtranslating.To answer the question and come up with bettersolution,weneedasubjecttospecializeinlanguageandresearchaccordingtothelanguagetheoriesandanalysisinreasonandsystematicallyway.Thiskindofsubjecthastobe different from theoretical linguistics and focus onsolving linguistic problems and improve the languageefficiency.Thus,applied linguistics is an interdisciplinaryfield of linguistics that identifies,investigates,and offerssolutionstolanguage-relatedreal-lifeproblems.WehavereadthestoryabouttheTowerofBabelinthebookofGenesis,itisaboutthepeoplewerebuildingatowerwhichcantouchtheheaven.TheGodmessedupthelanguageamongthepeopleanddrovethemtoseparate.Fromthisstorywecanseelanguagecanbothreachtoharmonyandcoursediscrepancy.Inthecontemporaryworld,especiallyinmodernChina,wearefacingethniccontradictionsinpoliticsandculturalfields.Thestudyofappliedlinguisticaredealingconcernedwiththerelationofknowledgeaboutlanguagetodecisionmakingintheseproblems.Examples and Procedures1.Whichlanguageshouldbeaddedinuniversitiescourse?Chinese/spanish/IndianlanguageGujarati（古吉拉特语）Chinese:the worlds largest first language.Spainish:one of most widely distributed languages.Gujarati:largest second language in school and local community.conductingasurveymakinginvestigationinterviewingstudentsandtheirparents.2.Whichkindofcourseeducationalorganizationshouldoffer?Course should focus on:writing or speaking?Course should focus on:writing or speaking?course should be theoretical or practical?course should be theoretical or practical?based on the needs of learners.based on the needs of learners.offer different courses and let learners to choose.offer different courses and let learners to choose.3.Howtojudgetheauthorityofsecondlanguagespeakers?an experienced man vs a well-educated manI am right!You are wrong.Consulting a third one.Consulting a third one.Employ a native speakerEmploy a native speaker4.Isitpropertosimplifyalanguageforconveniency?To judge its advantages and disadvantage.To judge its advantages and disadvantage.weighing the pros and consweighing the pros and cons5.IsEsperantoanecessity?(Esperanto is an invented language that was designed to help people from different countries communicate with each other.)今天，以世界语为母语的人士约1000人。能流利使用的人估计十万到两百万人。Nowadays,around one thousand people use Esperanto as their native language and about 100 thousand or two million people can master it.TheScopeofAppliedLinguistics.LanguageandEducation 1.AL&LE Applied linguistics is using what we know about language,how it is learned and how it is used,in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world.-Schmitt&Celce-Murcia(2008:1)Language education is the teaching and learning of a foreign or second language.Language education is a branch of applied linguistics.TheNeedForLE Increasing globalization has created a large need for people in the workforce who can communicate in multiple languages.The uses of common languages are in areas such as trade,tourism,international relations,technology,media,and science.Many countries such as Korea,Japan,and China frame education policies to teach at least one foreign language at the primary and secondary school levels.However,some countries such as India,Singapore,Malaysia,Pakistan,and the Philippines use a second official language in their governments.According to GAO(2010),China has recently been putting enormous importance on foreign language learning,especially the English Language.3.Relevantscopes1.First Language Education;2.Standard Language Education;3.Additional Language Education;4.Multilingual Education;5.Learner Autonomy in Language Learning;6.Educational Technology and Language Learning;7.Clinical Linguistics;8.Language Test;4.AcronymsandabbreviationsofLEALL:Apprenticeship Language LearningCALL:computer-assisted language learningCLIL:content and language integrated learningCELI:Certificato di Conoscenza della Lingua ItalianaCLL:community language learningDELE:Diploma de Espaol como Lengua ExtranjeraDELF:diplme dtudes en langue franaiseEFL:English as a foreign languageELL:English language learningELT:English language teachingFLL:foreign language learningFLT:foreign language teachingHLL:heritage language learningL1:first language,native language,mother tongueL2:second language(or any additional language)LDL:Lernen durch Lehren(German for learning by teaching)LOTE:Languages Other Than EnglishSLA:second language acquisitionTELL:technology-enhanced language learning TPRS:Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling TEFL:teaching English as a foreign language N.B.This article is about travel-teaching.TEFLA:teaching English as a foreign language to adults TESOL:teaching English to speakers of other languagesTPR:Total Physical Response TEFL:teaching English as a foreign language N.B.This article is about travel-teaching.UNIcert:is a European language education system of many universities based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.II.language,work,andlaw1.Workplace Communication Defination:Defination:the study of how language is used in the workplace.The process of exchanging information(verbal or non-verbal)cause employees are from different parts of society.In order to work effectively,employees needs how to commmunicate in workplace.1.methods of communication:simple clear using pictures、use two-way communication is best 2.content:the level of detail must be correspond to the capacity of audience3.frequency:need to control the date and times of meetings4.skills:presentation skills、group facilitation skills written communication skillslanguageplanningDefination:Defination:is a deliberate effort to influence the function,structure or acquistition of languages or language variety within a speech community.The representative of some language policy Example:Putonghua、use two languages in TibetForensicLinguisticslanguage and the law or legal linguisticsDefination:Defination:the application of linguistic knowledge,methods and insights to the forensic context of law,language,crime investigation,trial,and judicial procedure.3 areas of application:3 areas of application:a)understanding language of written law.b)understanding language use in forensic and judicial processes.c)the provision of linguistic evidence.In involves a range of experts and researchers in different areas of fields.III.Language,information,andeffect1.Literary 1.Literary stylistics:the stylistics:the study study of of the the relationship relationship between linguistic choices and effects in literature.between linguistic choices and effects in literature.It is the study of style,it is an interdisciplinary subject,a bridge that links linguistics and literacy criticism.2.Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA)2.Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA)Critical Discourse Analysis is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice and focuses on the ways social and political domination are reproduced in text and talk.3.translation and interpretation:3.translation and interpretation:It is the communication of the meaning of a source-language by means of an equivalent target-language.4.information 4.information design:design:Information Information design design is is the the practice practice of of presenting presenting information information in in a a way way that that fosters fosters efficient efficient and effective understanding of it.and effective understanding of it.lexicography:lexicography is the art or craft of compiling,writing and editing dictionaries.A Difficult Relationship-Linguistics and Applied-Linguistics and Applied Linguisitics Linguisitics linguistics(theory)defination:the scientific study of language.Thats meas which looks for the generalities underlying actual appearance,so its represnet an abstract idealization of language.(branches:Phonetics、Phonology、Morphology、Syntax、Semantic、Pragmatics)1)Phonology:studies the rules governing the structure,distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.2)Phonetics:studies speech sounds,including production、descrption and classification.3)Morphology:concerned with internal organization of words,which studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes,and word formation processes.4)Syntax:Its about the principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.5)Semantics:how meanings is encoded in a language.6)Pragmatics:It is the study of meaning in context.Applied linguistics Applied Applied linguisticslinguistics-refers to the use of linguisitics research in language teaching,put linguistics theories in to practice.Psycholingustics:the interrelation of language and mind,in processing and producing uterrances and in language acquisition.Sociolinguistics:the study of the characteristics of language varieties、functions、speakers.Anthropolpgical Linguisitics:Its interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten language.C Computional Linguistic:an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language(natural language)to distinguish it from computer language.MethodologyofAppliedLinguistics1.Refer to theories&findings of linguistics.2.Find appropriate schools and approaches3 Needs involves in problems and experience4.eformulate each.OtherSchoolsofLinguistics1）Competence VS performance Competence:a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules.Performance:the actual use of language in concrete situation.It was dissucussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.generative linguistics(转换生成语法）2）langueVSParoleLangue:The The system system of of communication communication in in speech speech and and writing writing that is used by people of a particular country.that is used by people of a particular country.Parole:The The actual actual use use of of language language by by people people in in speech speech or or writing including:errors slops.writing including:errors slops.It was discussed by Saussure.It was discussed by Saussure.It belongs to the strucutural linguistics.It belongs to the strucutural linguistics.3.functionallinguistics-Halliday Focus:a means of communication how people use it?3）Language potential VS Actual language behavior Synchronic VS DiachronicDIACHRONIC DIACHRONIC LinguisticsLinguistics(历时语言学）:is the study of a language through the course of its history.SYNCHRONIC SYNCHRONIC LinguisticsLinguistics(共时语言学）：takes a fiexd instant(usually but not necessarily,the present)as its point of observation.4.corpuslinguistics(语料语言学）Use evidence instead of intuition common purpose:engage with decision making