专升本英语语法[1]课件

专升本英升本英语语法法1If you put your hear into it,you will find it easy.第一讲第一讲.时时 态态英语主要靠动词本身形式的变化来表示动作的时间，副词的作用不大，语助词几乎没有。英语的句子，除少数特殊情况外，只要都离不开时态，都以一定的时态出现。换言之，只要是句子，就有时态问题。理由很简单：一个句子必须有主语和谓语动词（主要动词），而后者总是用于某一时态。学英语，时态是逃避不了的，但它并不是一个消极的因素。恰好相反，它有很强的表达力，能使句子的意思明确，能显示细微的差别，有时还能使句子生动有趣。一般英语有12种时态，即现在，过去，将来三大类，每一类中又分为一般，进行，完成，完成进行4种。第一讲第一讲.时时 态态(一)现在完成时(1)构成have/has+过去分词现在完成时的否定式/疑问式和简单回答形式:否定式Ihavenot(havent)studied.Youhavenot(havent)studied.Hehasnot(hasnt)studied.Wehavenot(havent)studiedTheyhavenot(havent)studied.疑问式HaveIstudied?Haveyoustudied?Hashestudied?Havewestudied?Havetheystudied?否定疑问式HaveInotstudied?(HaventIstudied?)Haveyounotstudied?(Haventyoustudied?)Hashenotstudied?(Hasnthestudied?)Havewenotstudied?(Haventwestudied?)Havetheynotstudied?(Haventtheystudied?)简单回答Yes,youhave.No,youhavent.Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavent.Yes,hehas.No,hehasnt.Yes,wehave.No,wehavent.Yes,theyhave.No,theyhavent.(2)用法1.在未指明具体时间的情况下,现在完成时动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成,而后果或影响至尽仍存在的动作.现在完成时把过去的动作和现在的结果联系起来.过去时只限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在的结果无关.例如:1)Hehas gone toshanghai.(Hewenttoshanghaiandheisnotherenow.)他已经去上海了.2)Ihaveopenedthewindow.(Iopenedthewindowandthewindowisopennow.)我已把窗户打开.3)Ihave boughtanumbrella.(IboughtanumbrellaandIhaveitnow.)我买了一把伞.4)Theconcerthas started.(Theconcertstartedandisnowgoingon.)音乐会已经开始.5)Ihavehad breakfast.(IhadbreakfastandIamnothungrynow.)我已吃过早饭.注:havegoneto和havebeento在意义上有区别.例如:1)Hehas gone toHangzhou.他到杭州去了.(他已前往杭州,或在途中,或已到达.说话人认为他现在在该地.)2)Hehas been toHangzhou.他曾到过杭州.(说话人认为他过去到过杭州,现在已经不在该地.)2.现在完成时动词可以表示开始于过去持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态.例如:1)IhavestudiedEnglishsince1975.我从一九七五年起就学习英语.2)TheyhavebeeninBeijingsince1949.他们从一九四九年起就(住)在北京.3)Hehaslivedherefortwoyears.他住在这儿已经两年了.4)Hehasbeenillfortendays.他病了十天了.注:come,go,leave,arrive,join,die,bury,和marry等动词所表示的动作是一时的,不能延续的,故不能与for,since等开头的表示一段时间的状语连用.如不能说:*HehascometoBeijingforsevenyears.*HehasleftBeijingfortwoyears.*HehasjoinedtheArmyforthreeyears.*Hisfatherhasdiedforfivemonths.可以说:HehasbeeninBeijingforsevenyears.HehasbeenawayfromBeijingfortwoyears.Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.Hisfatherhasbeendeadforfivemonths.或:ItissevenyearssincehecametoBeijing.ItistwoyearssinceheleftBeijing.ItisthreeyearssincehejoinedtheArmy.Itisfivemonthssincehisfatherdied.现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上的区别举例如下:现在完成时一般过去时1)Ihaveseenhim.我已见过他了.2)Hehashadlunch.他吃过午饭了.3)Ihavewrittentohim.我已给他写过信了.4)Ihavebeenillforaweek.我已病了一周了.(现在还在生病.)5)Ihavenevermethimsincelastmonth.自从上月到现在我从未见过他.(现在还没见面.)1)Isawhimyesterday.昨天看到过他.2)Hehadlunchat12:00.他十二点吃过午饭.3)Iwrotetohimlastnight.我昨晚给他写过信.4)Iwasillforaweek.我病了一周.(过去病了,现在好了.)5)Ididntseehimforages.我那时有好久没见到他.6)Inevermethimlastmonth.上个月我一直没见到他.(仅指上个月.)注:现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语(如:yesterday,lastyear,in1976,twodaysago,justnow,whenIcamein等)连用,但可以和不明确指出时间的状语(如:already,just,yet,sometimes,always,often,before,lately,recently,once,twice,ever,never,sofar,uptonow,uptillnow,fromthenon,thesedays/months/years等)连用;也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语(如:thismorning,today,thisweek,thisyear等)连用.例如:1)shehasalreadycome.她已经来了.2)Ihaventreadityet.我还没读过这个.3)Ihavemethimbefore.我从前曾见过他.4)MaHonghasalwaysbeenagoodstudent.马红一直是个好学生.5)Ihaveoftenseenhiminthestreet.我经常在街上见到他.6)TheyhaveneverbeentoYanan.他们从未去过延安.7)HaveyoueverbeentotheDaqingOilfield?你曾去过大庆油田吗?8)Ihaventseenhimlately.我近来没看到他.9)Ihaveseenhimthismorning.我上午看见他了。(说话时在上午)试比较:Isawhimthismorning.今天上午遇见了他.(说话时是下午)10)Ithasbeenhotthissummer.今年夏天一直很热.(说话时仍是夏天)(二)现在完成进行时现在完成进行时(1)构成have/hasbeen+现在分词(2)用法1.现在完成进行时动词表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作,这个动作可能刚刚结束,也可能还要继续下去,常与fortwohours,since1986,allthismorning,thesefewdays等表示一段时间的状语连用.例如:1)Ihavebeenreadingallthemorning.我一上午都在读书.(试与Ihavereadthreebooksthismorning比较.)2)Hehasbeenstayingherefortwohours.他在这儿待了两个小时了.(试与Hewasherefortwohours比较.)3)Shehasbeenlivingtheresince1970.她从一九七O年以来就住在这里.(试与Shehaslivedtheresince1970比较)4)Ihavebeenwritingletters.我一直在写信.(试与Ihavewrittentwoletters比较.)5)Wherehaveyoubeen?Wehavebeenlookingforyoueverywhere.你去哪儿了?我们一直在找你.(试与Iwaslookingforyoueverywhere比较.)6)IhavejustbeenwatchingTV.我一直都在看电视.2.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作.例如:1)Ihavebeentelephoningtoyouseveraltimesintwodays.两天内我给你打过几次电话.2)Theyhavebeendrinkingblackteaalltheafternoon.他们一下午都在喝红茶.3.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内,大部分时间都在持续进行的动作(不一定延续到说话的时候),往往暗示这个动作对现状的影响.例如:1)Whathaveyoubeendoingthismorning?(Youlooktried.)你今天早晨干什么了?(看来你累了.)2)Youhavebeenreadingnewspapers.(Newspapersarelyingaboutinyourroom.)你一直在读报吧.(你的房间里到处摊着报纸.)3)Youhavebeenteaching.(Yourpocketiscoveredwithchalkdust.)你刚才在教课吧.(你口袋上有粉笔灰.)注:现在完成进行时和现在完成时都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”这一概念,有时两者可以互相代用,但前者多用于口语.在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时;如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时.一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时.试比较:1)Ihavewrittensixletterssincebreakfast.从吃完早饭到现在我已经写了六封信.Ihavebeenwritingletters.我一直在写信.2)Ihavewaitedforhimformanytimes.我等他等了好几次了.Ihavebeenwaitingforhimforanhour.我等他等了一个小时.3)Hehasdrunkfivecupsoftea.他喝了五杯茶.Hehasbeendrinkingtea.他一直在喝茶.4)Ihavereadthisbook.我读过这本书了.Ihavebeenreadingthisbook.我一直在读这本书.5)Thatfollowhasdrunkmywine.那家伙把我的酒喝光了.Thatfollowhasbeendrinkingmywine.那家伙一直在喝我的酒.(三)过去完成时过去完成时(1)构成had+过去分词(2)用法1.过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或呈现的状态.在强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时(有时两者相距很近),往往用这种时态.例如:1)Byyesterdayeveninghehadwrittenthatletter.到昨天晚上,他已写完那封信.2)Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltmanynewhouses.到去年年底,我们已建了很多新房子.3)IthoughtIhadmethimbefore.我认为我从前见过他.4)Hesaidthathehadseenyou.他说他以前见过你.5)WhenIcameinhehadfinishedhishomework.当我进来时,他已做完了作业.6)HesaidhehadneverbeentoYanan.他说他从未去过延安.2.过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去.例如:1)BythemiddleoflastmonthIhadlivedinBeijingforfiveyears.到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了.2)Bysixoclocktheyhadworkedforeighthours.到六点为止,他们已经工作八小时了.3)WhenIcametoShanghai,hehadbeenthereforalongtime.我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了.3.过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气.(四)过去完成进行时过去完成进行时(1)构成hadbeen+现在分词(2)用法过去完成进行时动词主要表示一直持续到过去某一时刻的动作.该动作可能刚结束,也可能还在进行.例如:1)Ihadbeenwaitingintheparlorforsomethirtyminutesbeforehecamedowntoseeme.他下楼见我之前,我在会客室里已经等了他三十分钟.2)Bytheendof2005hehadbeenlearningEnglishforfiveyears.ButhewascompelledtogiveupEnglishandlearnRussianinstead.一直到2005年底,他都在学英语,学了五年.后来他不得不放弃英语而学俄语.3)YesterdayeveningIhadbeenwatchingtelevisionwhenLiHuacametoaskmetosolveadifficultmathsproblem.昨天晚上我在看电视的时候,李华来找我,让我帮他解决一个数学上的难题.4)IWastiredout;Ihadbeenreadingforhoursatastretch.我连续读了几个小时的书,累极了.(五)过去将来时过去将来时过去将来时动词可以表示对过去某一时间来说将要发生的动作或呈现的状态.过去将来时有以下几种形式:(1)should/would+动词原形例如:HesaidhewouldgotoShanghaifortheholiday.他说,他要到上海度假.(2)was/weregoing+动词不定式1.过去将来时动词可以表示过去曾经打算或准备要做的动作.例如:Theyweregoingtohaveameeting.他们曾经打算开个会.2.过去将来时动词可以表示过去的将要发生的或很有可能发生的动作.例如:Ithoughtitwasgoingtorain.那时我以为要下雨了.(3)was/were+动词不定式was/wereabout+动词不定式这两种结构也可以表示某种过去将来的意义.例如:1)TheforeigndiplomatsweretoseethePresident.TheWhiteHousewasastir,makingpreparation.外国使节将要会见总统.整个白宫都忙着做准备.(过去将来)2)Weweretofinishtheworkinthreedays.我们打算三天内完成任务.(过去的打算)3)Iwasabouttogooutwhenafrienddroppedin.我刚要出去,来了一个朋友.4)Hesaidthetrainwasabouttoleave.火车马上就要来了.(六)将来进行时将来进行时(1)构成shall/willbe+现在分词(2)用法1.将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作.例如:1)Thistimenextweekweshallbeworkinginthatfactory.下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动.2)WhenIgetuptomorrowmorning,mymotherwillbegettingbreakfastforme.当我明晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭.2.将来进行时动词表示说话人感到某事即将发生或预计要发生某事.例如:1)Iwillbeseeinghimnextmonth.我下个月就会看到他.2)Tomorrowwewillbegoingtothevillagefair.我们明天去赶集.3)WewillbetakingourholidayattheseasideinJuly.七月份我们去海边度假.4)Whenwillhebearriving?他什么时候到?5)Willyoubetelephoninghimtomorrow?你明天会不会给他打电话?6)Hewillbetakinghisexamsnextweek.他下星期参加考试.7)YouwillbeseeingMaryforthefirsttime,wontyou?你将第一次见到玛丽,是吗?注:一般将来时与将来进行时的共同点是将来,但将来进行时表示主观上某事即将发生而不表示个人意愿.(七)将来完成时(1)构成shall/will+have+过去分词(2)用法将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行.例如:1)BysevenoclockthisafternoonweshallhavegottoShanghaiifthetrainkeepsgoodline.如果火车运行正常，我们今天下午七点就到上海了.2)BeforebedtimeXiaoMingwillhavecompletedhiswork.到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业).3)ByFebruarynextyearthisforeignexpertwillhavebeenhereonthisjobforfiveyears.到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了.Exercises 1.Itseemsoil_fromthispipeforsometime.Wellhavetotakethemachineaparttoputitright.A)hadleakedB)isleakingC)leakedD)hasbeenleaking2.GreatasNewtonwas,manyofhisideas_todayandarebeingmodifiedbytheworkofscientistsofourtime.A)aretochallengeB)maybechallengedC)havebeenchallengedD)arechallenging3.EversincePicassoswentonexhibit,there_largecrowdsatthemuseumeveryday.A)isB)hasbeenC)havebeenD)arebeing 1.MytrainarrivesinNewYorkateightoclocktonight.TheplaneIwouldliketotakefromthere_bythen.A)wouldleaveB)willhaveleftC)hasleftD)hadleft2.Theconferenceafullweekbythetimeitends_.A)musthavelastedB)willhavelastedC)wouldlastD)haslasted3.Itsreportedthatbytheendofthismonththeoutputofcementinthefactory_byabout10%.A)willhaverisenB)hasrisenC)willberisingD)hasbeenrising 4.Bytheendoftheyearallbuttwopeople_.A)haveleftB)willleaveC)willbeleavingD)willhaveleft.5.Bytheendofthismonth,wesurely_asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.A)havefoundB)willbefindingC)willhavefoundD)arefinding6.Lydia_therebeforeshewenttoNewYork.A)haslivedB)livingC)livedD)hadbeenliving 1.Athiefwhobrokeintoachurchwascaughtbecausetracesofwax,foundonhisclothes,_fromthesortofcandlesusedonlyinchurches.A)hadcomeB)comingC)comeD)thatcame2.Untilthen,hisfamily_fromhimforsixmonths.A)didnthearB)hasntbeenhearingC)hasntheardD)hadntheard3.Beforethefirstnonstopflightmadein1949,it_necessaryforallplanestolandforrefueling.A)wouldbeB)hasbeenC)hadbeenD)wouldhavebeen4.We_ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.A)justhavehadB)havejusthadC)justhadD)hadjusthad 1.Whilepeoplemayrefertotelevisionforup-to-the-minutenews,itisunlikelythattelevision_thenewspapercompletely.A)replacedB)havereplacedC)replaceD)willreplace2.Ifshedoesnttellhimthetruthnow,hellsimplykeeponaskingheruntilshe_.A)doesB)hasdoneC)willdoD)woulddo3.SirDenis,whois78,hasmadeitknownthatmuchofhiscollection_tothenation.A)hasleftB)istoleaveC)leavesD)istobeleft4.Ifyousmokeinano-smokingsection,people_.A)haveobjectedB)objectedC)mustobjectD)willobject 第二讲语第二讲语 态态 1.动词的语态动词的语态(即主动/被动语态)判断一个句子用主动语态还是用被动语态,关键看句子的主语.主语能发出谓语的动作，即主语是谓语动词的发出者,就用主动语态,否则就用被动语态.(一)被动语态1.构成英语动词有主动和被动两种语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者.被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成.例如:Hewrotetheletter.他写了信.Theletterwaswrittenbyhim.那封信是他写的.被动语态的时态变化只变化be的形式(其变化规则与be相同),过去分词部分不变.疑问式和否定式的变化也与be相同.现将被动语态常见的和较常见的时态变化列表如下:一般进行完成现在IamtoldIambeingtoldIhavebeentold过去IwastoldIwasbeingtoldIhadbeentold将来Ishallbetold无此时态,用一般将来时代替Ishallhavebeentold过去将来Ishouldbetold 疑问式:IsEnglishspokenthere?那儿说英语吗?否定式:Englishisnotspokenthere.那儿不说英语.带有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+过去分词1)Itmustbedone.这事一定要做.2)Thatprisonermaybeshot.那个犯人可能要枪毙.带有不定式的被动语态:tobe+过去分词1)Whatistobedonenext?下一步该干什么?2)Anewhotelisgoingtobebuiltnearthestation.车站附近要修建一所新旅馆.3)Yourbikeneedstoberepaired.你的自行车需要修理.2.用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态.例如:1)Hisbikehasbeenstolen.他的自行车被人偷走了.2)Thiswindowwassmashedlastnight.这扇窗户昨天晚上被人打破了.(2)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态.例如:1)Chinawasliberatedin1949.中国是一九四九年解放的.2)Iwastoldyouwerelatethismorning.我听说你今天早上迟到了.(3)强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态.例如:1)Theplanhasalreadybeenmade.计划已经制订好了.2)WuYingmaybeelectedsecretaryofthePartycommittee.吴英可能当选为党委书记.用被动语态时，如需同时指出动作的执行者,可用介词“by+动作执行者(宾格)”这一结构.例如:1)MidnightwaswrittenbyMaoDun.是茅盾写的.2)Themanwasrunoverbyacar.那个人被汽车轧了.3)Thispicturecanthavebeendrawnbyhim.这张画不可能是他画的.注:(1)及物动词构成被动语态,不及物动词不能构成被动语态.例如:1)Englishisspokenineverycountryintheworld.英语在世界各国都有人使用.(及物)2)Childrensleepsoundly.小孩子睡得香.(不及物)3)Thepatientwastakentohospitalinanambulance.病人是用救护车送往医院的.(及物)4)Thelittlegirlgoestoschooleveryday.那个小女孩每天上学.(不及物)某些不及物动词与介词或副词构成不可分割的短语时,如有宾语,可用被动语态.例如:1)Thespeakerwaslistenedtocarefully.人们倾听发言人的讲话.2)Thislessonmustbegoneoveragain.这课书必须再复习一遍.3)ThePremieristhoughtagreatdealofbythepeople.人们非常想念总理.(2)“be+过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态.有些动词(如:be,feel,seem,look等)后面的过去分词已转化为形容词,用作表语,表示某种状态.例如:1)Theteacherfeltpleasedwithherhomework.老师对她的作业感到满意2)Childrenareeasilyexcited.小孩容易兴奋3)WeareinterestedinEnglishnovels.我们对英语小说感兴趣4)Youseemsurprisedatthenews.你好象对这个消息感兴趣5)Motherlookedworriedaboutfatherslongabsence.看来母亲对父亲的长期在外感到担心6)Theglassisbroken.玻璃杯破了7)Thebookiswellwritten.这本书写得很好8)TheChinesepeoplearedeterminedtorealizethefourmodernizationsbeforethiscenturyisout.中国人民决心在本世纪末实现四个现代化9)Fatherisburiedhere.父亲葬在这里10)ThisbridgeiscalledtheNanjingYangtseRiverBridge.这座桥名叫南京长江大桥11)Thesedesksaremadeofwood.这些桌子是木制的.过去分词后有“by+动作执行者”就构成被动语态.例如:1)Fatherwasburiedbyhiscomrades.父亲被同志们埋葬了.2)TheglasswasbrokenbyTom.那只玻璃杯是汤姆打碎的.3)Thedesksweremadebythoseoldworkers.这些课桌是那些老工人做的.4)ThebookwaswrittenbyLuXun.这本书是鲁迅写的.(3)某些动词形式上是主动语态，但含有被动的意思.例如：1)Thisbooksellswell.(=issoldwell)这本书畅销.2)Thiskindofclothwashesverywell.这种布经洗.3)Thispenwritesquitesmoothly.这支钢笔很好使.(直译:这支笔写起来流畅.)4)Anewhospitalisbuilding.一所新医院在建造中.5)Thisfishtastesgood.这鱼味道不错.6)Thisflowersmellsverysweet.这花(闻起来)很香.7)Thisclothfeelssmoothandsoft.这料子(摸起来)光滑柔软.8)Thiscardrivesfast.这辆小汽车开得快.9)Thiscakeeatscrisp.这块饼吃起来很脆.(4)把主动语态变为被动语态时,句中谓语动词变为被动语态,及物动词的宾语变为主语.某些动词(give,send,pay,tell,lend,offer,show,throw,hand,bring,buy,get,make,leave等)有时带有两个宾语,有形成两种结构的可能.例如:Someonegavemeabook.(有人给我一本书.)1)Iwasgivenabook(bysomeone).(比较常用)2)Abookwasgivenme(bysomeone).第三讲第三讲.主谓一致主谓一致1)集合名词做主语时，若指一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式，若指其中各个组成成员，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Herfamilyarewaitingforher.2.Myfamilyisverylarge.3.Thejurywereincompleteagreement.这样用法的词还有：army,company,committee,crew,firm,group,government,majority,minority,police,public,etc.2)表示人的复数名词people，personnel（全体职员）等用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Thepersonnelareunhappyaboutthechanges.2.Somepeopleareneversatisfied.3.Themilitaryhavesurroundedthebuilding.3)表示一种物品的复数名词glasses，shorts，scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Myglasseswerebroken.2.Yourshorts（短裤），aretorn.Youdbetterchangethem.3.Thescissors（剪刀）areveryblunt.其他用复数表示物品的名词：clothes,compasses（圆规）,pants（裤子）,spectacles（眼镜）,trousers 4）apairof+glasses,shorts,jeans,socks等作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式等作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.IhaveapairofjeansthatwasboughtfromabigshopINewJersey.2.ThispairofshortsismadeinDalian.5)表示学科或疾病等以结尾的名词如表示学科或疾病等以结尾的名词如statistics,measles,acoustics（声学（声学）e.g.1.Statistics（统计学）isanindispensableanalyticaltoolinmodernsociety.2.Mathematicsisarequiredsubjectatschool.3.Measles（风疹）isadangerousdiseasesforpregnantwomen.economics,electronics（电子学）,genetics,mechanics（力学）,optics（光学）,phonetics,politics6)all若指人，谓语动词用复数形式；若指事物，谓语动词用单数形式若指人，谓语动词用复数形式；若指事物，谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Allaresilentintheclassroom.2.Allgoeswell.3.Allsoundsverystrangetome.7)none作主语时，其后可接动词单数形式，也可接复数形式作主语时，其后可接动词单数形式，也可接复数形式e.g.1.NoneofmyfriendshaseverbeentoEurope.2.Noneofusareperfect.3.Noneofthepassengerswereawareofthedanger.Note:1.none作主语时，如果侧重表示“所有都不”时，谓语动词多用复数形式；在表示“其中一个也不”时，谓语动词用单数形式2.none在意义上相当于noone，但noone作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，而且noone比none的语气强.8)the+形容词,表示”人”时,谓语动词用复数形式;表示抽象概念时,谓语动词用单数形式.1.Thericharenotalwayshappierthanthepoor.2.Thebeautifulattractsmoreattentionthanthegood.3.Theblackareprohibitedtoenterthatschool.Note:the+形容词相当于复数名词的有:thepoortherichtheoldtheyoungthesickthedeadthedyingthewoundedthelearned表示抽象概念的抽象名词有:thebeautiful=beautythetrue=truththegood=goodnessthefalse=falsehood9)and连接的两个主语指同一人物或概念时,谓语动词用单数形式.1.Awriterandeducatorhasvisitedourcollege.2.Breadandbutterisnutritious.3.Slowandsteadywinstherace.4.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy.10)manya+单数名词ormorethana+单数名词作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式.1.ManyaboyinDalianlearnstoswimbeforehecanread.2.MorethanoneworkerhasbeenlaidoffbecauseoftheeconomiccrisisintheUnitedStates.11)表示数量的集体名词短语，即“量词词组+复数名词或代词”，作主语时，通常是强调一个整体（一群人或动物），因而谓语动词一般用单数形式；但如果强调的是“个体”，也就是把它们看成一个个的个体时，谓语动词也可以用复数形式。1.Thisflockofbirdsisflyingsouth,whileanotherflockstayshere.2.Aflockofgeesewerechasingoneafteranotherinthepond.12)主语为”小数+名词”时,其谓语动词用复数形式1.About1.1acresperpersonareactuallyusedintheworld.2.About0.75acresperpersonareusedinIndia.13)主语为”Percent(百分之)+of+可数名词”时,其谓语动词用复数形式;主语为”Percent(百分之)+of+不可数名词”时,其谓语动词用单数形式1.Fourpercentofthestudentsareabsenttoday.2.Over80percentofthewholepopulationinourcountryarefarmers.3.Alargepercentofthewheatcropwasruinedbythefloodlastyear.14)数词+名词(表示长短,重量,温度,时间及金钱等)作主语,当作“单一的数量”时,谓语动词用单数形式1.Eighthoursofsleepisnotenoughforababy.2.Threemilesisasfarastheycanwalk.3.Sixtydollarsisahighpriceforadictionary.15)“theonlyoneof+复数名词”后的关系从句中,谓语动词用单数形式;“oneof+复数名词”后的关系从句中,谓语动词用复数形式e.g.1.Johnistheonlyoneofthoseboyswholikesgymclass.2.Thisistheonlyoneofthosedisheswhichhastobecookedoutdoors.3.Janeisoneofthosewomenwhoalwayskeepupwiththelatestfashion.16)有些名词如sheep,deer,fish,means,species等作主语时,其谓语动词视句意决定单复数形式e.g.1.Twosheepare/Onesheepismissing.2.Thisspeciesofroseisveryrare.3.Therearethousandsofspeciesofbutterfliesnow.4.Allmeanshavebeenusedtogethimtochangehismind.5.Onemeansisstilltobetried.17)不可数名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Thereislittleinformationavailableonthesesubjects.2.Thereisntmuchfurnitureinmyroom.3.Goodadviceisbeyondprice.Note:要求谓语动词用单数形式的不可数名词还有:apparatus(器械）,baggage/luggage,bread,corn,flour,garbage（垃圾）,ink,knowledge,luck,news,oil,sugar,wheat,work 18)neither,either用作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式用作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Neitherofthestatementsistrue.2.Eitherissatisfactory.3.Neitherisarichman.19)用用eitheror,neithernor,or,notonlybutalso,notbut连接的两个主语连接的两个主语,谓语动词的数则跟靠近动词的那个主语一致谓语动词的数则跟靠近动词的那个主语一致e.g.1.Oneortwodaysareenoughtoseethecity.2.EitherheorIaminthewrong.3.NeitherInorheisinthewrong.4.Areyouorhetoblame?5.Notonlyyoubutalsoheistoblamefortheaccident.20)主语前面有主语前面有each,every谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Everyboyand(every)girliseagertolearnEnglish.2.Eachbookandmagazineislistedinthecardcatalog.21)连接词按时aswellas,togetherwith,alongwith等连接的两个主语,谓语动词的数与前一个主语保持一致e.g.1.Thebattogetherwiththeballswasstolen.2.Youaswellashearewrong.3.Nobodybut/excepttheteachersknowsanythingaboutit.Note:AwithBAaccompaniedbyBAincludingBAnolessthanBAbesidesB谓语动词的数与A保持一致22)therest(of),half(of),most(of),some,onethird(of),plentyof,alotof,partof等加名词作主语时,其谓语动词用单数还是复数要根据这个名词的单复数而定e.g.1.Mostofmysparetimewasspentinreading.2.MostoftheskyscrapersinBeijingarenewly-built.3.Halfofthepeachesarebad.4.Halfofthefoodisunfittoeat.5.Therestoftheproblemsaredifficult.6.Therestofthelandisuncultivated.7.Aboutonethirdofthebooksareworthreading.23)thenumberof,thevarietyof,aseriesof,asequenceof,achainof,asuccessionof+名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.AchainofeventshascausedtheaccidentontheOrientExpress.2.Thenumberofsaleswomenfromthenorthissmall.3.Thevarietyofgoodsonsaleinthatbigshopissurprising.24)agood/greatdealof,alarge/greatamountof+不可数名词作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Agreatdealofworkhasbeenplannedfornextmonth.2.Alargeamountofdamagewasdoneduringthewar.25)alot/lotsof,themajorityof,plentyof,aquantityof+可数名词作主语时,其谓语动词用复数形式谓语动词用复数形式;若若+不可数名词作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Thereisplentyofwaterinyourcup.2.Therearelotsofmagazinesontheshelfinmyroom.3.Themajorityofpeoplehavenoopinionatall.26)主语是不定式短语,动名词(短语)或从句,谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式e.g.1.Howtheygottheredoesntconcernme.2.Whathasbeenachievedinthefieldisverylittle.3.Writinglettersmakesherhappy.4.Toseeistobelieve.27)关系代词what引导从句做主语,其谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后面的名词谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后面的名词e.g.1.WhatIwantisicecream.2.Whatheneedsaresomebooks.3.Whatshelikesisblacktea.28)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，其谓语必须和先行词的人称，数一致其谓语必须和先行词的人称，数一致e.g.1.Theastronautswhoarereportedtobeverycheerful,areexpectedtolandonthemoonshortly.2.Thegovernmentwhichpromisestocuttaxeswillbepopular.29)以介词短语,副词或there/here开头的倒装句,谓语动词的单复数形式谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其后面的名词取决于其后面的名词e.g.1.Herearelettersforyou.2.ThereisthedoctorImentionedbefore.第四讲第四讲.主谓语的倒装主谓语的倒装1)否定倒装：含有否定意义的词seldom,notuntil,hardly,scarcely,nolonger等位于句首，将助动词或系动词放在主语前面e.g.1.Littledoesherealizethedangerheisin.2.Seldomdoesamanlivetobeahundredyearsold.3.Rarelydoesthetemperaturegoabove35oCinsummerinBeijing.4.Notuntil1776didtheAmericancoloniesdeclaretheirindependencefromEngland.Note:1.hardlywhenscarcelywhennosoonerthan“刚就”引导时间状语从句，用倒装语序e.g.Nosoonerhadtheygatheredinthegrainthanitbegantorain.Scarcelyhadwegottotheplantwhenwestartedtowork.Hardlyhadtheplanelandedwhenthepeoplerantowardit.2.含有否定意义的词还有：invain,no,not,barely,rarely,little,few,nowhere,never 2)固定倒装：固定倒装：so引起的倒装与肯定句呼应引起的倒装与肯定句呼应nor,neither引起的倒装与否定句呼应e.g.1.Heneverwentthereagain,nordidhewritetoapologize.2.Imquitewillingtohelpthepoor,soarethemembersinmyfamily.3.Woodcannotconductelectricity,norcanglass.4.Hecannotspeak,neithercanhehear.Note:1.neither为主语或主语的一部分时，句子不倒装e.g.Neitherofthemiscorrect.2.如果对前面所说的话表示同意时，so引导的句子不用倒装此时，前后两句的主语相同e.g.Copperconductselectricity,soitdoes.3.如果句中中有if或when引导的从句，只能用neither，不能用norIfyoudontgototheparty,neitherwillI.3)部分倒装：sothat,suchthat这两个结构中的so和such位于句首时，前半句要用倒装结构前半句要用倒装结构，that从句用正常语序e.g.1.SuchamanishethatIdontwanttoseeanymoreofhim.2.SobadlydidhewritetheletterthatIcouldhardlyreadit.3.Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.4)让步倒装：某些让步状语从句往往采用倒装语序e.g.1.Difficultthoughthe