ccc独立主格结构概要课件

Independent Nominative独立主格结构独立主格结构 独立主格结构的重难点独立主格结构的重难点Important pointImportant point：the usual forms the usual forms of Independent Nominative of Independent Nominative Difficult PointDifficult Point：the usages of the usages of Independent Nominative Independent Nominative It is rainingThey stay at home.怎样将两个句子合并？怎样将两个句子合并？要求:将句子合并成并列句并列句。It is raining so/and they stay at home.并列连词(表并列，转折/对比，因果,选择.）：and,not onlybut also,but,while,for,so,or,eitheror,notbut.要求:将句子合并为复合句复合句。Because it is raining,they stay at home.要求：不用连词不用连词，将两个句子合并为一个句子一个句子。It raining,they stay at home.(分词作状语)比较三句：（写作中）It is raining so/and they stay at home.（并列句并列句）Because it is raining,they stay at home.（复合句复合句）It raining,they stay at home.（独立主格结构独立主格结构 逻辑主语与主句主语不一致逻辑主语与主句主语不一致）主格名词主格名词/代词代词+分词分词 (过去分词过去分词/现在分词）现在分词）1.All our savings gone,we started looking for jobs.2.The work finished,we went home.3.The man lay there,his hands trembling.(lie-lay-lain-lying)现在分词表示前面的名词或代词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态主动进行的动作或状态等。等。过去分词表示前面的名词或代词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。主格名词主格名词/代词代词 +形容词形容词 His mother(being)ill,he had to stay home to look after her.The floor wet and slippery,we had to stay outside for a while.主格名词主格名词/代词代词 +副词副词He sat at the table,head down.The meeting over,we all went home.形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。These are the first two books,the third one to come out next month.We divided the work,he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。主格名词主格名词/代词代词 +不定式不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作不定式表示的是将来的动作主格名词主格名词/代词代词 +介词短语介词短语Our teacher came into the classroom,papers in hand.The hunter entered the forest,gun in handNobody at home,the thief took a lot of things away.介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。主格名词主格名词/代词代词 +名词名词Many people joined in the work,some of them women and children.许多人参加了这项工作，其中一些人是妇女和儿童。许多人参加了这项工作，其中一些人是妇女和儿童。名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。独立主格结构的模式是：独立主格结构的模式是：主格名词主格名词/代词代词 +分词分词/不定式不定式/形容词形容词/副词副词/介词短语介词短语/名词名词(作逻辑主语）作逻辑主语）（作逻辑谓语）（作逻辑谓语）这一结构在句中可以表示时间、原因、条这一结构在句中可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况。件、方式或伴随情况。独立主格结构的特点独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构一般有独立主格结构一般有逗号逗号与主句分与主句分开，在句中开，在句中做状语做状语。独立主格结构的独立主格结构的逻辑主语与逻辑主语与句子的主语不同句子的主语不同，它独立存，它独立存在。在。名名词词或或代代词词与与后后面面的的分分词词，形形容容词词，副副词词，不不定定式式，介介词词存存在在逻逻辑辑上上的的主主谓关系或动宾关系谓关系或动宾关系独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是不是简单简单句句，也不，也不是是从句从句，它与其主句之间既不能通过，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词并列连词连连接也不能有接也不能有从句引导词从句引导词引导，常用引导，常用逗号逗号与其主句与其主句隔开。独立主格结构起隔开。独立主格结构起状语状语的作用，在很多情况的作用，在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式。因为它内部动词的因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。重难点突破重难点突破【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】1.名词或代词名词或代词+不定式不定式其中的不定式通常表示其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。2.名词或代词名词或代词+现在分词现在分词其中的现在分词通常表示动作其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在正在进行（或当时正在进行）进行）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。的状态或动作。3.名词或代词名词或代词+过去分词过去分词其中的过去分词通常表示其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。被动意义或完成意义。Their room was on the third floor,its window overlooking the sports ground.他们的房间在三层楼他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。上，窗户俯视着操场。独立主格结构使用介词的问题独立主格结构使用介词的问题当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词两个名词均不加任何成分不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词).e.g.A robber burst into the room,knife in hand.(knife 和 hand 没有冠词或物主代词)但with结构不受此限制不受此限制e.g.A robber burst into the room,with a knife in his hand.所以with省略时,介词前后的两个名词就应该作出相应调整。独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略一是在“There being+名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词.There being no bus,we had to walk home.It being Sunday,all the offices are closed.独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构的功能 时间时间 条件条件 原因原因 伴随伴随 补充说明补充说明相当于状语从句相当于状语从句相当于状语从句相当于状语从句KEY POINTS独立主格结构主要起状语作用独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个相当于一个状语从句状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况等情况独立主格结构独立主格结构 PK 状语从句状语从句在句中一般做状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随时间、条件、原因、伴随等情况。1.做条件状语1)If weather permits,they will go out.2)Weather permitting,they will go out.2.做原因状语1)As the storm drew near,we had to put off out plan.2)The storm drawing near,we had to put off our plan.3.做伴随状语I took out my book and drew pictures in it,my teacher looking angry.KEY POINTS独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。e.g.Time permitting,wed better have a holiday at weekends.转换为：If time permits,wed better have a holiday at weekends.e.g.Seeing from the hilltop,we can find the city more beautiful.转换为：When we see from the hilltop,we can find the city more beautiful.独立主格结构独立主格结构 PK PK with with的复合的复合结构结构 它们都可以在句中作原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语、时间状语或结果状语用，一般也可以相互转换。虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同，但其结构形式和名称却不相同。with复合结构的模式是：with+with+名词名词/代词代词+分词分词/形容词形容词/副词副词/不定式不定式/介词短语介词短语独立主格结构的模式是：主格名词主格名词/代词代词+分词分词/形容词形容词/副词副词/不定式不定式/介词短语介词短语/名词名词一、作时间状语一、作时间状语 1、With winter coming on,the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.=Winter coming on,the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.2、With the traffic light green,the bus got moving.=The traffic light green,the bus got moving.二、作原因状语二、作原因状语 1、With the weather terribly cold,we entered the room to warm ourselves.=The weather terribly cold,we entered the room to warm ourselves.2、With the key having been lost,she could not enter the room.=The key having been lost,she could not enter the room.三、作条件状语三、作条件状语 1、With time permitting,well visit the Summer Palace.=Time permitting,well visit the Summer Palace.2、With the car going wrong,well have to stop at the foot of the mountain.=The car going wrong,well have to stop at the foot of the mountain.四、作伴随状语四、作伴随状语 1、The mother was cleaning the house with her baby playing on the bed.=The mother was cleaning the house,her baby playing on the bed.无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构，都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语。He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand.？独立主格结构与独立成分的异同独立主格结构与独立成分的异同1.有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking（），Frankly speaking（），Judging from（），Supposing(that)（），等等。e.g.Generally speaking,the rule is very easy to understand.e.g.Judging from what he said,he must be an honest man.独立主格结构与独立成分的异同独立主格结构与独立成分的异同2.有些是带不定式to的固定短语，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（），to be sure（），to tell you the truth（），to cut a long story short（），to be frank（）,to make matters/things worse（），等等。e.g.To tell you the truth,I made a mistake in the word spelling.e.g.To make things worse,many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay,leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.语法填空语法填空 1._,the train started.The signal given/Giving the signal/The signal being given/The signal giving=After the signal was given,the train started.3.The exam_ tomorrow,I cant go to the cinema tonight.(hold)=Because the exam is to be held tomorrow,I cant go to the cinema.4.Our lessons_,we went to play football.being over /over/were over 名名/代（逻辑主语）代（逻辑主语）+形形/副副（名（名/代代+being+形形/副副,being可省略）可省略）=When our lessons were over,we went to play football.6._no bus,we had to walk home.There being /There was=Because there was no bus,we had to walk home.9._the work made the boss very happy.His finishing /He finished Finishing10._,you can wait a while.(The play being still on/The play still on)11._,so you can wait a while(The play is still on/The play being still on/As the play is still on）标点符号的问题标点符号的问题14.;we had to put the meeting off.(Because the manager was ill /The manager being ill /The manager was ill /Being ill)看看独立主格结构和其他句式的结合Homework:专题四 非谓语动词及习题（做法同以前）Thank You！