American Society and Culture

美国社会和文化AmericansocietyandcultureIntroduction to the courselTeaching aim:enjoyment,recognition,analysis lTeaching weeks:about 12 weekslTeaching content:11 aspects general situation,history,politics,economy,education,religion,medium,family,movie;music;picture;dancing,sports,holidays.RequirementsfortheCourseFinalScore=DailyPerformance+FinalExamDailyPerformance:30%Finalpaper:70%Chapter 1 Out of the Pastl1.American overall Viewl2.Five symbols of Americal3.Discovering America1.1AmericanOverallViewIntroductiontobasicelementsofAmericalName:lAnthem:lNationalflaglnationalemblemlnationalflowerlNationalmaplCapitalUnitedStatesDollar）Name:lOriginofthecountrysnamelUsageofcountrysnameOriginofthecountrysnamelFullname:theUnitedStatesofAmericalTranslation:（美利坚合众国）lAmerica的音译l美国是美利坚合众国的简称。美利坚和亚美利(指全美洲)加在英语中是一个词，只是汉译不同。18世纪前，英国在北美大西洋沿岸陆续建立了13个殖民地，当时称为北美13州联合殖民地。1775年这些殖民地人民发动了反对英国殖民统治的独立战争，1776年7月4日，殖民地人民发表了独立宣言，宣布成立美利坚合众国。美国一建国就想使自己在美洲居于统治地位，因此，把美洲的名称作为自己的名称。1787年在美国宪法中正式肯定了这一名称。UsageofcountrysnamelNameofAmericaandusage?-USA/US/Americal-UnitedStatesofAmerica(USA):fullnameforformalsituationl-UnitedStates(US):forbothofficialandcommonsituationsl-America:(可以指美洲)mostpopular,nonofficialAnthem:lNameofthesong:lOriginofthesong:lLyrics:lEnjoyment:Nameofthesong:lthestar-spangledbannerl星条旗永不落thestar-spangledbanner-lyrics Oh,say,can you see,by the dawns early light,What so proudly we hailed at the twilights last gleaming?Whose broad stripes and bright stars,thro the perilous fightOer the ramparts we watched,were so gallantly streaming.And the rockets red glare,the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.Oh,say,does that star-spangled banner yet waveOer the land of the free and the home of the brave?On the shore dimly seen,thro the mists of the deep,Where the foes haughty host in dread silence reposes,What is that which the breeze,oer the towering steep,As it fitfully blows,half conceals,half discloses?Now it catches the gleam of the mornings first beam,In full glory reflected,now shines in the stream;Tis the star-spangled banner:oh,long may it waveOer the land of the free and the home of the brave.Originofthesong:l诞生在巴尔底摩。据传说，巴尔的摩市东南的麦克亨利堡，曾在第二次英美战争期间作为前哨阵地抗击英军。它建在一个小半岛上，是个平面成五角星状的要塞，扼进港要道。1814年，英国舰队直扑麦克亨利堡，昼夜连续猛轰此堡。当时，有一位名叫弗朗西斯斯科特基的美国律师乘船到英舰交涉释放被扣留的美国平民。他目击了英军炮轰麦克亨利堡的经过，忧心如焚。次日早晨，当他透过战场上的硝烟看到星条旗仍在要塞上空猎猎飘扬时感慨万分，于是激情满怀地写下了星条旗永不落这首诗。诗歌很快不胫而走，后被配上曲谱后流传全国。1931年，美国国会正式将星条旗永不落定为国歌。如今，巴尔的摩市的麦克亨利堡已被辟为国家纪念地和历史圣地。1985年11月7日，巴尔的摩市与中国福建省厦门市结为友好城市。Lyrics:lEnjoyment:FlaglStars=the50StateslStripes=the13coloniesNationalflagl美国的国旗又叫“星条旗”(theStar-spangledBanner)。其主要部分是7道红色和6道白色相间的彩条，旗左上方是一个底色为蓝色的矩形图案，上面有50颗白色五角星。如今的这面美国国旗，在历史上前前后后已经被更改变动了26次。Historyofnationalflagl1775年12月，华盛顿大陆军的一名海军军官曾经在“艾尔弗雷德号”舰艇上升起一面旗帜，旗帜的左上角是缩小了的英国“米字旗”，其余部分排列着13条横条。它反映了英属北美殖民地温和派代表要求取得英帝国范围内自治的主张。1776年6月，华盛顿、罗斯上校和银行家莫里斯来到费城一位女裁缝一一罗斯上校的侄媳罗斯夫人的小店铺，请她按照画家威廉?巴雷特设计的图案缝制一面旗帜。图案的左上角是蓝色长方形，上面无规则地排列着13颗白色六角星，其余部分是13条红白相间的横条。罗斯夫人建议把六角星改为五角星，排成一个圆圈，以更好地体现13个殖民地在争取独立斗争中的团结。华盛顿采纳了她的意见。不久，罗斯夫人精心缝制的第一面星条旗诞生了。1777年6月14日，大陆会议批准这一样式的星条旗为美国国旗，国旗上的每一道彩条和每一颗五角星代表刚刚宣布独立的13个原殖民地州中的一个。l1795年，当佛蒙特和肯塔基两个州加人联邦时，美国国会通过一项决议：将原来国旗上的13道彩条和13颗星分别改为15道彩条和15颗星。到1817年，新的联邦内已有20个州。显然，如果仍按每增加一个新的州就增加一道彩条和一颗星的办法去做，就会破坏原来国旗的整体布局。于是，国会于1818年又通过一项新的法案，规定：国旗上五角星的数目与合众国州的数目相等，凡1个新州加人联邦，国旗上就增加一颗白星；但国旗仍恢复为13条红白相间的横条，不再随州数增加而改变，以纪念赢得美国独立的最早的13个州的历史功绩，同时保持原国旗整体布局的稳定。到1959年，国会批准夏威夷为美国第50个州，于是，美国国旗左上角蓝色矩形内就有了50颗白色五角星，它们分成9排平行排列。其中，单序数行6颗星，双序数行5颗星，旗上仍为13条红白相间的横条。1983年6月，美国总统里根宣布6月14日为“美国国旗日”。NationalEmbleml美国国徽美国国徽实际上是美国官方大纹章（GreatSealoftheUnitedStates）上的图案。印章存在美国国务院,第一次用于1782年。l事实上，美国并未指定一个国徽图案。但纹章正面的图像实际上已经成为美国的象征，且经常出现在官方文件上，如护照。下文中讨论的是最常使用的彩色版本国徽图案；而真正印章在纸张上盖下的图案是单色的。nationalemblemlThebaldeaglewaschosenJune20,1782astheemblemoftheUnitedStatesofAmerican,becauseofitslonglife,greatstrengthandmajesticlooks,andalsobecauseitwasthenbelievedtoexistonlyonthiscontinent.Onthebacksofourgoldcoins,thesilverdollar,thehalfdollarandthequarter,weseeaneaglewithoutspreadwings.OntheGreatSealoftheUnitedStatesandinmanyplaceswhichareexponentsofournationsauthorityweseethesameemblem.Theeaglerepresentsfreedom.Livingashedoesonthetopsofloftymountains,amidthesolitarygrandeurofNature,hehasunlimitedfreedom,whetherwithstrongpinionshesweepsintothevalleysbelow,orupwardintotheboundlessspacesbeyond.l反面反面lPyramidinbuilding，with1776atthebottom.左右写着两个铭文：Annuit Cptis：意思是某人（推测可能是普罗维登斯或上帝）“认可我们开始”。Novus Ordo Seclorum：这是引自维吉尔的诗，意思是“时代新秩序”。NationalFlowerlSeptember 23,1986,the House of Representatives passed a joint resolution naming the rose as the national floral emblem of the United States.The Senate had passed the resolution in 1985.The measure then went to President Ronald Reagan.He signed the resolution into law on October 7,1986 in a ceremony in the White House Rose Garden.On November 20,1986,President Reagan signed Proclamation 5574:The National Floral Emblem of the United States of America:The Rose.(Note:a proclamation announces an act by the government;it does not have the effect of law.NationalmapCapitallWashingtonlNortheastofUS，lfullname(WashingtonD.C.)，linhonorofGeorgelWashingtonandthelexplorerChristopherlColumbuswhodiscoveredlAmeirca.U.S.Census BureauPopulation projectionsRace/ethnicity20102050Whites79.5%74.0%Non-HispanicWhites64.7%46.3%85%/1960Hispanics/Latinos(ofanyrace)16.0%30.2%AfricanAmericans12.9%13.0%AsianAmericans4.6%7.8%1.2fivefamoussymbolsofAmericanculturelNew York Harbor&Statue of LibertyNew York Harbor&Statue of LibertyNew York Harbor&Statue of LibertyNew York Harbor&Statue of LibertyGiven by France after the American RevolutionRepresents freedom and democracyTorch:symbol of enlightenmentCrown spikes(7):seven seas and continentsTablet:a book of lawBroken chains:freedom as movement forward against oppression and servitudeTheStatueofLibertyTime:_Designer:_Model:_History:_2.BarbieTime:1959Designer:ElliotandRuthHandlerModel:DaughterBarbaraHistory:Afterwatchingherdaughterplaywithpaperdolls,Ruthhadtheidea.Time:_Designer:_Model:_History:_3.American GothicTime:Augustof1930Designer:GrantWoodModels:HissisterandhisdentistHistory:GrantWoodwasvisitingthetownofEldoninthesouthernpartofIowawhenhecameuponthefarmhouse.(a pitchfork)Serious-lookingface:thesolemnprideofAmericanfarmers;hardworkinganddiligent.Thepitchfork:hayinginthe19thcentury;masculinity（男子气概）;thedevilandfarming;toechotherepeatedlinesoftheGothicWindow.4.Buffalo NickelTime:_Designer:_Model:_History:_Time:From1913to1938Designer:FraserModel:AnagingbuffalofromNowYorkCitysCentralParkZooHistory:IthonoredapairofconnectedtragediesfromthesettlementoftheAmericanfrontierthedestructionofthebuffaloherdsandtheAmericanIndians.5.Uncle SamTime:_Designer:_Model:_History:_Time:After1913to1938Model:SamWilsonDesigner:JamesMontgomeryFlaggHistory:Happeningtogetthename“UncleSam”,UncleSamsoonbecameAmericansmostpopularsymbol.美國主要城市美國主要城市排行排行都市都市人口人口地區地區1 New York city,New York8,250,567東北部東北部2 Los Angeles,California3,849,368西部西部3 Chicago,Illinois2,873,326中西部中西部4 Houston,Texas2,144,491南部南部5 Phoenix,Arizona1,512,986西部西部6 Philadelphia city,Pennsylvania1,448,396東北部東北部7 San Antonio,Texas1,296,682南部南部8 San Diego,California1,256,951西部西部9Dallas,Taxes1,232,940南部南部10 San Jose,California929,936西部西部資料來源：UnitedStatesBureauofCensus,7/1/061.3 Discovering America vIndirect causes:1.Christian Crusaders of the 11th to 14th century2.Muslim and Italian middlemen charged dearly 3.Renaissance 4.Portuguese successful plantation experiment in Africa 5.Spain was ready Discovering the New WorldvChristopher Columbus,an Italian,persuaded the Spanish monarchs to give him 3 ships.He sailed westward and landed an island in the Bahamas on Oct.12,1492.Effects:vHis discovery linked the four continents,making them an interdependent global economic system:v-Europe=markets,capital and technology v-Africa=labor v-New World=raw materials:its gold and silver,its rich soil to grow sugarcaneCollision of Two Worlds vNew World offered:tobacco,maize,beans,tomatoes,potato vOld World offered:sugarcane/germs(smallpox,yellow fever,and malaria)vGerms:InthecenturyafterColumbusslandfall,nearly90percentofNativeAmericansperished,ademographicdisasterwithoutparallelinhumanhistory.Depopulationwassoseverethatentireculturesandancientwaysoflifewereextinguished.1.4 England Imperial Stirrings1.TheEnglishsentJohnCabot(anItaliannavigator)tothenortheasterncoastofNorthAmericain1498.2.EncouragedbyElizabeth,Englishseacaptains(pirates)plunderedSpanishtreasureshipsandraidedSpanishsettlements.3.CatholicPhilipIIofSpaintriedtoinvadetheProtestantEnglishin1588withan“invinciblearmada”,onlydefeatedbyEnglish.4.ThepopulationofEnglandwasmushrooming,landlordswereenclosingcroplandsforsheepgrazing,forcingsmallfarmerstobecomelandlessandhomeless.5.Thelawofprimogenitureruledthatonlyoldestsonswereentitledtoinheritlandedestates,forcinglandlordsyoungersonstoseektheirfortuneselsewhere.6.Theemergenceofjoint-stockcompaniesprovidedthefinancialmeansforEnglishcolonization.So,Englishbegantheircolonizationoverseas.vOnMay24,1607,aboutahundredEnglishsettlerslandedaplacealongtheJamesRiver.TheycalledtheplaceJamestown.vThosesettlerswastedtheirtimelookingfornonexistentgold.vCaptainJohnSmithtookchargeandruledthat“Hewhoshallnotworkshallnoteat.”vThisisthefirstcolonyofBritainVirginia.1.5TheProtestantReformationlMartin Luther（14831546)lHeputhisprotestsagainstCatholicdoctrinestothedoorofWittenbergscathedralin1517.lHedenouncedtheauthorityofpriestsandpopes,declaredthattheBiblealonewasthesourceofGodsword.JohnCalvinlJohnCalvinelaboratedLuthersideasandcreatedCalvinism.lAccordingtoCalvin,Godwasallpowerfulandallgood,whilesinfulhumanswereweakandwicked.Godwasalsoallknowing,andsincethefirstmomentofcreationhaddestinedsomesoulstheelectedforeternalblissandothersforeternaltorment.Goodworkscouldnotsavethosepredestinedtothehell.lNoonecouldbecertainofhisorherstatus.Thedoubtsledthemtoseeksignsofconversion,orthereceiptofGodsfreegiftofsavinggrace.Thosewhohadtheintensepersonalexperienceofconversionwereexpectedtoleadgoodlives.King Henry VIIIlKingHenryVIIIbrokehistiewithCatholicChurchinthe1530sandmadehimselftheheadoftheChurchofEngland.lSomeEnglishreligiousreformerssoughtatotalpurificationofthechurch.TheywerecalledPuritans(要求清除英国国教中要求清除英国国教中天主教天主教残余残余,清教徒信奉加尔文主义，认清教徒信奉加尔文主义，认为为圣经圣经才是唯一最高权威，任何才是唯一最高权威，任何教会教会或个人都不能成为传统或个人都不能成为传统权威的解释者和维护者的权威的解释者和维护者的基督徒基督徒).lAgroupofextremereformersvowedtobreakawayentirelyfromtheChurchofEngland.TheyweredrivenoutofEnglandbyKingJamesI.BayColonyBibleCommonwealth lSomeoftheminHollandnegotiatedwiththeVirginiaCompanytosailforAmerica.TheyboardedtheMayflower,spent65daysatsea,missedtheirdestinationandarrivedofftherockycoastofNewEnglandin1620,withatotalof102persons.五月花号三桅船（仿制品）五月花号三桅船（仿制品）lBeforelandingatPlymouthBay,thePilgrimsFathersdrewupandsignedthebriefMayflower Compact,thussettingaprecedentforwrittenconstitution.Itisasimpleragreementtoformabodypolitic,andtosubmittothewillofthemajorityunderregulationsagreedupon.THEMAYFLOWERCOMPACT“InthenameofGod,Amen.We,whosenamesareunderwritten,theLoyalSubjectsofourdreadSovereignLord,KingJames,bytheGraceofGod,ofEngland,FranceandIreland,King,DefenderoftheFaith,e&.HavingundertakenfortheGloryofGod,andAdvancementoftheChristianFaith,andtheHonorofourKingandCountry,avoyagetoplantthefirstcolonyinthenorthernpartsofVirginia;dobythesepresents,solemnlyandmutuallyinthePresenceofGodandoneofanother,covenantandcombineourselvestogetherintoacivilBodyPolitick,forourbetterOrderingandPreservation,andFurtheranceoftheEndsaforesaid;AndbyVirtuehereoftoenact,constitute,andframe,suchjustandequalLaws,Ordinances,Acts,ConstitutionsandOffices,fromtimetotime,asshallbethoughtmostmeetandconvenientfortheGeneralgoodoftheColony;untowhichwepromiseallduesubmissionandobedience.InWitnesswhereofwehavehereuntosubscribedournamesatCapeCodtheeleventhofNovember,intheReignofourSovereignLord,KingJamesofEngland,FranceandIreland,theeighteenth,andofScotlandthefifty-fourth.AnnoDomini,1620.”签订五月花公约五月花号公约中文传统译文版本之一“以上帝的名义，阿门。我们，下面的签名人，作为伟大的詹姆斯一世的忠顺臣民，为了给上帝增光，发扬基督教的信仰和我们祖国和君主的荣誉，特着手在弗吉尼亚北部这片新开拓的海岸建立第一个殖民地。我们在上帝的面前，彼此以庄严的面貌出现，现约定将我们全体组成一个民众自治团体，以使我们能更好地生存下,来并在我们之间创造良好的秩序。为了殖民地的公众利益，我们将根据这项契约颁布我们应当忠实遵守的公正平等的法律、法令和命令，并视需要而任命我们应当服从的行政官员。据此于耶稣公元1620元10月11日，吾王英格兰、法兰西、爱尔兰第十八世暨苏格兰第五十四世君主陛下在位之年，在科德角签署姓名如下，以资证明。”lOnly44of102survivedthefirstwinter.Thenextautumn,thatof1621,broughtbountifulharvestsandwiththemthefirstThanksgivingDayinNewEngland.lEconomy:fur,fish,andlumber:lbeaverthesustenanceofthebodylBiblethesustenanceofthesoullLatertheyformedMassachusettsBayCompanyby“stealing”acharterfromtheking.Manyfairlyprosperous,educatedpersonsemigratedtotheBayColony.lAsharedsenseofpurposealsohelpedthiscolonyprosper.Theywerethereto“buildacityuponahill.”Governing the Puritan Colony lThefreemenelectedthegovernorandhisassistants,aswellasarepresentativeassemblycalledtheGeneralCourt(现为州法院).OnlyPuritanscouldbefreemen.lThewholepurposeofgovernmentwastoenforceGodslawswhichappliedtobelieversandnon-believers.Allpeoplepaidtaxesforthegovernment-supportedchurch.lThePuritansbelievedinthedoctrineofacallingtodoGodsworkonthisearth.Theysharedinwhatwaslatercalledthe“Protestantethic（新教理论，鼓励勤奋、向上爬）,”involvingseriouscommitmenttoworkandtoengagementintheworldofaffairs.Trouble in Bible Commonwealth(神圣共和国神圣共和国)lAnne Hutchinson:an unusually intelligent woman,strong-willed,talkative;the truly saved need not to obey the law of either God or man.After days of trial,she eventually stated she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from God.She was banished and then moved to Rhode Island and eventually New York.lRogerWilliams:hedemandedacleanbreakwiththecorruptChurchofEnglandandchallengedthelegalityoftheBayColonyscharter.Hedeniedtheauthorityofcivilgovernmenttoregulatereligiousbehavior.1636RogerWilliamsfledtotheRhodeIslandareaandestablishedcompletefreedomofreligion.Rhode Island lAidedbyfriends,RogerWilliamsfledtotheRhodeIslandareain1636andestablishedcompletefreedomofreligion,evenforJewsandCatholics.-Nooathsregardingreligiousbeliefs-Nocompulsoryattendanceatworship-Notaxestosupportastatechurch-EvenshelteredtheabusedQuakers（贵格会），lMainlydissentersandexiles,RhodeIslandbecamestronglyindividualisticandstubbornlyindependent.lRhodeIslandgotacharterfromtheParliamentin1644.New England Spread:Connecticut lHartford(thecapital)andNewHavenlHartfordwasfoundedin1635.AgroupofBostonPuritansmovedintotheHartfordarea.lNewHavenwasestablishedin1638byPuritanswhocontrivedtosetupanevencloserchurch-governmentalliance.lIn1662,acharterwasgrantedbytheEnglishcrowntoConnecticut.-The End-