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Microeconomics微观经济学uMicroeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。第1页/共66页Macroeconomics宏观经济学Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole.宏观经济学研究整体经济。uIts goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households,firms,and markets at once.宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场的经济变化。第2页/共66页MacroeconomicsMacroeconomics answers questions like the following:uWhy is average income high in some countries and low in others?uWhy do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others?uWhy do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?第3页/共66页宏观经济学宏观经济学回答以下问题：u为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国家平均收入低?u为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些时期物价较为稳定?u为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一些年份收缩？第4页/共66页The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly,it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。第5页/共66页The Economys Income and Expenditure经济的收入与支出For an economy as a whole,income must equal expenditure because:对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出，因为：uEvery transaction has a buyer and a seller.每一次交易都有买者和卖者。uEvery dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入第6页/共66页Gross domestic product(GDP)is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.It is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product第7页/共66页国内生产总值(GDP)衡量一个经济体的收入和支出。国内生产总值(GDP)是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终商品（物品）与服务（劳务）的市场价值。国内生产总值的衡量第8页/共66页The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.收入等于支出可以由经济循环图来说明。第9页/共66页Figure 1 The Circular-Flow DiagramSpendingGoods andservicesboughtRevenueGoodsand servicessoldLabor,land,and capitalIncome=Flow of inputs and outputs=Flow of dollarsFactors ofproductionWages,rent,and profit FIRMSProduce and sellgoods and servicesHire and use factorsof production Buy and consumegoods and servicesOwn and sell factorsof productionHOUSEHOLDS Households sellFirms buyMARKETSFORFACTORS OF PRODUCTION Firms sellHouseholds buyMARKETSFORGOODS AND SERVICES第10页/共66页图1.经济循环图企业家庭生产要素市场商品和服务市场支出(=GDP)收入=(DGP)工资、租金和利润(=GDP)收入(=GDP)销售商品和服务购买商品和服务劳动、土地和资本生产投入第11页/共66页The Measurement of GDPGDP的衡量GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。第12页/共66页The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product“GDP is the Market Value.”Output is valued at market prices.“.Of All Final.”It records only the value of final goods,not intermediate goods(the value is counted only once).“.Goods and Services.“It includes both tangible goods(food,clothing,cars)and intangible services(haircuts,housecleaning,doctor visits).第13页/共66页GDP的衡量“GDP 是市场价值.”产出按市场价格来评价。“.所有的.”GDP只包括最终物品的价值，而不包括中间品的价值（价值只能计算一次）。“.物品与劳务.“它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽车），也包括无形的劳务（理发、打扫房屋、医生出诊）。第14页/共66页The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product“.Produced.”It includes goods and services currently produced,not transactions involving goods produced in the past.“.Within a Country.”It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.第15页/共66页GDP的衡量“.生产的.”它包括现期生产的物品与劳务，并不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。“.一个国家之内.”它衡量的生产价值是在一个国家的地理范围之内。第16页/共66页The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值的衡量“.In a Given Period of Time.”“在某一既定时期内”It measures the value of production that takes place within a specific interval of time,usually a year or a quarter(three months).它衡量某一既定时期内进行的生产的价值，通常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）。第17页/共66页THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGDP的组成部分GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets.GDP包括一个经济体生产并在市场上合法销售的所有物品与劳务。第18页/共66页THE COMPONENTS OF GDP What Is Not Counted in GDP?GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.It excludes items produced and sold illicitly,such as illegal drugs.第19页/共66页GDP的组成部分什么未计算在GDP之内？GDP不包括在家里生产和消费而没有进入市场的大多数商品和服务。GDP不包括非法生产和销售的项目，如毒品。第20页/共66页Other Measures of Income其他收入衡量指标Gross National Product(GNP)国民收入总值Net National Product(NNP)国民生产净值National Income 国民收入第21页/共66页Other Measures of Income其他收入衡量指标Personal Income 个人收入Disposable Personal Income 个人可支配收入第22页/共66页Gross National ProductGross national product(GNP)is the total income earned by a nations permanent residents(called nationals).It differs from GDP by including income that our citizens earn abroad and excluding income that foreigners earn here.第23页/共66页国民总收入国民总收入(GNP)是一国永久居民（称为国民）所赚到的总收入。GNP 与GDP不同之处在于包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。第24页/共66页Net National Product(NNP)Net National Product(NNP)is the total income of the nations residents(GNP)minus losses from depreciation.Depreciation is the wear and tear on the economys stock of equipment and structures.第25页/共66页国民生产净值(NNP)国民生产净值(NNP)是一国居民的总收入减去折旧的消耗。折旧是经济中设备和建筑物存量的磨损或损耗。第26页/共66页National IncomeNational Income is the total income earned by a nations residents in the production of goods and services.It differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes(such as sales taxes)and including business subsidies.第27页/共66页国民收入国民收入 是一国居民在物品与劳务生产中赚到的总收入。国民收入与国民产值的不同之处在于不包括间接的企业税（例如销售税）而包括企业补贴。第28页/共66页Personal IncomePersonal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.Unlike national income,it excludes retained earnings,which is income that corporations have earned but have not paid out to their owners.In addition,it includes households interest income and government transfers.第29页/共66页个人收入个人收入是居民户和非公司企业得到的收入。与国民收入不同，个人收入不包括留存收益（未分配利润），留存收益是公司赚到但没有支付给其所有者的收入。另外，个人收入包括家庭从其持有政府债券中得到的利息收入，以及从政府得到的转移支付（例如福利和社会保障收入）。第30页/共66页Disposable Personal IncomeDisposable personal income is the income that household and noncorporate businesses have left after satisfying all their obligations to the government.It equals personal income minus personal taxes and certain nontax payments.第31页/共66页个人可支配收入个人可支配收入是家庭和非公司企业在完成他们对政府的义务之后剩下的收入。个人可支配收入等于个人收入减去个人所得税和某些非税收支付（例如，交通罚单）。第32页/共66页The Components of GDPGDP的组成部分GDP(Y)is the sum of the following:GDP(Y)是以下项目之和：u Consumption(C)消费（C）u Investment(I)投资（I）u Government Purchases(G)政府购买（G）u Net Exports(NX)净出口（NX）Y=C+I+G+NX第33页/共66页The Components of GDPGDP的组成部分Consumption消费(C):uThe spending by households on goods and services,with the exception of purchases of new housing.家庭除了购买新住房以外用于物品与劳务的支出。Investment投资(I):uThe spending on capital equipment,inventories,and structures,including new housing.用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，其中包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。第34页/共66页The Components of GDPGovernment Purchases(G):uThe spending on goods and services by local,state,and federal governments.uDoes not include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services.Net Exports(NX):uExports minus imports.第35页/共66页GDP的组成部分政府购买(G):u地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。u政府购买不包括转移支付，因为这种支付并不要求交换现在生产的物品与劳务。u净出口(NX):u出口减进口第36页/共66页Table 1 GDP and Its ComponentsCopyright2004 South-Western第37页/共66页表1.GDP和其组成部分（1998）总量总量（10亿美元）亿美元）人均量人均量（美元）（美元）占百分比占百分比（）（）国内生产总值，国内生产总值，Y10 08235 375100消费，消费，C6 98724 51669投资，投资，I1 5865 56516政府购买，政府购买，G1 8586 51918净出口，净出口，NX-349-1 225-3第38页/共66页GDP and Its Components(2001)Consumption 69%Government Purchases18%Net Exports-3%Investment16%第39页/共66页GDP和其组成部分(2001)消费 69%政府购买18%净出口-3%投资16%第40页/共66页Real versus Nominal GDP 实际GDP与名义GDPNominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices.名义GDP按现期价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.实际GDP按不变的基年价格计算的物品与劳务产出的价值量。第41页/共66页Real versus Nominal GDP实际GDP与名义GDPAn accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.如果想对经济有一个更准确的理解，需要用GDP平减指数将名义GDP转换成实际GDP。第42页/共66页Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDPCopyright2004 South-Western 年年热狗的价格热狗的价格热狗的数量热狗的数量汉堡的价格汉堡的价格汉堡的数量汉堡的数量2001$1100$2502002$2150$31002003$3200$4150第43页/共66页Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算名义计算名义GDP:20012001($1/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$2/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥20020022002($2/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$3/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥60020032003($3/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$4/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥1200第44页/共66页Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算实际计算实际GDP（基年为基年为2001年）年）:20012001($1/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$2/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥20020022002($1/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$2/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥35020032003($1/个热狗个热狗 X 100个）个）+（$2/个汉堡个汉堡 X 50个）个）￥500第45页/共66页GDP Deflator GDP平减指数The GDP deflator measures the current level of prices relative to the level of prices in the base year.GDP平减指数衡量相对于基年价格的现期物价水平。It tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced.GDP平减指数说明在名义GDP增长中，多少归因于价格的上升而不是产量的增加。第46页/共66页 GDP Deflator GDP平减指数The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:GDP平减指数计算如下：第47页/共66页Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDP将名义GDP转换成实际GDPNominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:转换如下：第48页/共66页Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 实际与名义GDPCopyright2004 South-Western计算计算GDP平减指数：平减指数：2001（$200/$200)X 100=1002002（$600/$350)X 100=1712003（$1200/$500)X 100=240第49页/共66页Figure 2 Real GDP in the United StatesBillions of1996 Dollars$10,0009,0008,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0001970197519801985199020001995第50页/共66页图2.美国的实际GDP1996年的10亿美元$10,0009,0008,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0001970197519801985199020001995第51页/共66页GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和经济福利GDP is the best single measure of the economic well-being of a society.GDP是社会经济福利一个最好的衡量指标。GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average person in the economy.人均GDP告诉我们经济中每个人的平均收入与支出。第52页/共66页GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和经济福利Higher GDP per person indicates a higher standard of living.较高的人均GDP说明较高的生活水平。GDP is not a perfect measure of the happiness or quality of life,however.但是，GDP并不是幸福或生活质量的完美衡量指标。第53页/共66页GDP and Economic Well-BeingSome things that contribute to well-being are not included in GDP.uThe value of leisure.uThe value of a clean environment.uThe value of almost all activity that takes place outside of markets,such as the value of the time parents spend with their children and the value of volunteer work.第54页/共66页GDP和经济福利对美好生活作出贡献的某些东西并没有包括在GDP中。u闲暇的价值。u清洁环境的价值。u几乎所有在市场之外进行的活动的价值，如父母在家照顾孩子的时间的价值和义务工作的价值。第55页/共66页Table 3 GDP,Life Expectancy,and LiteracyCopyright2004 South-Western第56页/共66页表3.GDP、预期寿命与识字率Copyright2004 South-Western国别 人均实际GDP(1999年，美元)预期寿命（岁）成人识字率（）美国 31 872 77 99 日本 24 898 81 99德国 23 742 78 99墨西哥 8 297 72 91俄罗斯 7 473 66 99巴西 7 037 67 85中国 3 617 70 83 印度尼西亚 2 857 66 86印度 2 248 63 56巴基斯坦 1 834 60 45孟加拉国 1 483 59 41尼日利亚 853 52 63第57页/共66页SummaryBecause every transaction has a buyer and a seller,the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)measures an economys total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services.第58页/共66页小结由于每一次交易都有买者与卖者，所以，经济中的总支出必定等于经济中的总收入。国内生产总值(GDP)衡量经济用于新生产的物品与劳务的总支出，以及生产这些物品与劳务所赚到的总收入。第59页/共66页SummaryGDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP is divided among four components of expenditure:consumption,investment,government purchases,and net exports.第60页/共66页小结GDP是一个国家之内在某一既定时期生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。GDP分为四个组成部分：消费、投资、政府购买和净出口。第61页/共66页SummaryNominal GDP uses current prices to value the economys production.Real GDP uses constant base-year prices to value the economys production of goods and services.The GDP deflator-calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP-measures the level of prices in the economy.第62页/共66页小结名义 GDP 用现期价格来评价经济中物品与劳务的生产。实际GDP 用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与劳务的生产。GDP 平减指数用名义GDP与实际GDP的比率计算衡量经济的物价水平。第63页/共66页SummaryGDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher to lower incomes.It is not a perfect measure of well-being because some things,such as leisure time and a clean environment,arent measured by GDP.第64页/共66页小结GDP 是经济福利的一个良好衡量指标，因为人们对高收入的偏好大于低收入。但是GDP并不是衡量福利的一个完美指标，因为GDP不包括闲暇的价值和清洁的环境的价值。第65页/共66页感谢您的欣赏！第66页/共66页
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