《冶金工程专业英语》PPT课件

2021-5-1/20:42:31 冶金工程专业英语金 焱 22021-5-1/20:42:31 范文讲解：pPart1 Fundamentals of Iron and Steelmaking pPart2 Iron making pPart3 Steel making 32021-5-1/20:42:31 Part1 Fundamentals of Iron and SteelmakingpGlobal steel industryuNew development in Europe pFundamental of iron making uReduction of iron oxides pFundamental of steel making uFundamentals of Ladle Metallurgical Reactions 42021-5-1/20:42:31 Part2 Iron makingp Sinter plant u Sinter quality p Blast Furnace u Blast furnace gas system and hot blast stoves p Pulverized coal injection technology u Blast furnace Instrumentation and Control p COREX plant u HIsmelt 52021-5-1/20:42:31 Part3 Steel makingpHot metal Desulfurization Technology uHot metal pretreatment process pBasic Oxygen Furnace uProcess control strategies of BOF pElectric Arc Furnace uDirect Current Electric Arc Furnace pLadle Furnace, Tank Degasser, RH, and CAS-OB uContinuous Casting 2021-5-1/20:42:31 Unit1 Global steel industry 72021-5-1/20:42:31 1. Overviewp The global steel industry is highly cyclical, very competitive and still fragmented in terms of market share. Currently the industry is at the height of the business cycle and is going through a consolidation phase, which might result in the smaller players being acquired by the larger ones. p 1. cyclical: 周期的；轮转的，循环的。p 2. fragment: (使)成碎片，(使)分裂。p 3. market share: 市场份额。p 4. consolidation: 合并。p 5. acquire: 取得，获得。 82021-5-1/20:42:31 pThe total output from the industry exceeds 1.4 billion tons in 2005, most of it augmented by the increase in output from China. This is expected to increase further, making steel output from China among the largest in the world. p 6. output: 产量；生产，出产，产品。p 7. augment : (使)扩张，扩大；扩编；(使)增大，增加。 92021-5-1/20:42:31 p The steel industry demonstrates a high degree of variability, both in terms of earnings and production. The factors attributable for driving this variability are global economic conditions with a particular sensitivity to the performance of the automotive, construction, capital goods and other industrial products industries. p 8. variability: 变化性；变异性。p 9. earning: 利润。p 10. factor: 要素，因素。p 11. attributable: 由引起的 。p 12. sensitivity: 敏感(性) 。p 13. capital: 主要的，资本的。 102021-5-1/20:42:31 pThe commodity nature of steel, the producers and consumers limited control on price, and the demand and supply disparity have made steel prices volatile. Significant increases in prices for metals and energy over the past two years have also contributed to increased variability in the industry. p 14. commodity: 常 pl.商品。p 15. disparity: 不同，不等。p 16. volatile: 易变的，反复无常的。 112021-5-1/20:42:31 2. Brief Company Overviewsp (1)Arcelor-Mittal:u The five-month long duel between Netherlands-based Mittal and Luxembourg-based Arcelor has concluded. Mittals unprecedented takeover victory in the battle for the global steel giant has brought the five-month battle to a halt, after the final shareholder approval. In the new Arcelor-Mittal combine the Mittal family collectively holds a 43.5 percent share. p 17. duel: 竞争，斗争。p 18. conclude: 结束，终止。p 19. unprecedented: 没有前例的。p 20. takeover: 接收。p 21. giant: 巨人；大汉。 122021-5-1/20:42:31 uThe new steel company will have about 334,000 employees world-wide, and revenues close to $70 billion. Arcelor is well-positioned in Western Europe and catering the high-grade auto and construction industry. p 22. halt: 暂停前进。p 23. shareholder: 股东。p 24. approval: 批准。p 25. combine: 集团。p 26. collective: 集合的。p 27. revenue: (国家的)岁入；pl. 总收入。 132021-5-1/20:42:31 uMittal with mills spread out through the four continents in low-cost locations such as Czech Republic, Mexico, and Kazakhstan, producing mostly basic steel products. Still there are things to be settled between Arcelor and Mittal. For example, the fate of the Canadian steel maker Dofasco acquired in April 2006 by Arcelor is yet to be decided. p 28. well-positioned: 较好的定位。p 29. cater: 为(宴会等)供应酒菜；供应；迎合，投合。p 30. cost: 费用；代价，价格；成本。p 31. Kazakhstan: 哈萨克斯坦亚洲国名。 142021-5-1/20:42:31 u Mittals aggressive business model has helped the company create a profitable enterprise in countries that were not regarded as obvious investment targets (such as Ukraine and Indonesia). It has track record of buying loss-making, bankrupt or under-producing steel companies, and turning them around by restructuring, cost cutting and layoffs, thereby creating leaner and more competitive operations. p 32. Ukraine: 乌克兰。p 33. Indonesia: 印度尼西亚。p 34. profitable: 有利可图的，。p 35. track record: 成绩纪录。p 36. under-producing: 半停产。p 37. layoffs: 临时解雇；停工；停止活动。 152021-5-1/20:42:31 p The company has production units in 17 countries. In contrast, Arcelor holds front running positions in its main markets: automotive, construction, household appliances and packaging as well as general industry. Arcelor is the number one steel producer in Europe and Latin America. Taking advantage of its now dominant position, Arcelor-Mittal has ambitions to further expand internationally in order to take advantage of the growth potential of developing economies and offer technologically advanced steel solutions to its global customers. p 38. lean: 精干的。p 39. household appliance: 家庭用具。p 40. dominant: 最有力的，占优势的。 162021-5-1/20:42:31 p Arcelor-Mittal is more than three times larger in terms of production of and revenue from steel, than its nearest rival Nippon Steel Corp. of Japan. The combined company will now have a significant advantage in setting prices and negotiating the terms of various contracts with key customers. The new steel industry titan will be better equipped to combat the volatile nature of the steel industry. This is due to the fact that it will have globally diversified operations and a diversified product line giving it the power to negotiate with large customer. p 41. rival: 竞争者，对手。p 42. titan: 巨头。p 43. diversified: 多样化的。 172021-5-1/20:42:31 p (2)Nippon Steel Corporation: u Nippon Steel Corporation is Japans No. 1 steelmaker and the worlds third largest, in terms of crude steel production, with annual consolidated output of approximately 33 million tons. It is backed by a solid business franchise supported by diverse product lines with a focus on high value added products, outstanding product development capability, as well as a strong customer base. The Company has also secured a solid presence overseas, fueled by distinctive research and development capabilities and strategic alliances. p 44. consolidated: 加固的；整理过的，统一的。p 45. franchise: 某种特许权。p 46. diverse: 多种多样的。p 47. presence: 存在。p 48. fuel: (给)加供给燃料。p 49. distinctive: 独特的。p 50. strategic: 战略(上)的。p 51. alliance: 同盟。 182021-5-1/20:42:31 p (3)Posco: u The Pohang Iron and Steel Company based in Pohang, South Korea, it is one of the top steel producers. Posco operates two steel companies in South Korea, one in Pohang and the other in Gwangyang. In addition to this, Posco operates in a joint venture with US Steel with name of USSPosco, located in Pittsburgh. p 52. joint venture: 合资(企业)。 192021-5-1/20:42:31 p In June 2005, Posco signed a memorandum of understanding with the State Government of Orissa, India and plans to invest $12 billion to construct a plant with four blast furnaces, an electricity plant, housing, and an annual production capacity of 12 million tons of steel and is expected to start production in 2010. p 53. memorandum: 记录；备忘录；便笺函；通知书；寄售物品通知书。p 54. blast furnace: 高炉，鼓风炉。p 55. housing: 房屋；住宅。 202021-5-1/20:42:31 p (4)Severstal: Severstal is the largest Russian steel producer, with 2005 annual steel production of 17.1 million tons. In addition, Severstal owns Severstal North America, the fifth largest integrated steel maker in the U.S. with 2005 production of 2.7 million tons, and Lucchini, Italys second largest steel group with 2005 production of 3.5 million tons. 212021-5-1/20:42:31 p Severstal is one of the worlds lowest cost and most profitable steel producers, with 2005 EBITDA of approximately 150 euros per ton. Severstal-Resource, its own subsidiary owns 70 years of iron ore reserves and 84 years of coal reserves, 2005 revenue and EBITDA were approximately EUR1.12 billion and EUR506 million, respectively. Severstal-Resource produces coking coal, thermal coal, iron ore pellets and iron ore concentrate. p 56. EBITDA: 未计利息、税项、折旧及摊销前的利润。p 57. euro: 欧元。p 58. subsidiary: 子公司。p 59. reserve: 储备。p 60. respectively: 各自。p 61. coking coal: 炼焦煤。p 62. thermal coal: 动力煤。p 63. iron ore: 铁矿石。p 64. pellet: 球团矿。p 65. iron ore concentrate: 铁精 矿。 222021-5-1/20:42:31 p (5)Corus: u Corus is a customer focused, innovative solutions driven company, which manufactures, processes and distributes metal products as well as providing design, technology and consultancy services. The companys headquarters are in London, with four Divisions and operations worldwide. p 66. innovative: 创新的。p 67. manufacture: (大量)制造，加工。p 68. consultancy: 咨询，顾问服务。p 69. headquarters: 总部。p 70. division: 政府或公司的一个部分位。 232021-5-1/20:42:31 u Corus ranks among the 10 largest steel producers in the world, with about 18 million tonnes of crude steel production in 2005. Activities include carbon steel production which are 90% of sales and aluminum smelting, rolling, and extrusion 10% of sales. The groups main production bases are the U.K., the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, France, Belgium, and the U.S. It is often spoken about as a possible takeover candidate. p 71. crude steel: 粗钢。p 72. carbon steel: 碳素钢。p 73. smelt: 精炼。p 74. roll: 轧钢。p 75. extrusion: 挤压成型。p 76. takeover: 接收；接管。 242021-5-1/20:42:32 3. Global Steel Industry p The steel industry in the European Union is structured differently than the steel industry in the United States. The key difference is the consolidation of the industry. Arcelor-Mittal, ThyssenKrupp, and Corus enjoy substantial market share in a largely consolidated market place. 252021-5-1/20:42:32 pThe steel industry in the United States is completely different compared to other industries globally. US corporate bond issuers have a higher historical default rate than any other steel producer globally. p 77. bond: 契约；联盟；证券，。p 78. issuer: 发行者。p 79. default: 不履行；违约；拖欠；不履行债务；缺席。 262021-5-1/20:42:32 p This reflects highly leveraged capital structures of the US steel producers compared to the European counterparts who hold higher cash balances placing significant importance to a cautious approach to liquidity. The high default rate in the US steel industry can be attributed to an elevated level of shareholder pressure for high short-term returns, which then forces the management to deploy higher-risk strategies. p 80. leverage:为提供杠杆装置；以“杠杆收购法”投资于(某个基金)。p 81. liquidity: 流动性，流畅。 272021-5-1/20:42:32 p Oversupply in China, particularly in commodity based flat products and long products, and the inventory build-up in Asian countries are pressuring the regions profitability and cash flow and thus contributing to the variability in the global steel industry. A new record high was set for world trade in steel, which grew 8% in 2005 to about 1.3 billion tons. p 82. oversupply: 过度供给。p 83. commodity: 商品。p 84. flat product: 扁平材产品。p 85. long product: 长材产品。p 86. inventory: 存货。p 87. build-up: 上升，升高。 282021-5-1/20:42:32 p The largest steel exporting countries in 2005 were EU 32.4 million tons, Japan 32 million tons, Russia 30.9 million tons, Ukraine 27.3 million tons and, entering the top 5 for the first time, China 27.4million tons up a solid 37 percent. The largest importing countries were China 27.5 million tons, the EU25.1 million tons and Japan 13.2 million tons. The major exporters of iron ore in 2005 were Australia 239 million tons and Brazil 224 million tons. p 88. break-up: 明细表。 292021-5-1/20:42:32 p Imports into China increased by 32% in 2005, compared to 2004, imports into the EU and Japan actually fell by 2%. Imports into China from Australia in 2005 were 112million tons, an increase of 34million tons on 2004. Imports from India, at 68.5million tons, were up by 18million tons on 2004 which means that imports from India have increased tenfold since 1998. Imports into China from Brazil reached 55 million tons, and increase of 8 million tons. The break-up of Chinese imports by country of origin shows that Australia supplied 41%, India 25% and Brazil 20%, other countries such as South Africa contribute to the remaining 14%. 302021-5-1/20:42:32 p (1)China: u In 2005 steel production in China was 349 million tons up 25% from 2004. In comparison, production in 2004 was 280 million tons, 2003 was 222 million tons and 2002 182 million tons. Imports in 2005 fell 18% to 27.3 million tons from 33.2 million tons in 2004. 312021-5-1/20:42:32 u Imports had previously risen significantly in 2003 to reach 43 million tons. Exports grew 36% in 2005 to reach 27 million tons compared with 20 million tons in 2004 and 8 million tons in 2003. Since September 2004 exports have exceeded imports to make China a net steel exporter although this was reversed from July 2005. However, in December 2005, exports again exceeded imports. Real GDP in China is expected to be around 10 percent in 2006 and will most likely remain high in 2007 in the run-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, hence feeding demand. 322021-5-1/20:42:32 p China, which is a major producer and consumer globally, is a net exporter of steel and its increased supply of products might find its way to the North America markets. The sudden increase in steel imports from China is not only fueled by the Beijing Olympics scheduled for 2008, but also because of the increase in domestic demand for infrastructure ignited by the rapid industrialization in China. Currently there are numerous small local steel companies in China, and in general view the Chinese steel industry is ripe for a rapid consolidation phase. After Beijing Olympics in 2008, there are prospects of a slow down in the industry. p 89. infrastructure: 基础设施。p 90. ignite: 点燃。p 91. ripe: 成熟的。p 92. be ripe for: 的时机成熟。 332021-5-1/20:42:32 p (2)United States: u The US, which is traditionally a steel importer, recorded imports of 30.2 million tons in 2005 a drop of 8% on 2004. The key imported products were semis 6.3 million tons, hot rolled coil 3.7million tons, welded tubes 3.6million tons and wire rod 2.8million tons. Key supplying countries include the NAFTA members Canada 5.6million tons and Mexico 3.8 million tons followed by Brazil 2.4million tons and China 2.3 million tons. US steel mill exports in 2005 were 9.4million tons compared with 7.8miliion tons in 2004. p 93. appetite: 胃口。p 94. semis: 半成品。p 95. hot rolled coil: 热轧钢卷。p 96. welded tube: 焊管。p 97. wire: 钢丝。p 98. rod: 线材。p 99. NAFTA : North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定。p 100. steel mill: 钢厂。 342021-5-1/20:42:32 p (3)European Union:u EU imports, after reaching their highest level ever in Q1 2005 at 8.7 million tons, fell back sharply in the second quarter to down to 7.7 million tons and also in quarter 3 down to 5.3 million tons. Hence in the first 9 months 2005 imports, at 21.7 million tons were 11% down on the same period 2004. 352021-5-1/20:42:32 u Consequently, over the first 9 months the EU has resumed its position as a net steel exporter with a surplus of 2 million tons imports 21.7 million tons and exports 23.7 million tons. Key products imported by the EU include semis, hot rolled coil, wire rod, galvanized sheet, hot rolled plates and cold rolled sheet. Key import sources include Russia 3.9 million tons, Turkey 2.1 million tons, Ukraine 2.2 million tons, China 1.5 million tons, India 0.9 million tons and Brazil 1.1 million tons. p 101. resume: 拿回。p 102. surplus: 盈余。p 103. galvanized sheet: 镀锌薄板。p 104. hot rolled: 热轧的。p 105. plate: （中厚板）。p 106. cold rolled: 冷轧的。p 107. sheet: 薄板。 2021-5-1/20:42:32 Reading material 1: New development in Europe 372021-5-1/20:42:32 1. Steel production in Europep Steel is a global product, and due to the rapid information transfer worldwide there are no fundamental differences regarding the production processes. Nevertheless, there are distinctions in the technologies applied, caused by the raw materials and energy situation, consumer orientation, and also caused by the speed of the introduction of innovations and new process developments in operational application. p 1. distinction: 区别,分清。p 2. orientation: 定位熟悉。p 3. innovation: 革新, 创新。 382021-5-1/20:42:32 p The European Union (EU) is one of the most important economic blocks in the world. The treaty on the foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), established in 1952, was one of the origins of the European Union which today comprises 15 member states. This region has about 376 million inhabitants; in 1999 the production of crude steel amounted to 155 million t. p 4. economic block: 经济板块。p 5. the European Coal and Steel Community: 欧洲煤钢联营体。 392021-5-1/20:42:32 p Geographically, Europe contains several other steel producing countries outside the EU. Without considering the share of the CIS member states, there is an additional crude steel production of about 50 million t. An overview of the steel production locations in Europe having a capacity of more than 4 million t/year crude steel reveals that the city of Duisburg in Germany is the area with the highest production level. p 6. CIS: Commonwealth of Independence States 独联体。 402021-5-1/20:42:32 p The share of basic oxygen furnace steelmaking in integrated plants is heading towards 60%, and that of scrap based electric steelmaking towards 40%. Today, and in the future, only those production processes which achieve high productivity, cost efficiency, and also easy and sufficient environmental control will have a chance to survive. Therefore, the Basic Bessemer and Open-Hearth processes have been phased out. p 7. basic oxygen furnace: 碱性氧气转炉。p 8. integrated plant: 钢铁厂。p 9. scrap: 废钢。p 10. electric steelmaking: 电炉炼钢。p 11. Basic Bessemer: 碱性贝塞麦转炉炼钢法。p 12. Open-Hearth process: 平炉工艺。p 13. phase out: 分阶段停止使用。 412021-5-1/20:42:32 p Sinter is the main ferrous burden component for the blast furnaces in the European Union. The average burden composition in EU countries is 62.4% sinter, 26.1% pellets and 11.5% lump ores and others. Only Sweden has shut down all its sinter plants. p 14. sinter: 烧结物；烧结矿。p 15. burden: 含铁原料。p 16. blast furnace: 高炉。p 17. lump ore: 块矿。2. Sinter plants 422021-5-1/20:42:32 p In the other countries, the share of sinter ranges from about 45 to 85%. In 1999, 41 sinter plants were operated in the EU producing 100 million t of sinter. Over 50% are medium to large plants with 200 to 500 m2 effective suction area the largest being strand No.3 at Sollac Dunkerque with 525 m 2. p 18. effective suction area: 有效抽风面积。 432021-5-1/20:42:32 p Sinter plants in the EU are focusing on reducing dioxin emissions to extremely low levels. Therefore, several activities to reduce dioxin emissions are carried out. Urea is added to the sinter plant in Llanwern, United Kingdom. This resulted in a decrease in dioxin emissions. One possible mechanism for the dioxin reduction using urea is the reduction of chlorine levels. The average dioxin emission levels could be decreased to 0.6 ng TEQ/m 3 (s.t.p.) in the waste gas. p 19. dioxin: 二恶英。p 20. emission: 散发。p 21. urea: 尿素。p 22. chlorine: 氯。p 23. TEQ: 由于环境二恶英主要以混合物形式存在，在对二恶英的毒性进行评价时，国际上常把不同组分折算成相当于2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD的量来表示，称为毒性当量(Toxic Equivalent Quantity，简称TEQ)。p 24. s.t.p. 标准温度和压力。 442021-5-1/20:42:32 p At Corus in Ijmuiden, the Netherlands, half of the waste gas quantity is recycled via hoods to the sinter strand, whilst the residual gas is cleaned using the wet scrubbing Airfine system. This combination of EOS (Emission Optimised Sintering) and Airfine enabled the reduction of dioxin emissions to approx. 0.20 to 0.24 ng TEQ/m3 (s.t.p.). The authorities in the Netherlands prescribe a maximum allowable emission value of 0.5 ng TEQ/m 3 (s.t.p.). p 25. hood: 烟罩。p 26. strand: （烧结机）一台；（连铸机）一流。p 27. residual: 残余的，剩下的。p 28. scrub: (使)(气体)净化；(从气体中)分离出，提出。p 29. wet scrubbing: 湿法喷淋。 452021-5-1/20:42:32 p Within the framework of a European consortium, a dry gas cleaning system to reduce dio