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A better way of looking at linguistic forms in different languages would be to use the notion of “elements” in the message. Morphology: the type of investigation which analyzes all those “elements” which are used in a language Morphemes: “elements” in the form of a linguistic message “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” Reopened: re- + open + -ed Tourists: tour + -ist + -s Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s. All affixes in Eng are bound Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem Un- dress -ed Prefix stem suffix bound free bound This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng. Re- in words: receive, reduce, repeat But ceive, -duce- and peat are not free morphemes Bound stems and free stems (dress, care) Lexical morphemes实 意 词 素 : a set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the content of messages we convey open class of words Functional morphemes功 能 词 素 : consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns: closed Derivational morphemes: to make new words in the L and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem; -ness, -less, -ful, -ly, etc Inflectional morphemes: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form Eng has 8 inflectional morphemes: -s, -s (books), -s (lies), -ing, -ed, -en, -er, -est. All suffixes Inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word Derivational morpheme can change: teach-er -er can be an inflectional morpheme as part of an adjective (fast-er) and also a distinct derivational morpheme as part of a noun (teach-er) Teach -er -s Teachers Lexical deri- inflectional P 78 Problems in morphological description Morphs: actual forms used to realize morphemes. Cat is a single morph. Cats consists of two morphs, realizing a lexical morpheme and an inflectional morpheme (plural) Allomorphs: actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme The irregular forms of plurals and past tenses in English are described as having individual morphological realization rules
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