英语语法--定语从句

定语 attribute对名词或代词起修饰限定作用的词，短语. 定语从句 Relative Clause对名词或代词起修饰限定作用的句子.定语从句可以分为:限制性定语从句 和 非限制性定语从句. 1. The great wall is the only man-made structure that can be seen from space.2. I happened to be sittitting beside a young boy who was travelling alone.3. The tough guys who teased and bullied the little boy on the train. 先行词: 定语从句所修饰的名词,代词.关系词: 引导定语从句的词.关系词分为:1. 关系代词: who, whom, whose, that, which, as, but2. 关系副词: when, where, why 关系词的三个作用:1. 引 导 定 语 从 句2. 代 替 先 行 词3. *定 语 从 句 中 担 当 一 个 成 分关 系 词 位 置 : 先 行 词 之 后 ,定 语 从 句 之 前 .定 语 从 句 的 位 置 : 先 行 词 之 后 . 关系代词who的用法1. The boys who are playing football are from Class Four.2. The man who visited our classroom yesterday is our headmaster.3. He is the man who told me the funny story.who: 先行词是人,在定语从句 中作主语,不可以省略. 关系代词whom的用法1. The man (whom) you met at the school gate is our teacher.2. He is the man (whom) I saw yesterday.3. I do not want to invite those people (whom) I dislike.whom: 先行词是人，在定语从句中充当宾语，可以省略。 关系代词whose的用法1. I know the lady whose husband is a doctor.2. I like the book whose name is spy.3. I live in a house whose windows face to the south.whose: 先行词为人或物， 在定语从句中充当定语，不可以省略。 关系代词which的用法1. She is not on the train which arrived five minutes ago.2. I live in Qingpu which is in the west of Shanghai.3. The book (which) I bought yesterday is interesting.4. Is this the book (which) you talked about yesterday?Which： 先行词为物，在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，在充当宾语时可省略。 关系代词that的用法1. The man that writes the book is an English.2. Where is the man (that) I saw this morning?3. The dress that is made my my mother suits me very well.4. The book (that) you picked up this morning belongs to Tom.= who= whom = which= which= whichthat: 在定语从句中可指人，充当主语是代替who,充当宾语时代替whom （可省略），也可指物， 代替which ，充当主语或宾语（充当宾语时可省略。） 词 形 先 行 词 在 从 句 中 充当 的 成 分关系代词 who 人人 宾 语whosewhich 物that 主 语 ,宾 语主 语whom 定 语人 ,物 主 语 ,宾 语人 ,物 revision1. The bank _ was opened yesterday is a very modern one.2. Do you know anyone _ wants to buy a second-hand car?3. He gave a tip to the porter _ carried his luggage.4. I saw some trees _ leaves were black with disease5. That is the only thing _ he has in his pocket. (which / that) thatwho / thatwhose(that) 6.The thief_ had robbed the man was caught by the police.7.The monument was the first place_ they went to visit while they were in China.8.Little Peter had a dream_ he was taken to the movies.9.The money _ he bought the bike was given by his fatherwhowhich / that in which with which 10. Ann White,_ we received the invitation, lives next door to us11. A person_ you work with is called a colleague12. People _ are paid to work for other people are called employees14. It is the only man-made structure _can be seen from spacefrom whomwhomwho / thatthat 注 意 点 ：The man _ you talked about is our English teacher.The man about whom you talked is our teacher.The country _ he comes from is in Africa.The country from which he comes is in Africa.(whom/that)(which/that) 1.关系代词which或 whom在定语从句当中作介词宾语时，可以省略。但也可以把介词提前，放在which 或whom 的前面，但不可以省略。* that在定语从句中也可以作介词的宾语，但介词不能放在 that前面。This is the book (which / that )you are looking for. (T)This is the book for which you are looking .(F)但是有些固定词组，如： look for, take care of, look after. be interested in 等，不可以拆开，在定语从句中介词仍要放在动词的后面，不可以放在which或 whom的前面 Please show me the book _ cover is red.whosePlease show me the book, the cover of which is red.Please show me the book. The cover of it is red.2. whose + n. = the + n. + of which 3. 只能用that不能用which 的情况1.当先行词为形容词最高级修饰时 (eg) This is the tallest building that I have ever seen. It is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.2. 当先行词由序数词修饰时(eg) This is the first novel that I read. The last train that leaves here is at 8:00. 3. 当先行词由only, no, very (adj. 正是，恰好是)修饰时(eg) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. This is the only book that interests me.4. 当先行词为*something, anything, nothing, everything, no, little, all 时(eg) There is little that I can do for you. All that glitters is not gold.*something:后面既可以用which, 也可以用 that. 5. 当先行词既有人又有物时(eg) Do you know the things and the people that they are talking about? Can you name a writer and his works that we have learned.6. 不重复原则(eg) Who that has seen the boy doesnt like him. who is the woman that has been praised at the meeting?Which is the book that you liked?*Whats that which you want to say? 只能用that不能用which 的情况1. 当先行词为形容词最高级修饰时2. 当先行词由序数词修饰时3. 当先行词由only, no, very (adj. 正是，恰好是)修饰时6. 当先行词为*something, anything, nothing, everything, no, little, all 时,或者先行词由every, some, any, much, all等修饰的时候.4. 当先行词既有人又有物时5. 不重复原则 Exercises:1. This is the book _ I want to read This is the very book _ I want to read.2. This is an interesting film _ I have ever seen. This is the most interesting _ I have ever seen.3. Is there anything _ I can do for you?4. Have you written down everything _ Miss Yan said? which/that thatthatwhich/thatthatthat 5. There is no student _ is not interested in music nowadays.6. There is much _ you can do.7. John kept talking about the people and the incident _ he met with during the journey.8. Who is the man _ is standing there?9. You can borrow any book _ you want.10. There is much money _ he left on the desk. thatthatthat that thatthat 4. one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 谓语动词 (复) the (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 谓语动词 (单)(eg) He is one of the actors who are my favorites. He is the (only) one of the actors who is my favorites.他是我最喜欢的演员之一.他是我最喜欢的唯一的一个演员. exerciseSun Wen is one of those women players who _ (play) soccer well.Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that _ (be) produced in Hollywood.Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that _ (be) produced in Hollywood.play have been has been 关系代词 as 的用法关 系 代 词 as可 以 指 人 ,也 可 以 指 物 , 通 常 与the same, such 连 用 ,在 定 语 从 句 中 可 以 充当 主 语 ,宾 语 ,表 语 .H e was not such a man as would leave his work half-done.I hope to get such a toll as he is using. My hometown isnt such a place as it was ten years ago.This is the same dictionary as I used yesterday. 先行词是人,主语先行词是物,宾语先行词是物,表语先行词是物,宾语 关系副词 when 的用法1. She came on the day when I was not at home .2. I still remember the day when I first came to this school.3. The time when we got together finally came.on which on whichat whichwhen: 指时间，往往跟在表示时间的名词后面，在从句中作时间状语，其构成相当于 on / at / in which（比较） The day (which/that) I will remember forever is Nov. 12 1. This is the place where I grow up.2. Shanghai is the city where I was born.3. The house where I lived three years ago has been pulled down.关系副词 where 的用法in whichwhere: 指地点，往往跟在表示地点的名词后面，在从句中作地点状语，其构成相当于 on / at / in which（比较） The place (which/that) I visited yesterday is far from here. 1. Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.2. I dont know the reason why he is unhappy today.关系副词 why 的用法why: 指原因，往往跟在表示原因的名词后面(reason)，在从句中作原因状语，其构成相当于 for which（比较）I dont believe the reason that he explained to the teacher. 词形先行词担当成分关系代词who人主语whom人(宾语)which物主语,(宾语)that人,物主语,(宾语)whose人,物定语as人,物主语,宾语,表语关系副词when时间词时间状语where地点词地点状语why原因词原因状语 一 些 特 殊 用 法指 人 ,宜 用 who,不 宜 用 that1.先行词为 one,ones, anyone(eg) The ones who tell lies should be punished. Anyone who wants to go there should gather here.2. 先行词为those,he(eg) Those who want to see the film raise your hands ,please. H e who has never been to the G reat Wall is not a real man. 3. 一个句子有两个定语从句,其中一个用that,另外一个用who(eg) The boy that you met last night is the person who invited me to see a film.4. There be 开头的句子(eg) There is an old man who wants to see you. There is a book that you want. 定语从句的关键1. 关 系 词 代 替 了 先 行 词 在 定 语 从 句 中的 成 分 .2. 定 语 从 句 一 般 跟 在 先 行 词 后 面 . 当定语从句的先行词为time， place，way时，通常省略关系副词：The way you look at your customers doesnt give them a good impression.I still remember the first time you came to my house Is this the place you were born? 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句的区别:限 制 性 定 语 从 句 是 对 先 行 词 起 修 饰 和 限 定 的作 用 ,是 先 行 词 不 可 缺 少 的 定 语 ,如 果 省 去 ,主句 的 意 思 就 会 不 完 整 或 者 失 去 意 义 .非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 是 对 先 行 词 的 附 加 说 明 ,如果 省 去 ,主 句 的 意 义 仍 完 整 .(eg) China is a country which has a long history. China , which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. This is a shop that sells computer.Shakespeare, whose plays are popular, was a great writer.限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号与主句分开用逗号与主句分开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,不可删除是对先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词 的定语“的”通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上做宾语时可以省略;可用that;可以用who代替whom宾语不可省略;不用 that;不用who代替whom 注意点1唯一性(eg) He has a sister, who is a nurse. He has a sister who is a nurse.他有一个姐姐,她是个护士.(只有一个姐姐.)他有个护士的姐姐.(不止一个姐姐) His father, who flew to Paris, has just returned. 二.专有名词前,一般要用非限制性定语从句. Yesterday I happened to see Mr. Smith, for was going to leave home.Last Sunday they reached Qingdao, where a meeting was to be held. 三. 在非限制性定语从句中, of which / whom 常常用于基数词或some,most,all,none,neither,either 等词之后.Her sons, both of whom work abroad, write to her every month.I met some young people, ten of whom were university students.It is a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.Here are some blouses, none of which suits me. 四. Which可以指代前面整个句子的内容或部分句子的内容 He tried to escape, which was impossible.He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.全部内容部分内容 五.as和which的区别 He is a teacher, _is clear from his manner. which / as_ we all know, he is a teacher._ is known to all, he is a teacher.AsAswhich和 as当 都 可 以 指 代 前 面 的 整 个 句 子 which 引 导 非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 不 能 放 在 句首 ,而 as 可 以 . 定语从句和同位语从句The news that he told me is not true.The news that the leader will come here is not true.定语从句同位语从句