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一一.含义含义动词的-ing形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，不能单独充当谓语。二二.构成构成1.构成:动词原形+-ing2.规则:一般情况，直接+ing;以不发音的e结尾，去e+ing;以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母再加ing;以ie结尾，变ie为y，+ing，例：die，dying；lie，lying.关键词关键词：含义：含义 构成构成 特征特征 分类分类 成分成分 用法用法 形式形式 运用运用三三.特征特征1.动词的-ing形式具有名词、形容词和副词等词的特点.2.动词的-ing形式由动词变来,所以保留了动词的某些特征,如它可以有自己的宾语,状语等.He enjoys listening to violin music,playing mah-jong,swimming and reading.四四.分类分类1.动名词:动词的-ing 形式相当于名词在句中的用法.2.现在分词:具有动词的特征，可以表示一个正在进行的、主动的动作.小结：小结：doing 为非谓语动词，由为非谓语动词，由do原形原形+ing 构构成，不能单独充当谓语成，不能单独充当谓语,可以充当可以充当 1.主语主语 2.宾语宾语 3.表语表语 4.定语定语 5.状语状语 6.宾语补足语。宾语补足语。doing现在分词现在分词动名词动名词具有名词，动词的特性具有名词，动词的特性具有具有adj.，adv.的特性的特性主语宾语表语定语状语宾补动名词动名词现在分词现在分词成分成分形式形式做主语和宾语的肯定是做主语和宾语的肯定是_；做状语和宾补的肯定是做状语和宾补的肯定是_。Examples:1)Seeing is believing.(动名词做主语和宾语动名词做主语和宾语)2)Be careful while crossing the street.(现在分词做时间状语现在分词做时间状语)3)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(现在分词做宾语补足语现在分词做宾语补足语)动名词动名词现在分词现在分词1.做主语主语例句呈现：1.Since then,finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.2.Spending money on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him.3.Just dreaming for things,however,costs nothing.五.用法：小结小结：1特征：单个的动词-ing形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。2.句型：1）doing 作作主语句型：主语句型：Doing.+V+O 2）但有些含有动名词的句型，为避免句子主语太长，通常用it作形式主语，-ing形式作真正的主语。下面列举几种最常见的句型：Eg.Its no use crying over spilt（倾倒出）milk.It+be+no good/use doing做做无益无益/无无用用Its a waste of time thinking hard about the past.It+be+a waste of time doing做做是浪费是浪费时间时间The book is worth reading.It+be+worth doing 做做值得值得There is no harm in doing so.There+be+no+n.+in+doing 做做没有没有2.作作宾语宾语(动词宾语和介词宾语）动词宾语和介词宾语）He finished reading the book yesterday.I enjoy learning English.(动词宾语）动词宾语）I am fond of watching TV.（介词宾语（介词宾语）动词动词+宾语宾语只接只接doing只接只接to dodoing和和to do皆可，意义皆可，意义区别很大区别很大doing和和to do皆可，意义皆可，意义区别不大区别不大以下动词须用以下动词须用doing 做宾语做宾语1)记忆口诀：记忆口诀：双双P延期延期 两建议两建议否认否认 错过了错过了 练习练习考虑考虑 完成完成 不耽搁不耽搁喜欢喜欢 设想设想 不介意不介意面对面对 坚持坚持 不放弃不放弃避免避免 冒险冒险 请原谅请原谅 对应单词：对应单词：postpone,put off,suggest,advisedeny,miss,practiceconsider,finish,delay fancy,enjoy,appreciate,imagine,mindface,insist on,give upavoid,risk,excuse,forgive2)need,require,want+doing=need to be don注意注意:主动表被动主动表被动动词动词want，need，require作作“需要需要”解时，后面解时，后面的动词用动名词作宾语时，且与句子主语有逻辑上的动词用动名词作宾语时，且与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，这个动名词的主动式表示被动意义。的动宾关系，这个动名词的主动式表示被动意义。3)give up,cant help,look forward,have trouble .+doingEg1.My coat needs washing.=My coat needs to be washed.Eg2.I look forward to receiving your letter.下列动词常以动词不定式（to do）作宾语。三个希望两答应两个要求莫拒绝设法学会做决定不要假装在选择hope;wish;want;agree;promisedemand;ask;refusemanage;learn;decide pretend;choose 想要拒绝命令需要努力学习,期望同意帮助希望决定开始。want;refuse;order need;try;learn expect;agree;help hope;wish;decide;begin;start 有些动词既可接-ing，又可接to do作宾语,区别不是很大。like,love,hate,begin,start,continue,intend,prefer,etc.He likes singing.He likes to sing.1)I must remember to take my notebook with me.I remember seeing her somewhere before.remember to do sth.记得要做某事。记得要做某事。remember doing sth.记得做过某事。记得做过某事。类似词：类似词：forget,regret,mean,stop,try,etc.有些动词后既可以接doing又可以接to do作宾语,意思上有明显差别：2)I forgot to post the letter.I forgot posting the letter.forget to do sth.忘记要做某事。forget doing sth.忘记做过某事。3)I regret to tell you that you cant work here any more.I regret not taking your advice.regret to do sth 对马上要发生的事抱歉、遗憾，常和say,tell,inform 等词连用。regret doing sth.后悔做过某事。4)I did not mean to hurt you.That means giving up my job.mean to do sth.:有的意图，打算，想 mean doing sth.:意味着5)He stopped to sing.He stopped singing.stop to do sth.:停下来正在做的事，去做另一件事。stop doing sth.:停止正在做的事情。6)We must try to get everything done on time.Lets try doing the work some other way.try to do sth.:设法、努力做某事 try doing sth.:尝试做某事7）He said nothing but just went on working.After her early teaching career she went on to become a doctor.go on doing sth.继续做同一件事 go on to do sth.(做完某事)接着做另一件事8）I cant help to finish her work,because I havent finished mine yet.I cant help crying when I heard the news.cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事Complete these sentences:1.If you can keep _(read)English newspapers,your English will be improved.2.He has promised _(come)to my birthday party.3.I hate _(tell)lies!4.*I will never forget _(go)to Beijing with him last summer.*I forgot _(tell)her the news;so she knew nothing about it.readingto cometelling/to tellgoingto tell3.作作表语表语 His job is teaching English.=teaching English is his job.She is washing the dishes.Washing the dishes is she.动名词做表语动名词做表语现在分词做表语现在分词做表语现在分词与动名词做表语的区别：现在分词与动名词做表语的区别：动名词做表语表示主语内容，主语表语可交换位置；现在动名词做表语表示主语内容，主语表语可交换位置；现在分词做表语说明主语的性质，特征，主语和表语不可交换分词做表语说明主语的性质，特征，主语和表语不可交换位置。位置。Practice：1)Learning is my duty.2)The news is encouraging.动名词做表语动名词做表语现在分词做表语现在分词做表语4.作作定语定语 a.the laughing audience /an amusing story b.Dustin Hoffman is famous for his role acting as a woman.(短语短语后置后置）The girl singing on the stage is my sister.CompareThe amusing play=the play that is amusing.The girl singing on the stage=The girl who is singing on the stage.现在分词与动名词作定语的区别现在分词与动名词作定语的区别现在分词现在分词单独单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词做定语时，放在所修饰的名词 ,说明其修饰名词的说明其修饰名词的动作，性质或特征动作，性质或特征,它与被修饰它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的的名词是逻辑上的主动主动关系，且可以转换成关系，且可以转换成定语从定语从句句；动名词做定语说明被修饰名词的；动名词做定语说明被修饰名词的功能或用途功能或用途，一般是单个动名词，放在被修饰名词之一般是单个动名词，放在被修饰名词之_，可以，可以转换成转换成for for 短语，表示短语，表示“供作供作.之用之用”。前前前前a walkingwalking stick(a stick for walking)(a pool for swimming)a sleeping boya moving story _(a story that moves people)(a boy who is sleeping)a swimming pool _动词动词-ing 形式如果是短语，形式如果是短语，应应放在所修饰的名词放在所修饰的名词 ，相当于相当于_。1.They are visitors coming from several coming from several countriescountries.（=who come from several countries.）2.Three days later I received a letter offering meoffering me the job.the job.（=which offered me the job.）3.The girl standing therestanding there is my classmate.（=who stands there）4.The man speaking to the teacherspeaking to the teacher is my father.后后定语从句定语从句(who is speaking to the teacher)Step 2.The boy who is coming to dinner this evening is a classmate of mine.Step 1.The boy is coming to dinner this evening He is a classmate of mine.Step 3.The boy coming to dinner this evening is a classmate of mine.Wrong:The boy is coming to dinner this evening is a classmate of mine There are some people are waiting at the bus stop_5.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语 现在分词作状语时，现在分词作状语时，分词的分词的逻辑主语逻辑主语必须必须是是句子的主语句子的主语，分词必须和句中的主语含有分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑逻辑上上的的主谓关系主谓关系，否则不能用现在分词作状语。，否则不能用现在分词作状语。但要注意它的各种形式变化：但要注意它的各种形式变化：True or false:1.Seeing from the top,the school looks more beautiful.()2.Seeing from the top,we find the school more beautiful.()FT主动语态被动语态一般式完成时6.形式：时态和语态形式：时态和语态doing having done having been done being done 否定式 主动语态否定式 被动语态否定式一般否定式完成否定式 not being donenot having done not doing not having been done Eg.Hearing the bell,the students began to enter the classroom.听见铃声，学生们开始走进教室。听见铃声，学生们开始走进教室。（听见和进入两个动作（听见和进入两个动作同时同时或或基本同时基本同时发生）发生）The building being built now is our new library.（being built为现在分词的为现在分词的被动被动形式，表示动作形式，表示动作正在进正在进行之中行之中。）。）Having done the work,he went home.（having done the work为现在分词的为现在分词的完成式完成式，表示动作，表示动作先于谓语动词先于谓语动词发生。）发生。）All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。（having been sold out 为现在分词的为现在分词的完成式完成式，表示动作，表示动作先先于谓语动词发生于谓语动词发生。）。）Walking in the street,I came across an old friend of mine.(=When I was walking in the street,I came across an old friend of mine.)While waiting for the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.(=While _ _ _ _ the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.)1）表时间状语表时间状语I was waiting for2)表原因状语表原因状语Being ill,he didnt go to school.(=As he was ill,he didnt go to school.)Being a student,you should study hard.(=Since _ _ a student you should study hard.）既然你是一个学生，你就应该努力学习。既然你是一个学生，你就应该努力学习。由于想到它或许在家，所以我就给他打了电话由于想到它或许在家，所以我就给他打了电话。Thinking he might be at home,I called him.As _ _ he might be at home,I called him.you areI thought 3)表方式、伴随情况的状语表方式、伴随情况的状语：作伴随状语的分作伴随状语的分词表示的动作，必须是词表示的动作，必须是主语的主语的一个一个 动作，或是动作，或是与与谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生，或，或是是对谓语表示地动词（或状态）作进一步地补对谓语表示地动词（或状态）作进一步地补充说明。充说明。Eg.He sat on the sofa,watching TV.(=He sat on the sofa,and watched TV.)我们乘车游览了许多地方。我们乘车游览了许多地方。Travelling by car,we visited a many places.We _ by car and visited many places.traveled 他们笑着谈着走进了教室。他们笑着谈着走进了教室。_,they went into the classroom.他斜靠他斜靠(lean)着墙站着。着墙站着。He stood leaning against the wall.(He _ and _ against the wall.)Laughing and talking(They _ and _,and they went into the classroom.)laughedtalkedleanedstood4)表结果表结果Eg.Her mother died in 1990,leaving her with her younger brother.(=Her mother died in 1990,and left her with her younger brother.)全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受欢迎地歌曲。The song is sung all over the country,_.making it the most popular song (=The song is sung all over the country,and this _ it the most popular song.)makes5)表条件表条件Using your head,you will find a way.(=If you use your head,you will find a way.)一直往前走，你就会看到一座白色地房子。一直往前走，你就会看到一座白色地房子。_,you will see a white house.Walking ahead(If you _ _,you will see a white house.Working hard,you will succeed.努力吧，努力吧，你会成功的。你会成功的。（If you _ _,you will succeed.walk aheadwork head6)表让步（表让步（though/although,even thoungh等）等）尽管拼命地工作，他一点都不觉得累。尽管拼命地工作，他一点都不觉得累。Workiing hard,he didnt feel a bit tired.（=Although he worked hard,he didnt feel a bit tired.)Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.（=Even though they _ _ _,they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。损失。knew all this逻辑主语逻辑主语 ones doing Do you mind Tims smoking here?Excuse me for my being late.She accepted his apology for his being rude.ones 形容词型物主代词形容词型物主代词人称代词宾格人称代词宾格名词所有格名词所有格动名词的复合结构注意比较下面两个句子,它们有什么区别与联系I dont mind smoking here.I dont mind his smoking here.共同点:都是相当于名词不同点:动名词的复合结构有了自己的动作发出者,如,his谁抽烟,他抽 7)7)与逻辑主语构成独立主格：与逻辑主语构成独立主格：-ing-ing形式作状语时形式作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须与主句它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的，如果两者不构成主谓关系的主语是一致的，如果两者不构成主谓关系,只能只能用独立主格结构用独立主格结构,也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。Time permitting,well do another two exercises.(=If _ _,well do another two exercises)分词的逻辑主语是分词的逻辑主语是time,time,而句子的主语是而句子的主语是I I,两者不构成两者不构成主谓关系主谓关系,所以只能用独立主格结构所以只能用独立主格结构,也就是给现在分词补也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。充一个主语。time permits I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my heard(=when I for the bus,a bird fell on my heard.)was waiting 独立主格中的注意事项独立主格中的注意事项（1 1）独立主格有时也可用独立主格有时也可用with(without)+名词名词（代词宾格）（代词宾格）+分词形式分词形式With the lights burning,he fell asleep.他点着灯睡着了。他点着灯睡着了。（2 2）有些固定用法作独立成分）有些固定用法作独立成分(悬垂分词悬垂分词)：Judging from(by)his appearance,he must be an actor.generally speaking,frankly speaking,considering,/taking in consideration,to tell you the truth,etc.6.Doing 作作宾语补足语。宾语补足语。句中的谓语动词句中的谓语动词通常为通常为 a:感官动词，感官动词，如：如：see,notice,watch,hear,listen to,feel,observe,find+sb+doing We heard the children singing in her room.We watched the children diving into the water from the top board.b.役使动词役使动词.表示表示“使使”，“让让”的意思。的意思。keep sb doing 保持保持.leave sb doing 使处于使处于 get sb/sth doing让做让做 have sb doing 让让做做.set sb/sth doing使使Well soon have you walking again.我们会不久让你重新走起来我们会不久让你重新走起来。I leave the machine running all day.我让机器整天运转着。我让机器整天运转着。More examples Step 1.People saw the police.The police were breaking the window with a hammer.（简单句）（简单句）Step 2.People saw the police who were breaking the window with a hammer.（定语从句）（定语从句）Step 3.People saw the police breaking the window with a hammer.(doing 短语作宾补）短语作宾补）
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