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【语法精讲】： 主谓一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football. 可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致. (一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物) 用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福. When well go out for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。 4. 用and连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数. Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如: Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。 We each has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。 6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。 7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。 None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。 8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如: His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。 9. 形复意单名词如:news 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night ; 以及The United Nations 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 10. “a/one +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table. 注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。 (二) 内容一致原则: 1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。 60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。 Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。 2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。 A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。 3. 加减乘除用单数.如: Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。 4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如: Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。 5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如: The British police have only very limited powers. (2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等. (3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, 6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire. 大火过后这些受伤的人被救了。 (三) 就近原则 1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了. Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。 Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？ 2. 用连词or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓 语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如： Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事. He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。 注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。 The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。 Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 1. One-third of the area _ covered with green trees. About seventy percent of the trees _ been planted. A. are; have B. is; has C. is; have D. are; has 2. The number of teachers in our college _ greatly increased last term.A number of teachers in this school _ from the countryside. A. was; is B. was; are C. were; are D. were; is 3. What _ the population of China? One-third of the population _ workers here. A. is; are B. are; are C. is; is D. are; is 4. Not only he but also we _ right. He as well as we _ right. A. are; are B. are; is C. is; is D. is; are 5. What hed like _ a digital watch. What hed like _ textbooks. A. are; are B. is; is C. is; are D. are; is 6. He is one of the boys who _ here on time. He is the only one of the boys who _ here on time. A. has come; have come B. have come; has come C. has come; has come D. have come; have come 7. Either you or he _ interested in playing chess. _ you or he fond of music at present? A. are; Are B. is; Are C. are; Is D. is; Is 8. Many a professor _ looking forward to visiting Germany now. Many scientists _ studied animals and plants in the last two years. A. is; have B. is; has C. are; have D. is; are 9. A knife and a fork _ on the table. A knife and fork _ on the table. A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are 10. Her family _ much larger than mine four years ago. Her family _ dancing and singing when I came in last night. A. were; was B. was; were C. was; was D. were; were 11. How and why Jack came to China _ not known. When and where to build the new library _ not been decided. A. is; has B. are; has C. is; have D. are; have 12. Now Tom together with his classmates _ football on the playground. A. play B. are playing C. plays D. is playing 13. Two hundred and fifty pounds _ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car. A. is B. are C. were D. be 14. All but Dick _ in Class Three this term. A. are B. is C. were D. was 15. Soon after the earthquake, every man, woman and child _ about it. A. were talking B. was talking C. talk D. talks 16. We each _ strong points and each of us on the other hand _ weak points. A. have; have B. has; have C. has; has D. have; has 17. My friend and classmate Paul _ motorcycles in his spare time. A. race B. races C. is raced D. is racing 18. There _ a pen, two pencils, and three books on the desk. A. are B. is C. has D. have 19. The factory, including its machines and buildings, _ burnt last night. A. is B. are C. were D. was 20. Climbing hills _ of great help to health. A. is B. are C. were D. be 21. Time and tide _ for no man. A. wait B. waited C. is waiting D. has waited 22. The injured in the tsunami _ good care of by some medical teams. A. is taken B. are being taken C. are taking D. is being taken 23. It is not J. K. Rowling but her works that _ us excited. A. makes B. is made C. make D. are made 24. On the closet _ a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. A. lying B. lies C. lie D. is laid 25. Each man and each woman _ asked to help when the fire broke out. A. is B. was C. are D. were 26. About 60 percent of the students _ from the south; the rest of them _ from the north and foreign countries. A. are; is B. is; is C. is; are D. are; are 27. Is there anybody in the classroom ? No, the teacher, together with the students _ to the playground.A. go B. went C. has gone D. have gone 28. Are these your sheep ? No. Mine _ on grass at the foot of the hill. A. are feeding B. feed C. is fed D. is feeding 29. Sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women _ a very shy girl with two bright eyes. A. was B. are C. were D. there was 30. Mr. Bush, together with his wife and daughter _ going to Japan next week. A. are B. is C. will be D. would be 答案及部分解析：1-5 CBABC 6-10 BBACB 11-15 ADAAB 16-20 DBBDA 21-26 ABCBBD 27-33 C A A B C C D 1. “分数或百分数+of the+名词或代词”作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于名词或代词的单、复数形式。 2. “the number of+名词”作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。“a number of+名词” 作主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。 3. “分数或百分数+of the population”作主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。 4. or, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also等(关联)连词连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词的数按“就近原则”处理。注意：即使在疑问句中，动词的数也应与最近的主语保持一致。as well as连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词的数应与前一主语保持一致。 5. what引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。但当作表语的名词为复数，或what从句是一个具有复数意义的并列结构时，谓语动词常用复数形式,如：What I say and think are no business of yours.6. 在“one of +复数名词+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词常用复数；在“the （only） one of +复数名词+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词常用单数。 8. “many a +单数名词，more than one+单数名词”作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数， 但谓语常用单数形式。 9. 通常情况下，由and或bothand连接两个单数形式的名词（词组）作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。当并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词则常用单数形式。 10. 第一句的her family应理解为“她的家庭”；第二句中的her family应理解为“她一家人”。 12. 当主语后有together with, but, rather than, including等引导的词组时,谓语动词的数由主语的数来决定。 13. 表示度量、时间等的复数名词作主语时，往往把其看作一个整体，谓语动词采用单数形式。 16. 第一空前each作同位语，不影响谓语动词的数；第二空each为主语部分的中心词，谓语动词应用单数形式。 18. There be句型中，谓语动词的数按“就近原则”处理。 20. 非谓语动词短语作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。 21. Time and tide wait(s) for no man.时不待人。 22. “the+形容词/-ing形式/-ed分词”作主语表示“一类人”时，谓语动词常用复数形式。再者，此处应用被动语态。 24. 题干为倒装结构。a pair of trousers为主语部分的中心词，谓语动词应用单数形式。 25. each.each., every.every.或no.no.连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。 26. “the rest of +名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后面的名词或代词的单、复数形式。 27. C 本题考查的主谓一致的内容与上一题相同，从句子的语境判断，应当用现在完成时。28. A mine指my sheep 为复数形式。是主动语态。 29. A本句为倒装句。主语是a very shy girl with two bright eyes.核心主语是a very shy girl，为单数，全句为过去时。 30. B 全句的核心主语是Mr. Bush，为单数，全句为将来时。 Unit 2statistic n. （常用pl statisitcs）数据；统计；统计数字；统计资料sunburnt adj. 晒黑的struggle vt. & vi. 斗争；拼搏；努力decade n. 十年；十年期super adj. 特级的；超级的hybrid adj. 混合的；杂种的 n. 杂交种；混血儿output n. 产量；输出strain n.（植物的）品种；种类crop n. 庄稼；农作物；产量hunger n. 饥饿；欲望 vt. & vi. （使）饥饿disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的；令人不安的expand vt. & vi. 使变大；伸展circulate vt. & vi. 循环；流传Vietnam n. 越南（东南亚国家）thanks to 幸亏；由于；因为battle n. 战役；战斗；较量；斗争 vt. & vi. 搏斗；奋斗rid vt. 摆脱；除去 rid of 摆脱；除去be satisfied with 对感到满意freedom n. 自由；自主would rather 宁愿；宁可therefore adj.因为；所以；因而equip vt. & vi. 配备；装备sorghum n. 高粱grain n. 谷物；粮食；颗粒peanut n. 花生export vt. & vi. 输出；出口nationality n. 国籍occupation n. 工作；职业；占领personality n. 性格；个性；人格confuse vt. 使迷惑；使为难regret vt. 遗憾；惋惜 n. 遗憾；懊悔chemical adj. 化学的；关于化学的organic adj. 有机的；器官的；组织的fertile adj. 肥沃的；富饶的fertilizer n. 肥料；化肥production n. 生产；制造bacteria n. （bacterium的复数形式）细菌pest n. 害虫；害兽；害鸟build up 逐渐增强；建立；开发lead to 导致；造成（后果）nutrition n. 营养;滋养；食物mineral n. 矿物；矿石discovery n. 发现；发觉focus n. 焦点；中心点 vt. 集中；聚集 focus on 集中（注意力、精力等）于soil n. 土壤reduce vt. 减少；减缩keep free from/of 使免受（影响；害等）；使不含（有害物）soybean n. (=soyabean) 大豆root n. 根；根源skim vt. 浏览；略读underline vt. 画底线标出；强调summary n. 总结；摘要；概要comment n. 评论；议论 vi. & vt. 表达意见；作出评论producer n. 生产者；制片人industrial adj. 工业的；产业的1struggle v&n.挣扎；努力；奋斗；斗争；艰难地进行 (1)struggle to do sth.努力做某事；挣扎着做某事 struggle against/with同作斗争 struggle to ones feet挣扎着站起来 struggle for 为而斗争；努力争取 struggle on挣扎着，坚持下去 (2)with a struggle 费劲地 2expand vt.& vi. 扩大，增加；使变大；使增强；使膨胀；阐述；细谈 (1)expand into/in.使扩大，变大；把扩展 expand on/upon 阐述，详谈 (2)expand.into.把扩展/发展成 (3)expansive adj.易扩张的；易膨胀的；广阔的 expansion n. 扩张；膨胀；扩大；发展 Metals expand when they are heated. 金属受热则膨胀。 同类辨析 expand，extend，spread，stretch与enlarge (1)expand展开，扩大，使膨胀；不仅指尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。 (2)extend伸长，延伸，指空间范围等的扩大，以及长度、宽度的向外延伸，也可指时间的延长。 (3)spread伸开，传播，一般指向四面八方扩大传播的范围，如传播(疾病)、散布(信息)等。 (4)stretch伸展，拉长，一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长。 (5)enlarge指面积、体积和范围的扩大以及能力的增长，不能用来指重量、速度、时间等。 3equip vt.装备；配备 (1)equip.for sth./to do sth.为了(做)而装备 equip.with.用装备，使装(具)备 equip oneself 整装，预备行装 (2)be equipped for准备好，对有准备 be equipped with装(配)备；安装 be fully/specially/poorly/well equipped装备齐全/独特/简陋/完好 (3)equipment nU装备；设备 a piece of equipment (不可用 an equipment) 4regret vt.惋惜；遗憾 n遗憾；懊悔 (1)regret to do sth.(常和tell，say，inform等动词连用)对将要做某事表示遗憾 regret doing sth.后悔做了某事 regretthatclause 遗憾 (2)feel regret for对感到后悔 to ones regret令某人感到遗憾的是 Its to be regretted that.令人遗憾的是 with great/deep regret很遗憾 5focus n集中点，焦点，调焦；兴趣或注意力的中心 vt.&vi.(使)聚焦，(使)集中精力于 (1)focus ones eyes/energy/mind/attention on sth.把某人的眼神/精力/思想/注意力集中于某物 (2)focus on/upon sth.(某人)把注意力集中于某物 (3)out of focus模糊不清/焦点没有对准的 in focus清晰的/焦点对准的 bring sth.into focus使成为关注的焦点 the focus of attention/concern注意力/关注的焦点 6reduce vt. 缩减，减少；使处于状态(表示此种意义时，常用于被动语态)；使变弱；使降职(级) (1)reduce sth.(from sth.) to.把减少到 reduce sth.(from sth.) by.把减少了 be reduced to.沦落为 be reduced to despair 陷入绝望 reduce sb.(from sth.) to.把某人(从某级别或职位)降至 (2)reduction n减少，缩减；折扣；减价 make a reduction减价 (3)(反)increase v增加，增长，增大 7comment n&vi.评论，注释，意见 (1)make comments on/upon sth.评论某事 without comment不必多说 no comment无可奉告 (2)comment on/upon评论，谈论，对提意见 comment that.评论 He made several comments on the film. 他对这部电影作出了许多评论。 Before you make an offer，you should comment on the object.在你出价以前，应先对物品进行评论。 Tom commented that it was a better play than usual. 汤姆评论说这场比赛比以往打得要好。 短语句型 1rid.of摆脱，除去(不好的东西) (1)rid.of.常于用结构be rid of或get rid of中。 (2)get rid of处理掉；摆脱 be rid of已摆脱掉，已除掉 rid oneself of.摆脱；从解脱 2be satisfied with对感到满意 (1)be/feel satisfied withbe content with对表示满足或满意 be satisfied to do sth.对做某事感到满意 (2)satisfy v使(某人)满意，满足(欲望) satisfysb./sth.使某人/某种欲望得到满足 (3)satisfaction n满意，满足 to ones satisfactionto the satisfaction of sb.使某人感到满意的是 with satisfaction满意地 (4)satisfying adj.令人满意(满足)的 satisfied adj.满足的，满意的 satisfactory adj.令人满意的，圆满的，如愿的 far from satisfactory远不令人满意 3lead to导致(result in)；造成(后果)；通向(不用于被动语态) (1)lead to中to为介词，后跟名词、代词或v.ing形式。 (2)lead sb.to sth./sp.使得出(观点)/引导某人去 lead sb.to do sth.引导某人做某事 lead sb.into带某人进入 lead the way领路；处于领先地位 lead sb.by the nose牵着某人的鼻子走 lead sb.nowhere毫无成果 4He would much rather keep time for his hobbies. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的爱好上。 Organic farmers，therefore，often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer. 因此，使用有机耕作的农民们通常爱使用天然的动物粪便当作肥料。 would rather 宁愿，宁可(没有人称和数的变化) (1)would rather do sth.prefer to do sth.宁愿(可)做某事 would rather (not) do sth.宁愿(不)做某事 (2)would rather do.than do. would do.rather than do. rather than do.would. prefer to do.rather than do. 宁愿做也不愿做；与其做倒不如做 (3)would rather从句(从句使用虚拟语气) would rather (that) sb.did sth.宁愿某人做某事(用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反) would rather (that) sb.had done sth.宁愿某人做过某事(过去完成时表示与过去的情况相反) (4)would rather have done本来想做而未实现 I would rather you didnt.常用来表示委婉拒绝别人的请求。 Id rather have the red one than (have) the green one. 我宁愿要那个红的，也不愿要那个绿的。 Id take the train rather than go there by air. 我宁可坐火车去那儿，也不愿坐飞机去。 Rather than refuse to help you，I would borrow money from my friends.我宁可向朋友借钱，也不想拒绝帮助你。 He prefers to stay alone rather than gossip with his coworkers in his spare time.
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