英语句子结构成份

英语句子结构成份词类 英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 英语句子成分 概念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分，表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。 句子成分分类 1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如： 讲述“谁” We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么” The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough. 2谓语 谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如： He is very generous. She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job. He can speak German. 3表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。 形容词作表语 You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语 Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre. 不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English. , look, feel(摸起来，smell, taste, remain, feel. It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. 4宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如： 名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes. 代词做宾语 He often helps me. 不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air. 动名词作宾语 The Americans enjoyed living in China. 直接宾语和间接宾语 及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如： We brought them some food. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。 5宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如: 名词作宾补 If you let me go, Ill make you king. 形容词作宾补 Dont make your hands dirty. 副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived. 介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home. 省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building. 带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down. 现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day. 过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken. 在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有： “宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor. “宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如： Do you think his idea wrong? We must keep our classroom clean. We cant leave him alone. Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday? “宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home. When got there, we found him out. “宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如： We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend. He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain. “宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A 要求带to的不定式 The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework. “宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。 I saw them playing on the playground. I heard Mary singing in the classroom. 6定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如： 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 Whats your name? 名词作定语They made some paper flowers. 介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One. 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me? 介词短语作定语时要后置。如： Do you know the boy behind the tree? The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right. 动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring. 7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如： He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well. 五种简单基本句型 主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English. 主语 系动词 表语 She is happy 主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book She bought a book for me. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. 分析下列句子成分 1. All of us considered him honest. 2. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 3. He broke a piece of glass. 4. Tees turn green when spring comes. 5. They pushed the door open. 6. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 7. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 8. He asked us to sing an English song. 9.We will make our school more beautiful. 10. The old man lives a lonely life. 翻 译 练 习 主谓结构 1你应当努力学习。 2她昨天回家很晚。 3那天早上我们谈了很多。 4会议将持续两个小时。 5每天八时开始上课。 主谓宾结构 1 昨晚我写了一封信。 2 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3 这本书他读过多次了。 4 汤姆能说三种语言。 5 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 主系表结构 1 我的兄弟都是大学生。 2 布朗夫人看起来很健康。 3 他成为有名的钢琴家了。 4 孩子们，请保持安静。 5 树叶已经变黄了。 双宾语结构 1Johnson先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3Mary把钱包交给老师了。 4请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 5我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 复合宾语结构 1 我们叫她Alice. 2 他的父母给他取名为John. 3 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4 我们要使学校变得更美丽。 5 他请我们参加做游戏。