非谓语动词用法精讲ppt课件

TEACHERTEACHER:MR LIU:MR LIU 找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式1.Dont teach fish to swim.2.He had a good memory like an elephant.3.It would be a waste of money building such a luxurious villa.1哪些是动词的谓语形式？哪些是动词的谓语形式？4.Light travels much faster than sound.5.When asked why,please just keep silent.6.The president was warmly welcomed by the residents.1 谓语动词的形式包括主动句各种时态下的谓语形式和被动句各种时态下的谓语形式以及情态动词与动词连用的各种形式。谓语动词和非谓语动词的判断谓语动词和非谓语动词的判断谓语动词和非谓语动词在高中英语教和学中具有重要意义，主要谓语动词和非谓语动词在高中英语教和学中具有重要意义，主要表现在写作，语法填空和阅读长难句判断中表现在写作，语法填空和阅读长难句判断中。例如：典型例子：There are many people stand at the gate.Standing 的误用 1.To get up early is good for our health.2.I want to get up early.3.His dream is to be a teacher.4.I see him singing.5.Do you have something to say?6.Singing and dancing,the students came into the classroom.1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。非谓语动词2形 式 不定式不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、相当于名词充当主语、表语、宾语宾语、定语定语。分词分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分状语形成分主语主语表语表语宾语宾语定语定语状语状语补足语补足语不定式不定式动名词动名词分词分词3语 态必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。语动词态的语态。过去分词过去分词 v-ed不定式不定式 to+v动词的动词的v-ing非谓语动词非谓语动词表将来，主动。表将来，主动。表进行，主动表进行，主动表完成，被动表完成，被动不定式的被动式不定式的被动式在表示在表示被动的同被动的同时还兼表示未来时还兼表示未来。现在分词的完成式也表现在分词的完成式也表示完成，示完成，尤其是表示有尤其是表示有明显先后时间关系的完明显先后时间关系的完成成。现在分词的被动式在现在分词的被动式在表示表示被动的同时还将被动的同时还将表示进行表示进行。1.动词动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。间意义。Swimming is her favorite sport.Learning is important to modern life.2.动词动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。作。They went out of the classroom,talking and laughing.3.动词动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。或之后发生的动作。I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.A 动词动词-ing形式的一般式形式的一般式形 式 动词动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Having lived in this city for three years,she knows it very well.点津坊在现代英语中，在现代英语中，作宾语作宾语的动词的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般式形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。来代替。I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)B 动词动词-ing形式的完成式形式的完成式动词动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语逻辑主语是动词是动词-ing形式表示的动作的形式表示的动作的承受者承受者。The question being discussed is very important.I cant stand being kept waiting.Having been shown the lab,we were taken to see the school library.动词动词-ing形式的否定形式由形式的否定形式由not加动词加动词-ing形式构成。形式构成。His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.A 动词动词-ing形式作主语形式作主语 1.动词动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。形式可直接置于句首作主语。Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.2.为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。句末。It is no use crying over spilt milk.Its a waste of time arguing about it.C 动词-ing形式的被动形式D 动词-ing形式的否定形式成成分分动词动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。形式作主语的几个常用句型。Its no good talking to him.It is useless telephoning him.He is not willing to come.Its worth making an effort.There is no saying when it will stop raining.There is no joking about such matters.必背 B 动词动词-ing形式作表语形式作表语1.表示主语的内容表示主语的内容 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.2.表示主语具有的特征表示主语具有的特征 The problem is quite puzzling.1.Her work is _(look)after the children.2.My aim is _(go)to Tsinghua University.3.One of my bad habit is _(bite)nails（指甲）.C 动词动词-ing形式作宾语形式作宾语动词动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。语。1 能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词(这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。)Fancy meeting you here!I suggest doing it in a different way.避免错过少延期 avoid,miss,put off,postpone建议完成多练习 suggest,finish,practice喜欢想象经不住 enjoy,imagine,cant help承认否定与妒忌 admit,deny,envy逃避冒险莫原谅 escape,risk,excuse,忍受保持不介意 stand,keep,mind词组有admit to/preferto/be used to/lead to/devote oneself to/object to/stick to/be busy/look forward to/（to为介词）no goodno use/Its worth/as well as/cant help/Its no use good/be tired of/be fond of/be capable of/be afraid of/be proud of/think of about/hold off/put off/keep on/insist on/count on upon/set about/be successful in/good at/take up/give up/burst out/prevent from只能接动名词做宾语的动词常见的有：只能接动名词做宾语的动词常见的有：PracticePractice1.He was in low spirits and even consider _(go)away.2.Practise _(put)your hand to the ground.3.I cant help _(have)the trip to Britain.4.Dont tell me you always escape _(fine)because you have a fast sports car.5.Leave off _(bite)your nails!6.He didnt feel like _(work),so he suggested _(spend)the day in the garden.7.You certainly mustnt miss _(see)the wonderful film.8.The doctor advised _(stay)longer in hospital.9.We appreciate your _(want)_(help)us in our difficulties.10.Michael has delayed _(write)to her till today.11.The law forbids _(sell)liquor to children.12.They all suggested _(give)more chances.13.Can you imagine _(leave)standing outside for a whole night.14.They built the banks to prevent the area from _(flood).这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：有些动词，如attempt,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary.提示 应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形式。I am starting to learn Russian.I am starting learning Russian.既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语()()有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。come to do 表示一个渐渐发展的过程 I hope we shall be friends and come to understand one e doing 表示陪衬性的动作 It was already two oclock when she came hurrying in.go on to do 做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事 Having finished the exercises,we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.go on doing 继续做同一件事。Though it was raining heavily,they went on working.有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。上有所不同。mean to do 想要做某事I didnt mean to hurt you.mean doing 意味着要有一个结果Missing the train means waiting for another hour.regret to do 对即将要做的事表示遗憾I regret to say I must leave tomorrow.regret doing 对所做的事感到后悔I regret not having told her earlier.remember to do 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记”Remember to lock the door when you leave.remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来”I remember posting that letter.forget to do 忘记要做某事She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service.forget doing 忘记以前曾做过的事Ill never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.stop to do 停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事While working,he stopped to talk with Tom at times.stop doing 停止正在做的事When the teacher came into the classroom,the pupils stopped talking.try to do 设法做某事I must try to get everything ready before he arrives.try doing 试验做某事Would you please try doing that again?Your composition needs correcting/to be corrected.His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.2 作介词宾语作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。need,require,want作作“需要需要”解时，后面接动解时，后面接动词词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。形式比较普通。D 动词动词-ing形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语1 动词动词-ing形式可以在形式可以在see,look at,notice,watch,observe,feel,find,hear,listen to,smell等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。We heard the children shouting upstairs.I felt my heart beating violently.2 动词动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。在see,watch,notice,hear,feel 等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词用动词-ing-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。He saw a girl getting on the bus.He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.3 动词动词-ing形式也可用在形式也可用在have,get,leave,keep,set,catch等表示等表示致使致使的动词后作宾语补足语。的动词后作宾语补足语。They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.I wont have you running about in the room.We kept the fire burning all night long.点津坊如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.E 动词动词-ing形式作定语形式作定语1 单个的动词单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。a reading room=a room which is used for reading running shoes =shoes for running a working method=a method of working 必背 a drawing board a sewing machine a swimming pool a waiting room a dining car a driving permit a singing competition a walking stick 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。或当时的状态。developing countries =countries that are developing an ordinary-looking house =a house that looks ordinarya puzzling problem =a problem that puzzles somebody2 作定语的动词作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。后面。The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.They lived in a house facing south.3 某些情况下，动词某些情况下，动词-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。句。作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.a barking dog a disappointing play an astonishing adventure a sleeping baby boiling water failing sight the setting sun the coming week F 动词动词-ing形式作状语形式作状语动词动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词等。动词-ing形式作形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Having made full preparations,we are ready for the examination.(=After we have made full preparations.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Being ill,he didnt go to school yesterday.(=Since he was ill.)3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。His father died,leaving him a lot of money.=and left him a lot of money.4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Working hard at your lessons,you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons.5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.=Although they knew all this.6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。构。He lay on the grass,staring at the sky for a long time.=.and he stared at the sky for a long timee.g._a reply,he decided to write a sixth letter.A.Not receiving B.Not to receive C.Not having received D.Having not received解析没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用having done;此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为not doing/not having done;故选故选 c-ing 形式形式-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法 1.European football is played in 80 countries,_ it the most popular sport in the world.（NMET1998）A.making B.makes C.made D.to make2.He rushed to the train station,only _ the train had gone.A.finding B.found C.finds D.to findD解析Making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：His parents died,leaving him an orphan.He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed A 作主语的动词作主语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Reading aloud is very helpful.(Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来)点津坊如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s)His fathers falling ill worried him greatly.(his father是falling ill的逻辑主语)B 作表语的动词作表语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。What worries me most is her staying too late every night.(staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)C 作定语的动词作定语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。an interesting book =a book that interests its readersa running stream=a stream that is running如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance.(the meeting和举行之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held)D 作宾语的动词作宾语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。比较 He insisted on doing it himself.(doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”)He insisted on my doing it.(doing it的逻辑主语是“我”)Would you mind opening the window?(opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”)Would you mind my opening the window?(opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”)E 作宾语补足语的动词作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式形式动词动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。它前面的宾语。We often hear her singing this song.(singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”)We often hear this song(being)sung.(逻辑主语this song和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。)F 作状语的动词作状语的动词-ing形式形式1 动词动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Entering the classroom,I found nobody in it.如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。【误】Looking out through the window,the garden was beautiful.(looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对)【正】Looking out through the window,we saw a beautiful garden.【误】Reading the evening newspaper,a dog started barking.(逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报)【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.2 如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。语，通常由名词或代词来担任。The last bus having gone,we had to walk home.Weather permitting,the football match will be played on Friday.高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语，如generally speaking,judging from.,considering.,talking of.,supposing.等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。Generally speaking,boys are more interested in science than girls.Judging from his accent,he must come from Canada.Considering how poor he was,we decided to let him attend the concert for free.Supposing it rains,what will you do?必背关于逻辑主语的问题关于逻辑主语的问题1._to the meeting surprised all of the boards.A.Mike coming B.Mike came C.Mike coming D.Mikes coming 2.Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules.A.you pretend B.you pretending C.your pretending D.your pretend 3.Change the following into the simple sentences.4.That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.1)change the following into the infinitive1._(die)for people is a glorious thing.2._(talk)with him is a great pleasure.3._(help)others is our duty.4._(see)is to believe.2)change the sentences above into the ones using“it”as informal.3)A:如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起的短语。It is easy for the students to read.It will be a mistake for us to help you.1不定式作主语：在在It is+形容词形容词+of sb+不定式不定式结构中结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty等。在“It is+形容词+for sb+不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable等。比较It is good of you to help me with my English.(强调you的特征=You are good to help me.)It is good for you to give up smoking.(强调的是give up smoking这一行为=For you to give up smoking is good.)It is+形容词形容词+for/of sb+不定式结构不定式结构 有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：want,demand,like,hate,hope,begin,seem,fail,help,offer,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,expect,agree,determine,prefer,intend,etc.2不定式作宾语：3不定式作表语1.Her work is _(look)after the children.2.My aim is _(go)to Tsinghua University.3.She seemed _(think)about the problem.1.They wanted _(get)on the bus,didnt they?2.He said he wished_(be)a professor.3.I agreed_(go)there with the doctor.4.My daughter preferred _(dance)when she was in her twenties.5.He had promised _(give)me a hand.一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。Smoking is forbidden here.(泛指)Its not good for you to smoke so much.(具体)They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.(泛指)Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?(具体)I like singing,but I dont like to sing this night.比较 4.不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语 1.I didnt want my parents _(help)me.2.Wed prefer you _(take)the job instead of Zhang.3.The school ordered all the classroom _(clean).4.My parents expect me _(go)to an ideal university.5.Joan promised the dinner _(cook)before we returned.6.The doctor advised the patient _(take)two pills every four hours.7.He determined me_(tell)everything.不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。1 主谓关系The future to greet us will be bright.The next train to arrive was from New York.2 动宾关系On Sundays,he always has a lot of letters to write.He can find no one to make friends with.3 同位关系We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.4 修饰关系Now it is time to begin our class.5.动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语 由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。She has a child to take care of.There is nothing to worry about.He has no friend to depend on.Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning.点津坊不定式作定语巩固练习不定式作定语巩固练习Change the following into infinitives.He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.The only thing that I want to get is the diamond necklace.Everything that is done needs praising.Here are some books that you can read.不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。1.表示目的表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer.6.动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order(not)to do,和和so as(not)to do结构结构(so as to do不可以置于句首不可以置于句首)。He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.点津坊2 表示表示结结果果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone.必背必背：不定式表示不定式表示结结果常果常见见于下列句型于下列句型 1)so.as to doWould you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?2)such.as to doWe are not such fools as to believe him.3)enough to doHe didnt run fast enough to catch the train.4)only to doHe lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.5)too.to doHis eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.PractisePractise1.He got up early so that he could catch the first bus to the town.He got up early_ _ _ catch the first bus to the town.2.We must work hard at English in order that we can contact foreigners freely.We must work hard at English _ _ _ contact foreigners freely.3.He was so frightened that he could hardly say anything.He was_ frightened _say anything.He was _ brave _ _say anything.4._(save)the badly sick lady,the doctor had an operation on her.5.He hurried to the station only _(find)the train left.“be+不定式不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：1.表示命令和指示表示命令和指示The room is to be locked.2.表示计划或安排表示计划或安排We are to begin the work next month.比较 be to do表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。Another new railway is to be built in my hometown next year.be about to do表示最近即将要发生的动作。不能和具体的时间状语连用。The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back.7.be+不定式结构不定式结构with/without+名词名词+不定式不定式“结构在句子中通常起状语的结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。作用。With so much work to do,I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.With him to stay in the house,I feel quite safe.Without anything to eat,he died of hunger.8.with/without+名词名词+不定式结构不定式结构I hope to have met him at the railway station,but he didnt turn up.We would love to have gone to the match,but the tickets were all sold out.The plane was to have taken off at 9:00,but something went wrong.9.表示虚拟语气的不定式完成式表示虚拟语气的不定式完成式 10.用作独立成分的不定式用作独立成分的不定式有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,也可被称为插也可被称为插入语。入语。To be honest,we are not sure to find the girl in the forest.He is very honest,to begin with.to tell you the truth 说老实话说老实话 to begin with 首先首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说可以这么说 to be sure 诚然，固然诚然，固然 to be exact 精确地说精确地说to do him justice 说句对他公道的话说句对他公道的话to make a long story short 长话短说长话短说to be frank 坦率地说坦率地说 to be brief 简言之简言之to conclude 总而言之总而言之必背 11.用主动式表示被动含义的不定式用主动式表示被动含义的不定式1.不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。Do you have anything to say on this question?2.不定式作形容词的宾语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关不定式作形容词的宾语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。系时。The book is difficult to understand.3.There be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。There is nothing to worry about.比较 She has two letters to type.She has two letters to be typed.12.用于感叹句用于感叹句不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。色彩。To think that he should do this!(表示惊讶表示惊讶)Oh,God,to see her dance!(表示赞美表示赞美)To think that all the money has been wasted.(表示不满表示不满)13.不带不带to的不定式的不定式1.在口语中，动词原形在口语中，动词原形come和和go后可接不带后可接不带to的不定式。的不定式。Go tell her.Come have a glass.2.在在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动动词原形词原形。Why make so much noise?Why not join us?3.在在had better,had best,would rather,would rather.than,would sooner,would sooner.than,cannot but,cannot choose but,cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或等结构后直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形动词原形。Youd better listen to your teachers opinion.We had best call for the doctor at once.4.如不定式前有行为动词如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语中的不定式或者介词，那么在表语中的不定式或者介词except/but之后的不定式可不带之后的不定式可不带to。The only thing I could do was go home.5.两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号符号to可省略。可省略。The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2