非谓语动词1

动词不定式的基本形式动词不定式的基本形式分词的基本形式分词的基本形式 作主语作主语:To obey law is everyones duty.To do such things is foolish.不定式作主语时不定式作主语时,谓语用单数，为了平衡句子谓语用单数，为了平衡句子,通常用通常用it作形式主语作形式主语,构成句型构成句型:Its+n.(adj.)+for(of)sb.+to do sth.To find out who stole the money is not easy.Its not easy(for you)to find out who stole the money.如果要表示不定式动作的执行者如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,要在不定式要在不定式短语前加上一个短语前加上一个for sb.的短语，语法上称为的短语，语法上称为不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构.It is useful for you to learn some spoken English.It is very kind of you to come here.It is foolish of him to do such a thing.It would be rude of us to refuse theirinvitation.在某些形容词如在某些形容词如clever,good,nice,kind,foolish,careless,right,wrong,rude,impolite等词之后的不定式前，常加等词之后的不定式前，常加of短语短语,这这是对人做某事的赞扬，责备或感激等。是对人做某事的赞扬，责备或感激等。动词不定式（短语）做主语时，可用动词不定式（短语）做主语时，可用it做形做形式主语，通常是一些特定的形容词，动词式主语，通常是一些特定的形容词，动词和名词和名词作宾语作宾语Im preparing to take the examination next week.When the boy was only four,his father decided to make an artist of him.不定式既可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语不定式既可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.不定式作介词的宾语时不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接介词之后一般不直接接不定式，一般都是接不定式，一般都是:疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式作宾语作宾语.Im worrying about what to do next.Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.动词动词+疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式I dont know what to do next.We havent decide where to spend our holiday.这类词有这类词有:advise,decide,discuss,explain,know,learn,show,tell,teach,understand个别介词例外个别介词例外:需要注意的是需要注意的是,此句型中此句型中but/except 前必须要有实义动词前必须要有实义动词do时，时，but/except后的不定式后的不定式to才能省略，否则才能省略，否则to则不省则不省.我们用一我们用一句话概括就是：句话概括就是：有有dodo无无toto，有，有 toto无无 dodo She has no choice but to wait for the news.There was nothing she could do but cry.He had no choice but to wait.He could do nothing but wait.作表语作表语做定语做定语不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后 She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends.Ladies and gentlemen,I have something important to tell you.当名词被当名词被the first,the last以及以及the only 等序数词等序数词以及以及形容词最高级形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而不管动作是否已完成不管动作是否已完成 He is the only person to know the truth.She is always the first to come and the last to leave.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词往往存在着两种逻辑关系，或代词往往存在着两种逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语Alice is always the first student to come to school.(主谓关系主谓关系)The teacher gave me some English books to read.(动宾关系动宾关系)Mr.Brown has a large family to support.(动宾关系动宾关系)当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系Please pass me some paper to write on.Theres nothing for us to worry about.She has a nice pen to write with.He bought a flat for the family to live in.to但当以上的动词用于被动式，to要还原：They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语时，要省略足语时，要省略toWith a lot of difficult problems_,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A settled B settling C to settle D being settled1 表示感觉或心理状态的动词表示感觉或心理状态的动词see/watch/notice/observe/look at,hear/listen to,feel/think/find/want/like ，使役动词，使役动词 have,make,get,keep 3,with+宾语宾补宾语宾补 do doing done to do doing done 需要注意需要注意have,make的用法的用法：I wont have him cheat me.“允许允许,让让,使使”I have a lot of work to do.“有有”His story made us laugh.“使使”Father made a kite for his son to fly.“制造制造,做做”.have have sb do sth.doing sth.have sth to do done make make sb.do sth.make sth.done make oneself done get sb.to do sth.get sth.done get作状语（动词不定式与分词）作状语（动词不定式与分词）He came here to attend an important meeting.(so as to 不能置于句首，不能置于句首，in order to可以可以)(目的目的)He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.（结果）（结果）She was very surprised to hear the news.（原（原因）因）I hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.(结果结果)作结果状语用的不定式常表示一种意料之外的作结果状语用的不定式常表示一种意料之外的结果，（经常与结果，（经常与only连用）连用）出乎意料出乎意料不定式用作结果状语时，还可以用不定式用作结果状语时，还可以用:(主动表被动主动表被动)“so as to/suchas to(如此如此以致于以致于)”Jim got up so early as to catch the first bus.“too to”The maths problem is too difficult for us to work out.“adj./adv./n.+enough to do The boy is old enough to go to school.主动形式表被动意义的不定式主动形式表被动意义的不定式E.g.:The question is very difficult to answer.The problem is difficult to deal with.主语主语be+adj.+to do 能用于此句型的形容词有：能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult,easy,comfortable,fit,hard,pleasant,tiresome(使人疲劳的使人疲劳的),light interesting,nice,heavy,dangerous,important,etc.在在there be结构中，作定语用的不定式如修结构中，作定语用的不定式如修饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，也可用饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，也可用主动式来表示主动式来表示There is a lot of work to do/to be done.Hurry up!Theres no time to lose/to be lost.There are three letters to answer/to be answered this morning.不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前前Im glad to have seen your father.She seemed to have heard of it already.改错：改错：1.Seeing from the top of the hill,the park looks very beautiful.seen2.Not knowing her address,so I cant get in touch with her.3.Being dark,she didnt dare to go out alone.It分词独立主格结构不是句子，因为没有实际分词独立主格结构不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语分词独立主格结构一般放在句首或句的主语和谓语分词独立主格结构一般放在句首或句尾，做状语表示时间，原因，方式等例如：尾，做状语表示时间，原因，方式等例如：The meeting being over,they went home.(时间时间)Mother being ill in bed,he couldnt go to work.（原因）（原因）Time permitting,I shall stay here for another two days（条件）（条件）She lay against the wall,the sun shining upon her face.（伴随）（伴随）She sat still in the chair,with her eyes closed.（伴随）（伴随）难点内容：难点内容：用分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句用分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句，调整子的主语保持一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句，调整句子的主语句子的主语,独立主格结构独立主格结构，with的复合结构或例如：的复合结构或例如：（）Given more help,the project will be completed earlier.改改:If we are given more help,the project will be completed earlier.(状语从句状语从句)Given more help,we will complete the project earlier.（调整主语）（调整主语）(2)Broken his leg,he couldnt go to school.改改:His leg broken,he couldnt go to school.（独立主格结构）（独立主格结构）He couldnt go to school with his leg broken.（with的复合结构）的复合结构）(F)(F)1.-What do you think made Mary so upset?-_ her new bicycle.(97上海上海 13)A.As she lost B.Lost C.Losing D.Because of losing2._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk3.It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night.A.to burn B.burn C.burning D.burned4.The library needs _,but itll have to wait until Sunday.A.cleaning B.be cleaned C.clean D.being cleaned5.What do you think of the book?Oh,excellent.Its worth _a second time.A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being readCBCAC 6.The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_.(NMET91 34)A.hear B.to hear C.hearing D.heard7._ a reply,he decided to write again.(MET92 39)A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received8._from heart trouble for years,Professor White has to take some medicine whether he goes.A.Suffered B Suffering C Having suffered D Being suffered 9.The murderer was brought in,with his hands _behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied10.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followedDCCDB 11.They knew her very well.They had seen her_up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.growing D.to grow12.The _ boys were last seen_ near the river.A.missing;playing B.missing;playC.missed;played D.missed;to play13.Mr.Smith,_of the _speech,started to read a novel A.tired,boring B.tiring,bored C.tired,bored D.tiring,boring AAA14.The picture _on the wall is painted by my nephew.A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hungB15.The salesman scold the girl caught _and let her off.A.to have stolen B.to be stealing C.to steal D.stealingDHe felt it a great honour _ to the palace ball.A to have been invited B to have invitedC having invitedD being invited_with the size of the whole earth,the highest mountain doesnt seem high at all.A When compared B To compareC While comparing D It comparedThe discovery of new evidence led to _A the thief having caught B catch the thiefC the thief being caught D the thief to be caught-I hate talking with that guy.Look,he is coming.What should I do?-Dont speak until_.A speaking B spoken to C spoken D speaking to Unless _to speak,you should remain silent at the conference.A invited B inviting C being invited D having invitedFriendship is like money:easier made than _A kept B to be kept C keeping D being keptThe professor entered the lab,_ by two assistants.A following B followed C follow D by followingDont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth.A run B running C being run D to run“We cant go out in this weather,”said Tom,_out of the window.A looking B to look C looked D having lookedHe looked tired.He seemed_ a sleepless night.A to have B to have had C having D he hadWhat worried the child most was_ to visit his mother in the hospital.A his not allowing B having not being allowedC his not being allowed D his being not allowed _Sunday,the students are at home.A Being B To be C It is D It being_ stone and sticks,they ran into the street and joined in the fighting A Armed B Arming C Armed with D Arming with She told me that her camera was_A missed B robbed C lost D lain_hard,youll make it,I believe.A Work B To work C Working D WorkedBreakfast will be ready by the time _A you dressed up B you will be dressedC you will have dressed D you have dressedIn the days _,he was still in low spirits,and it seemed hard for him to get over it.A following B followed C that followed D to followLast summer I took a course on_.A how to make dressesB how dresses be madeC how to be made dressesD how dresses to be madeIve worked with children before,so I know what _in my new job.A expected B to expectC to be expecting D expectsThere are five pairs_,but I am at a loss which to buy.A to be chosen B to choose fromC to choose D for choosingThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult.A not make B not to makeC.not making D do not makeI would love _to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A to go B having goneC going D to have gone_late in the morning,Bob turned off the alarm.A To sleep B SleepingC Sleep D Having sleptTom kept quiet about the accidentlose his job.A so not as to B so as not toC so as to not D not so as toJohn was made _the truck for a week as a punishment.A to wash B washingC wash D to be washingShe cant help _the house because shes busy making a cake.A to clean B cleaningC cleaned D being cleanedThe patient was warned _oily food after the operation.A to eat not B eating notC not to eat D not eatingIts said that the Olympic Games _in Beijing in 2008 will cover more events than any other Olympics did.A holding B to be held C held D to be holdingWill you please tell me why you had no pen _in class,Kate?A to have written B to be written withC to have been written D to write withYesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly,_ him a millionaire overnight.A making B makesC to make D made