考研英语模拟291

模拟考研英语模拟291多项选择Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A , B , C or D on the ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Most of us are unaware of our own management style, let alone those of our colleagues._1_ a leading psychologist, temperament places a signature or thumbprint on each of our actions._2_ temperament, managers can be divided into four groups.First is the Troubleshooter. His _3_ are boldness, bravery, endurance, and cleverness. He is good at _4_ fires and straightening things _5_, He loves to take risks and solve crises. But he resents _6 how to work and is not very good at following _7_ agreements. The second is the Traditionalist. A stabilizer and consolidator, his abilities _8 establishing policies, schedules, regulations and hierarchy. He is _9_ when he can plan his work. But he establishes a formal, impersonal style in dealing with colleagues until he is well _10_ with them. The third is the Conceptualiser. He uses his intellect to _11_ complexities, to get models onto paper. He is the architect of change and his focus is on possibility. Since he is more involved _12_ the creative process, he prefers others to take _13_ execution. The last is the Catalyst. He is personal and _14_. He has the ability to draw out the best in people as he is _15_ people-oriented. He excels at the head of democratically run organization. But he lets other people* s _16_ eat up much of his time. He is liable _17_ make decisions _18_ his personal likes and dislikes _19_ what is best for the organization.To be aware of these temperaments is to appreciate that differences are neither flaws nor afflictions. Understanding this can lead to avoiding much mutual _20_ and enhancing relationship with business associates and colleagues.第1题：A. As toB.According toC. As forD. In terms of参考答案：B 答案解析：句意要求According to,即根据一位重要心理学家的看法，人们的性情影响人们的一切行动。语义正确。As to和As for词义相近：至于，涉及到；in terms of依照，依据，三者都与句意不符。第2题：A. Based onB. Judged fromC. Embedded inD. Rooted in参考答案：A答案解析：句意要求Based on,即管理者依据其性格不同可分为四类。judged from （依据来判断）；Embedded in和Rooted in词义相近：根深蒂固于,三者皆不合句意。第3题：A. attributesB. attitudesC. altitudesD. latitudes参考答案：A答案解析：注意区分：attributes（品格）;attitudes（态度）；altitudes（高度）；latitudes （纬度），四个词外表有点相似，但词义差别甚大，句意分析，选用attributes 是对的：解决麻烦的能手的大胆勇敢、忍耐是其品格特征。第4题：A. setting onB. turning onC. putting upD.putting out参考答案：D答案解析：句中fire暗示答案是Putting out fire,直译是灭火，意译是解决问题，此处正是用的这种词义。set on着手，动身；turn on开；put up举起，挂起。第5题：A. outB. awayC. asideD. over参考答案：A答案解析：straighten out是词组，表示解决、整顿、清理；away, aside, over都不与 straighten连用，英语中有straighten up,也表示清理，整顿。句意要求 straighten out：处理麻烦的能手善于解决问题，善于把事情处理得有条有理。第6题：A. to tellB. tellingC.being toldD.having told参考答案：C答案解析：resent (憎恶)后边常跟动名词，此外，本句中，需要被动形式的动名词，这两个条件决定只有being told可选，符合句意：处理困难的能手憎恶别人告诉他如何去工作。第7题：A. throughB. onC. upD. about参考答案：A答案解析：句中follow (ing)暗示要选through,因为follow through是词组，表示贯彻执行，贯彻到底。句意为：处理麻烦的能手非常不善于贯彻执行一致作出的决定。第8题：A. rely onB. lie inC. compose ofD. lie on参考答案：B答案解析：rely on和lie on意思接近，依靠；compose of应改为be composed of故仅有 lie in可用。句意为：传统主义者的能力在于能够制定政策和各种规定。第9题：A. on the topB. in his prime yearsC. at the bottomD. at his best参考答案：D答案解析：on the top 应改成 on the top of （在上面,此夕卜）才对：in his prime years（在其最重要的年代）；at the bottom （实际上），后二者都与句意不符，只有at his best可用：传统主义者在规划工作时状态最佳。第10题：A. identifiedB. distinguishedC.recognizedD. acquainted参考答案：D答案解析：句中介词with暗示应选acquainted,因为是搭配，而A,B,D三个动词皆不与with搭配。be well acquainted with与非常熟悉，非常了解。第11题：A. embark onB. figure outC. work atD. figure on参考答案：B答案解析：figure on （计划，指望）；embark on （从事，着手）；work at从事，研究。句中complexities暗示答案是figure out。意思是：概念主义者利用其才智去解决复杂问题。第12题：A. atB. intoC. inD. by参考答案：C答案解析：句中involved暗示答案是介词in, he involved in （陷入，献身于）是动词搭配，也符合句意：更多地参与创新过程。at, into, by等介词均不与involve 搭配。第13题: A. over B. up C. on D. for参考答案：A答案解析：注意分辩：take over （接管）；take up （开始作，占据）；take on （承担，采纳）；take for （把误认为，把当作），从句意分析，应选take over；由于他（概念主义者）更多的参与创新过程，因此，只希望别人承担去干就行了。第14题：A. personableB. privateC.personnelD. intimate参考答案：A答案解析：句意要求Personable：这种善于用热情和语言打动他人的人是有个性的、有风度的人。注意不要混淆personnel （全体人员：人事部）。第15题:A. partiallyB. primari lyC. promptlyD. uniquely参考答案：B答案解析：be primarily people-oriented （以人为本的），符合句意：由于能以人为本，所以他能使人们处于最佳状态。第16题：A. privilegesB. promotionsC.priorities D. emotions参考答案：C答案解析：上下文要求选择priorities,前一句讲，这种人办事民主，即让他人讲话，发表意见，接下来，他人的这种权力就消耗了他很多时间，即发扬民主后要集中，要集中就得花费时间。第17题：A. forB. ofC. toD. with参考答案：C答案解析：句中be liable暗示要选to, be liable to do sth.,表示：常常会做。句意为：这种人（指有感染力的人）常常会做决定。注意，be liable for表示:对负责，后边也不能跟动词，故排除，而of, with不与liable连用。第18题:A. with relation toB. in spite ofC. as toD. on the basis of参考答案：D答案解析：句意要求：根据个人的好恶。所以，不能用with relation to （与相关）或in spite of （不顾）或as to （关于）。第19题:A. more thanB. rather thanC. insteadD. in place of参考答案：B答案解析：more than （多于，大于），instead 不能用，应是 instead of （what）, in place of （代替），与句意不符，故只有rather than可选，句意为：这种人常常按照个人好恶而不是根据公司最高利益做决定。第20题:A. aggravationB. gravityC. aggressionD. intensity答案解析：句意要求aggravation,“了解这一点有助于避免相互间关系恶化，并改善商业合作和同事间的关系”。gravity （重力），aggression （侵略），intensity （强度），显然这三个词无法用于句中。多项选择Although no one is certain why migration occurs, there are several theories. One theory claims that prehistoric birds of the Northern Hemisphere were forced south during the Ice Age. As the glaciers melted, the birds came back to their homelands, spent the summer, and then went south again as the ice advanced in winter. In time, the migration became a habit in spite of the disappearance of glaciers.Another theory proposes that the ancestral home of all modern birds was the tropics. When the region became overpopulated, many species were crowded north. During the summer, there was plenty of food, but during the winter, scarcity forced them to return to the tropics.A more recent theory suggests a relationship between increasing daylight and the stimulation of certain glands（腺）in the birds* bodies that may prepare them for migration. One scientist has been able to cause midwinter migrations by exposing birds to artificial periods of daylight. He has concluded that changes occur in the bodies of birds due to seasonal changes in the length of daylight.第21题:According to one theory, when the glaciers disappeared, birds .A.stopped migratingB.continued migratingC. stayed in the northD. migrated south and stayed there参考答案：B答案解析：注释：本题考查对文中细节的理解，题干里的the glaciers disappeared是关键词语，依据是首段最后一句中的the migration became a habit in spite of the disappearance of glacierso第22题：The author states that birds lift the tropics because .A.there was not enough food there in the winterB.there were too many birdsC. there were too many glaciers D. there was too much daylight参考答案：B答案解析：注释：本题依据是第二段前两句，关键词语是。vewopulated,意思是“数量过多”。第23题:Why did one scientist expose birds to artificial daylight?A. To test the relationship between daylight and a disease of the glands common to birdsB.To test the relationship between daylight and migrationC. To test the relationship between migration and temperatureD. To test the relationship between daylight and changes in the season参考答案：B答案解析：注释：本题依据是第三段首句，关键部分是a relationship between increasing daylight and. may prepare them for migration。第24题：According to the theory of photo-periodism,.A. birds should migrate in the middle of the winterB. longer days cause changes in the bodies of birdsC. seasonal changes in the length of days do not affect migrationD. increasing daylight increases the distance of migration参考答案：B答案解析：注释：本题解答依据在最后一句 changes occur in the bodies of birds due to seasonal changes in the length of daylight,即日照时间的季节性变化会造成鸟类身体生理变化”，由此推断白天不论长还是短的变化都可能引起鸟类体内变化。故 B. longer days cause changes in the bodies of birds 正确。第25题：This passage supports the belief that .A. exact reasons for migration are not knownB. birds migrate because of changes in temperatureC. the ancestral home of all birds was the tropicsD. glaciers caused birds to migrate参考答案：A答案解析：注释：本题考查应试者对作者态度的理解，文章客观地介绍了关于候鸟迁徙的观点,全篇除首句 Although no one is certain why migration occurs,.,其他地方并没有表露作者观点。所以只能从这儿得出结论：exact reasons for migration are not knownoWhen I arrived at a few minutes before seven, I found the platoon assembled and ready to go. It was cold, and in the ranks the men were shivering and dancing up and down to keep warm. I was only the second-in-command of the platoon at that time, under instruction from a senior lieutenant, who was the platoon commander. Punctually at seven I said to Broadhurst,“March off, Sergeant, To the aerodrome, at the double.” Broadhurst asked doubtfully whether we shouldn，t wait for the platoon commander, who had not turn up. Unversed in the ways of the army, I said,“No, march off. The men are cold. We doubled off.Three or four minutes later the platoon commander, who had about fourteen years of service, appeared. He was in a towering rage. He rushed straight up to Broadhurst and asked him furiously what he meant by marching off without permission.Broadhurst said,Im sorry, sir.”My feet wouldn，t move. My mouth wouldn，t open. I made a gigantic effort and said,“Sir But the lieutenant had given Broadhurst a final blast and taken command. I looked at Broadhurst, but he was busy. After parade I apologized to him, but I never explained to the lieutenant. Broadhurst told me the incident wasn，t worth worrying about.It was the worst thing that I ever did in the army, because in it I showed cowardice and disloyalty. The only excuses I could find for myself were that it happened quickly and that I was very young. It had a result, though. I had been frightened of the lieutenant, frightened of being reprimanded, frightened of failure even in the smallest endeavor. I discovered now that being ashamed of yourself is worse than any fear. Duty, orders, loyalty, obedience-all things boiled down to one single idea： Whatever the consequences, a man must act so that he can live with himself.第26题：The narrator probablyA. wanted a chanceB. was considerate C.secretly wanted D. wanted to be ingave the order to march off because heto show his authorityof the troopsBroadhurst to receive a reprimandgood favor with the troop参考答案：B答案解析：B意为：为士兵们着想。第一段指出，当作者七点前到达的时候，士兵们已经排好了队待命出发了，天气很冷，队里的每个人都打着寒战，上下跳动着驱寒，所以，他七点钟时准时发出了出发的命令；在第二段，上土问作者是否等排长来了再走，作为副排长的他回答道：不等了，出发，士兵们都太冷了。可见,他是因为可怜士兵们才不等排长到来就下命令出发的。第27题:Which statement can most safely be made about the platoon commander?A. He refused to give the narrator any instructions.B. He gave command of the troops to Broadhurst.C. He expected his subordinates to execute orders on their own.D. He observed army customs to the letter.参考答案：B答案解析：B意为：他将部队交给了布洛德赫斯特指挥（言外之意，根本没把副排长放在眼里）。在第二段中，当作者向他下达出发的命令时，布洛德赫斯特产生了犹豫，排长来后又直接质问他为什么（自己没有来就）下达出发的命令（第三段）；训斥完布洛德赫斯特后，排长下令出发。可见，排长没将指挥权交给作者，来后也根本没理睬作者。第28题：It is most probable that before this episode took place .A. plans had been made for the troops to marchB. the narrator had not been told the time of departureC. the narrator had given several other incorrect ordersD. the platoon commander had relied greatly upon the narrator参考答案：A答案解析：A意为：已安排好了部队什么时候出发。从第一段可以推测出，部队原定于七点出发。第29题：The narrator didn，t say anything when the platoon commander shouted at Broadhurst probably because .A. he had just arrived and the commander didn t know himB. he was at a loss what was happeningC. he was too afraid to say anything at the timeD. the commander didn t give him a chance to talk参考答案：C 答案解析：C在最后一段，作者对这个事件进行了自省，其中提到了自己的胆怯(cowardice)。参阅第5题题解。第30题：The title that best expresses the main idea of this passage isA. Living in the ArmyB. A Friend in NeedC. A Lesson LearnedD. Youth and Duty参考答案：C 答案解析：C意为：一次教训。作者在最后一段对这次经历进行了总结，认为，这是他在当兵期间做的最糟糕的事，因为在这件事上，他表现出懦弱、不诚实。他能为自己找到的惟一理由是：事情发生在瞬间，来不及理智地反应；或者，自己当时还年轻。但是，无论怎样解释，结果是摆在那儿了。他现在感到，自惭形秽是最糟糕的心理，责任、命令、诚实、服从一一所有这一切可以归做一点：无论结果如何，人必须学会原谅自己的过失。可见，他从这次经历中得出不少教训I。Every year, nearly a million 12-to-19-year-olds are murdered, robbed, or assaultedmany be their peersand the number of teens arrested for murder has increased a shocking 85 percent since 1987, reports Barbara Kantrowitz in “Wild in the Streets”, Newsweek* s cover story for August 2,1993. Although the growing problem of youth violence is far too complex for any one solution. Teaching young people conflict resolution skills, that is, nonviolent techniques for resolving disputes seems to help. To reduce youth violence, conflict resolution skills should be taught to all children before they reach junior high school.First and most important, young people need to learn nonviolent ways of dealing with conflict. In a dangerous society where guns are readily available, many youngsters feel they have no choice but to respond to an insult or an argument with violence. If they have grown up seeing family members and neighbors react to stress with verbal or physical violence, they may not know that other choices exist. Robert Steinback, a Miami Herald columnist who works with at risk youth in Miami, writes that behavior like carrying a weapon or refusing to back down gives young people “the illusion of control v , but what they desperately need is to learn real control-for example, when provoked, to walk away from a fight.Next, conflict resolution programs have been shown to reduce violent incidents and empower young people in a healthy way. Many programs and courses around the country are teaching preteens and teens to work through disagreements without violence. Tools include calmly telling one，s own side of the story and listening to the other person without interrupting or blaming-skills that many adults don，t have! Conflict Busters, a Los Angeles public school program, starts in the third grade； it trains students to be mediators, helping peers find their own solutions to conflicts ranging from a sandbox fights to interracial gang disputes v , according to Newsweek. Schools in Claremont, Connecticut, run a conflict resolution course written by Dr. Luz Rivera, who said in a phone interview that fewer violent school incidents have been reported since the course began.1 Althought conflict resolution is useful at any age, experts agree that students should first be exposed before they are hit by the double jolts of hormones and junior high school.Finally, although opponents claim that this is a “Band-Aid” solution that does not address the root causes of teen violence一poverty, troubled families, bad schools, and drugs, to name a few - in fact resolution training saves lives now.2 The larger social issues must be addressed, but they will take years to solve, whereas teaching students new attitudes and people skills” will empower them immediately and serve them for a lifetime. Although it is just one solution among many, this solution taps into great power； the hearts, minds, and characters of young people.(510 words)1. assault v.突袭，突击同义at tack, onset, onslaught, aggression2. nonviolent n.非暴力的3. columnistn.专栏作家4. jolt v.震摇同义shake, shock5. taps into兑进听力原文参考译文每年有将近100万12到19岁的孩子遭到攻击、抢劫或者被谋杀，而这些事件多数是他们的同龄人干的。因犯谋杀罪而被拘留的10来岁的孩子竟比1987年增加了85%。这是Barbara Kantrowitz在新闻周刊1993年8月2号刊的封面新闻野蛮的街道中报道的。尽管青少年暴力现象的增长情况非常复杂，不是单独一种方法就能解决的。教会青年人化解冲突的技巧，即用非暴力手段解决争端还是有用的。为减少青少年暴力，应该在孩子升入初中前教给他们化解冲突的技巧。首先，同时也是最重要的是：青年人要学会非暴力地解决冲突。在这个枪支随处可见的危险社会里，许多青少年感到除了用暴力回答侮辱和争吵外，他们别无选择。如果他们在一个一有紧张就会发生争吵或打斗的家庭或邻里长大，他们或许不知道还有其他的解决方法。以问题青少年为工作对象的迈阿密先驱报专栏作家Robert Steinback写道，拿把武器或者拒绝让步给年轻人一种“幻想中的控制”的感觉，但他们迫切需要学会真正控制局面一一比如受到挑衅时应该走开进而避免打斗。另外，化解冲突的节目己被播出，旨在减少暴力事件并使青年学会健康的解决方式。遍及全国的节目及课程正教育青少年以非暴力方式解决问题。这些手段包括平静的解释自己的情况并且倾听对方的情况，而且不要打断或指责对方一一这是甚至一些中年人也不会的技巧。据新闻周刊报道，洛杉矶一所公立学校从三年级就开设了名为“冲突终结者”，以训练学生成为调停人，学会帮助同龄人找到解决冲突一一从鸡毛蒜皮到种族问题的争端一一的办法。康涅狄格州的克莱蒙市的学校正在开设一门由Luz Rivera博士编写的如何解决冲突的课程。在电话采访中，Luz Rivera博士说：自课程开始以来，报道的暴力事件已开始下降。尽管矛盾解决技巧能适用于任何年龄段，但专家们认为学生们应该在经受荷尔蒙和初中阶段问题困扰之前就受到这方面的教育。最后，尽管有人反对说：这是一种“权宜式”的帮助，它不能解决青少年暴力的根本原因一一贫穷、糟糕的家庭背景、差劲的学校以及毒品等因素。但这种训练确实挽救了不少性命。这些重要的社会问题理应得到重视，但解决它们要花很多时间，而教会学生新的态度和待人处事的方法则会起到“立竿见影”的效果，并且对他们一生都有好处。尽管现存方法只是诸多方法中的一种，但这种方法对青少年的心灵和性格都产生了巨大的触动。第31题：It implied in the first paragraph thatA. youth violence will disappear as long as young people are taught conflict resolution skills.B. 4wild in the streetsM was an article aiming at teaching young people complicate resolution skills.C. the rate of youth violence will keep increasing.D. to teach young people conflict resolution skills cant be the only certain cure for youth violence.参考答案：D答案解析：本题是推理判断题，答案见第一段中Although the growing problem. seems to help 一句。第32题：Young people resort to violence for all of the following reasons except A. they are following suit after seeing violence behaviors from people around them.B. there is no better way to react to insults and disputes.C. they have easy access to guns.D. they feel empowered by using violence.参考答案：B 答案解析：本题是正误判断题，用排除法根据第二段内容排除A,C,D。第33题：The author complains in the third paragraph thatA. young people in todays society have too much power.B.there are not enough courses teaching young people to solve conflicts in a peaceful way.C. some grown-ups dont know how to settle disputes in a nonviolent way.D. students are exposed to violence in society.参考答案：C 答案解析：本题是细节题。第三段介绍了 Tools include.,并指出这些是skills that many adults don，t have。第34题:What is the author，s attitude toward conflict resolution skills?A. He regards it a Band-Aid resolution.B. He thinks that it takes longer time to come into effect.C.He holds that its negative side overweighs it positive side.D. He thinks that it exerts favorable influence on youngsters.参考答案：D答案解析：本题是细节题，最后一段可见作者对conflict resolution skills的看法。见 The larger social issues.一句。第35题：What is the author，s tone in writing this article?A. Biased.B. Neutral.C. Matter-of-fact.D. Objective.参考答案：A答案解析：本题是作者语气题，跟第4题是相关联的，作者对conflict resolution skills 持肯定态度，故选A。Recent years have brought minority-owned business in United States unprecedented opportunities as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980,s is estimated to he over $3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage posed dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Bot