跨文化沟通培训讲义

跨文化沟通培训 Learning Objectives By this end of this chapter,you should be able to:Understand how language and culture are closely linked Understand cultural influences on some commonly observed differences between English and Chinese Distinguish denotational and connotational meanings of wordsLearning Objectives Distinguish linear and nonlinear language,deductive and inductive patterns Make cross-cultural comparisons of different pragmatic rules used in various speech acts and verbal stylesMeans of Human Communication Verbal communication Using words that have mutually understood meanings and a set of rules Nonverbal communication Edward T.Hall refers to it as the“silent language”The Relationship Between Language and Culture1.The influence of culture on language2.The influence of language on cultureThe Influence of Culture on Language1.Language as a reflection of the environment Language reflects the environment in which we live.We label things that are around us.(examples)The environment influences the development of technology,products,and the appropriate vocabulary.(examples)The Influence of Culture on Language2.Language as reflection of values Language reflects cultural values.Language is a mirror of culture,because language reflects human relationships,reflects the way the society operates.Example:Chinese kinship terms reflect the importance of our family system.Linguistic DeterminismLinguistic RelativitySapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language not only serves as a mechanism for communication,but a guide to social reality.Reality for a culture is discoverable in its languageLinguistic Determinism Language structure controls thought and cultural norms The world as each of us knows it is to a large extent predetermined by the language of our culture The differences between languages represent basic differences in the worldview of diverse cultures.Linguistic Relativity Linguistic characteristics and cultural norms influence each other.Culture is controlled by and controls language.Language provides the conceptual categories that influence how its speakers perception are encoded and stored.Cultural Impact onVerbal Communication At lexical level At discourse level At pragmatic level1.At lexical levelDenotational meaningConnotational meaningMeanings of Words Denotational meaning It refers to a definitional meaning depending upon our choice of word selection.Denotation means a dictionary definition.Connotational meaning It refers to extended meanings or associated meanings.Connotational meanings have developed over time through use by people and especially by poets and writers.Comparison between English and Chinese Some words have the same denotational and conntational meanings.There are also many words with the same denotational meanings but different connotational meanings.Both denotational and connotatinal meanings are different in many other words.Examples Dove:peace Fox:cunning Owl:wisdom Bat:an evil animal Cricket:a happy insect Dragon:fierceness 鸽子：和平鸽 狐狸：像狐狸一样狡猾 猫头鹰：坏运气 蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福 蟋蟀：哀愁 龙：龙袍，龙的传人(Chinese Dragon)Business Implications International businesspersons may encounter problems with such connotational meanings of colors.International marketers need to know what associations certain culture has in terms of colors and how they might affect product design,packaging,and advertising messages.2.At discourse level Linear and nonlinear language Deductive an inductive patternsLinear VS.Nonlinear Language Linear has a beginning and an end Logical and objective Nonlinear Circular Tradition-orientated Subjective Styles of Paragraph Development 直线型（英语）平行对仗型（闪族语）螺旋型（东方语言）迂回转折型（拉丁语系）更自由的迂回转折型（俄语）Deductive VS.Inductive thought patterns Deductive From the general to the specific Western Inductive From the specific to the general Eastern Example 1 Because of most of our production is done in China now,and its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1999,and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense.So,I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.Example 2 I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.Thats because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense.In addition to that,most of our production is done in China now,and its not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1999.Deductive vs.Inductive X Comment,main point,or action suggested Because of Y Topic,background,or reason Because of Y topic,background,or reason X comment,main point,or action suggested 3.At pragmatic levelPragmatics defined pragmatics is defined as“language in use”(Thomas)Pragmatic transfer defined The use of rules of speaking from ones own native speech community when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language is known as sociolinguistic or pragmatic transfer.pragmalinguistic failuresociolinguistic failurePragmalinguistic Failure Defined Pragmalinguistic failure occurs when the pragmatic force mapped by speaker onto a given utterance is systematically different from the force most frequently assigned to it by native speaker of the target language,or when speech act strategies are inappropriately transferred from the first language to the second language.Examples “岂有此理”as a compliment response“sorry,sorry”for“I am very sorry”Sociolinguistic Failure Define Sociolinguistic failure stems from cross-culturally different perceptions of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior.Examples 白象牌电池 芳芳牌唇膏 大宝SOD蜜 金鸡牌鞋油 龙牌卷闸 White Elephant Fang Fang Dabao SOD Golden Cock Dragon Analysis of Speech Act Address Greeting and leaving-taking Offer and thanks Invitation and response Apologies Compliment and responseVerbal Style American verbal style Japanese verbal style Chinese verbal styleAmerican Verbal Style Direct Honest Ping-pang or tennis game styleJapanese Verbal Style Taking turns Waiting politely Bowling styleChinese Verbal Style Implicit communication（含蓄）Listening centeredness（听话）Politeness（客气）A focus on insiders（自己人）Face-directed communication strategies（面子）Chinese VS.North American Verbal Style What is not said vs.what is said The use of we vs.I Polite vs.impolite talk Indirect vs.direct talk Hesitant vs.assertive speech self-effacing vs.self-enhancing talk Private vs.public personal questions Reticent vs.expressive speechHomework 1.Can you evaluate thought patterns and their relationship to intercultural communication?2.Whats a Chinese discourse pattern like and how does it differ from the English one?Thank You See You Next Time