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专题专题7 7正反解读非谓语动词正反解读非谓语动词专题专题7 7 高考链接高考链接高考链接1 120112011安徽卷安徽卷 Tom asked the candy makers if Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces.small pieces.A AbreakbreakB Bbreaking breaking C CbrokenbrokenD Dto breakto break 解析 D考查非谓语动词。句意为“汤姆问糖果制造商能否把巧克力做得更容易掰成小块。”在用easy,difficult,hard,comfortable等形容词构成复合宾语时，用不定式作状语。to break与the chocolate存在着动宾关系，故用主动式的不定式，选D。专题专题7 7 高考链接高考链接 22011北京卷 Its important for the figures_ regularly.Ato be updated Bto have been updated Cto update Dto have updated 解析 A考查不定式的用法。figure(数字)和update(更新)是动宾关系，因此要用被动形式，此外，从后面的regularly(经常地)来看，更新是经常性的动作，所以应该用一般式。专题专题7 7 高考链接高考链接 32011北京卷 Sit down,Emma.You will only make yourself more tired，_on your feet.Ato keep Bkeeping Chaving kept Dto have kept 解析 B考查现在分词的用法。这里是现在分词作状语，描述站着的状态，用分词的一般式。句意：坐下吧，Emma，老是站着会更累的。专题专题7 7 高考链接高考链接 42011福建卷 Tsinghua University，_ in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.AfoundBfounding CfoundedDto be founded 解析 C考查过去分词短语作定语。清华大学创立于1911年，因此应使用过去分词表被动。专题专题7 7 高考链接高考链接 52011福建卷 The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable_.AheldBholding Cbe heldDto hold 解析 D考查不定式的用法。句意：厚度和重量与先前版本的不同使得iPad 2拿着更舒服。形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable作表语或补语时，后面需用不定式的主动形式表被动意思，故正确答案为D项。专题专题7 7 高考链接高考链接专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 考点归纳非谓语动词概述非谓语动词概述非谓语动词包括不定式非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)(to do)、动名词、动名词(ing(ing)、现在分、现在分词词(ing(ing)与过去分词与过去分词(ed)(ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制。它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在在句子中不能单独充当谓语句子中不能单独充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有并且有时态和语态的变化。所以时态和语态的变化。所以,要正确使用非谓语形式要正确使用非谓语形式,一定要充分一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义理解不同形式所表现的意义,要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是间是“主动主动”还是还是“被动被动”关系，所表示的动作是关系，所表示的动作是“过去过去”“现在现在”还是还是“将来将来”,以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。下面是非谓语结构及其意义一览表：发生还是有先后之分。下面是非谓语结构及其意义一览表：形式对比 项目 动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 形式对比 项目 动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)形式主动一般式to dodoingdoingdone被动式to be donebeing donebeing done无主动完成式to have donehaving donehaving done无被动完成式to have been donehaving been donehaving been done无专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 考点一不定式和动名词作主语规则1：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作，而不定式作主语则表示具体的、某一次的行为。如：Smoking is forbidden in public places.(习惯性的)It is impossible to go swimming this afternoon.(具体的)规则2：不定式及动名词短语作主语时可转换成it作形式主语。如：It was no use sending him to a hospital.Its very hard to learn an art.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3:动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格。如：Jacks sudden disappearing made them worried.(不可用Jack)规则4：带逻辑主语的动名词结构作主语时，可以和主语从句之间相互转换。如：His being elected our team leader made us all very excited.That he was elected our team leader made us all very excited.他被选为我们的队长，使我们都很兴奋。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：adj.for sb.to do sth.与adj.of sb.to do sth.。若形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价，用for sb.，这类形容词有difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，(im)possible等；若形容词是描述人物性格、特性等的形容词brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel，selfish,wicked,wrong等时，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。如：Its very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.It is kind of you to lend me so much money.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 考点二不定式和动名词作宾语规则1：动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。如：She doesnt like Mary/Marys talking that way.规则2：作宾语的动名词和不定式，它们的完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：接动词不定式作宾语的动词及短语巧记如下：想要干：want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,claim,would like/love,desire,swear 早打算：plan,prepare,mean,arrange 同意否：agree,promise,undertake,offer,choose,refuse 问问看：ask,beg 决定了：decide,determine,make up ones mind,be determined 尽力干：try,manage(反义词fail),struggle,strive 努力做：make an effort 别装蒜：pretend专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：接动名词作宾语的动词及短语巧记如下：考虑建议盼原谅：consider，suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse,pardon 承认推迟没的想：admit,delay/put off,fancy 避免错过继续练：avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise 否认完成停止赏：deny,finish,stop,enjoy/appreciate 不禁介意准逃亡：cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape 不准冒险凭想象：forbid,risk,imagine专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：接动名词和动词不定式作宾语意义有别的动词：(1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)(2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事(3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)(4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say,tell,inform等)regret doing对做过的事后悔专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 (5)try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法(6)mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着(7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)(8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建议(做某事)专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则6：动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后要跟doing作宾语，跟to do作宾补。如：We dont allow people to smoke here.The teacher advised taking a different approach.规则7：need,require,want,deserve作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，表示某事需要被做。be worth后须用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。如：The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则8：固定句型(1)There is no good/point/sense/harmdoing sth.做某事没用(不好/没意义/没有害处)(2)have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun(in)doing(3)spend/waste/lose time(in)doing sth.(4)come/become/grow/realize/understand/know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地意识到/懂了/知道了”。(5)cannot help but do,can do nothing but do,have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 (6)“Why not动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，意为：“为什么不，干嘛不？”(7)“would rather/had better(not)动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”。(8)there be的非谓语形式 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind,object to等后面用there being。如：We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind.I dont mind there being a chair here.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 作状语多用there being结构。如：There being nobody else at hand,I had to do by myself.(9)为避免重复，在hope,expect,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,need,mean,forget,refuse 等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been时，要保留这些词。如：John didnt pass his driving test,but I expected him to.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 考点三不定式、动名词和分词作表语规则1：不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。如：What I would suggest is to start work at once.His hobby is collecting stamps.规则2：表心理状态的interesting,exciting,disappointing,encouraging,worrying,puzzling,satisfying,surprising,pleasing等现在分词式形容词作表语时，强调外在的表象，意为“令人的”；interested,excited,disappointed,encouraged,worried,puzzled,satisfied,surprised,pleased等，强调主观的感受，意为“感到的”。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：get,become,look,seem,appear,remain等系动词后都可跟done，表示被动或主语的状态。如：remain seated/hidden，get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 考点四不定式、动名词和分词作定语规则1：不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别：to do/to be done作定语一般表示未来动作；done表示已经完成的或表被动完成的动作；being done 表示被动的、进行的动作；doing表示正在进行的动作或者经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态；现在分词的完成式一般不作定语。如：(1)The Computer Centrebuilt last year(去年建造的)being built now(现在正在建造的)to work in our school next year(明年将在我校运行的)专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 (2)The professor working in our school now(现在在我校工作的)【温馨提示】(1)动名词作定语常表示用途或材料；(2)现在分词的完成式通常只能作状语。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则2：使用to do/to be done作定语的情况(1)下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，wish，right，courage，need，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。如：Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?(2)不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如：There is no one to look after her.(3)不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：I have a lot of work to do.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 【温馨提示】(1)如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如：He is looking for a room to live in.(2)如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面，不定式则用主动形式；若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语，则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别：Do you have anything to wash today?(to wash的逻辑主语为句子的主语you)Do you have anything to be washed？(to be washed不是you做，而是由“我”或其他人来做)专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则3：一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经的”。如：a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)a falling leaf飘零的落叶(尚在空中)a developed country发达国家a developing country发展中国家 a risen sun升起的太阳a rising sun冉冉升起的太阳专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：不宜用现在分词短语作定语的情况：(1)The man who came this morning is our legal adviser.()The man coming this morning is our legal adviser.()不能用doing表达过去动作。(2)Is there anyone who can answer this question？()Is there anyone answering this question？()用answering表达can answer的意思是错的。(3)Those who have finished their work can go home now.()Those having finished their work can go home now.()现在分词的完成式不能作后置定语。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：drink,learn,sink,light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。如：a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机；a learned lawyer 博学的律师；a sunken ship 沉船；a lighted candle 点着的蜡烛。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 考点五不定式和分词作状语规则1：不定式和分词作状语，有一般式和完成式，也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，可以按照下列形式选择使用：(1)to do表示目的或结果(to doin order to do/so as to do,其中so as to do不能放在句首);only to do表示意想不到的结果；thus doing表示自然而然的结果。如：We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.(意想不到的结果)A terrible storm hit the area,thus causing great damage to the crops.(自然而然的结果)专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 (2)doing sth.表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作(主动关系)；beingadj./n.常表示原因；being done强调与谓语动词同时发生的被动动作(“因为正在被”)。如：Hearing the news,they got excited.Being blind,how could they see an elephant?Being repaired,the car cannot be used today.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 (3)done已经发生的被动动作；having done 先于谓语动词发生的动作(主动关系)；having been done先于谓语动词发生的动作(被动关系)。如：Not having received an answer,he decided to write another letter.Given(Having been given)a wrong number,I couldnt contact him over the phone.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则2:tooto do表示肯定的情况(1)当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。如：Im only too pleased to help you.我很高兴能帮助你。(2)too ready/anxious/eager/glad/willing(表示心情或情绪)to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义，这时too相当于very。(3)never(not)tooto意为“不会太所以能”之意。如：One is never too old to learn.谚 活到老，学到老。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 (4)cannottoo/enough意为“再也不过分”之意。如：You can never be careful enough while driving.驾车时越小心越好。规则3：devote,absorb,lose,seat,dress,hide等动词的非谓语形式作状语和定语时，可以用它们的ed形式(devoted,absorbed,lost,seated,dressed,hidden)或ingoneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。如：Have you noticed the student lost/losing himself in thought?专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系。如：(1)to tell you the truth实话说，needless to say不用说，to be honest/frank老实说，坦白说，to be more exact更确切地说，to make things worse更糟的是，say that假设，not to mention更不用说专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 (2)generally/frankly/roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说，considering鉴于/考虑到，judging by/from从来看，依据来判断，supposing/suppose that假定，providing that假定，according to依据，including包括，owing to由于，talking/speaking of谈及(3)given考虑到，provided that如果专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则5：独立主格结构的特点(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。(2)n./pron.与后面的doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语是主谓关系。(3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。体会：It being Sunday,we neednt go to school.Because it is Sunday,we neednt go to school.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则6：连词分词(短语)有时，为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when,while,if,unless,though,after,before等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致。如：While waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 考点六不定式和分词作宾语补足语规则1：hope,welcome,agree,suggest,demand不能跟sb.to do sth.，即不能带补语。()hope sb.to do sth.应改为wish/expect sb.to do sth.()welcome sb.to do sth.应改为sb.be welcome to do sth.()agree sb.to do sth.应改为allow/permit sb.to do sth.()suggest sb.to do sth.应改为advise sb.to do sth./suggest sb.(should)do sth.()demand sb.to do sth.应改为require sb.to do sth./demand sb.(should)do sth.专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则2：感官动词带宾补的结构。结构公式(以see为例)：结构意义：do、to do sth.表示动作的全过程或经常性动作；doing表示主动的、正在进行的动作；done表示完成的、被动的动作(如果是不及物动词则只表示完成的动作)。如：She was seen to enter/entering the room.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.主语主语be seen to do/doing/donebe seen to do/doing/done专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 seesee宾语宾语do/doing/done(do/doing/done(主动主动)此类动词及短语有：see,notice,watch,observe,catch(sight of),listen to,hear,feel,find等。规则3：get/send 带宾补的结构。(1)get/send宾语doing表示“使起来”，由静止到运动并持续下去。(2)get宾语to dolet/have sb.do表示“让某人做某事”。(3)get宾语donehave sth.done表示“使某事被做”。(4)send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 规则4：make带宾补的结构。使役动词make宾语do/done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如make 在被动语态中，to要还原。规则5：have带宾补的结构。(1)havesb.done意为“让某人被”(2)havesb.doing意为“让某人一直做某事”。(3)havesb.do意为“让某人做某事”。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 【温馨提示】have sth.to be done意为“有要做的事情”(不是主语本人做)；have sth.to do意为“有某事要做”(主语本人做)。参考定语用法。规则6：keep/leave宾语doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动)。规则7：want/order/ask/wish/like宾语(to be)done(宾语与done之间为被动关系)。规则8：be reported(said/believed)to do(to be doing、to have done)sth.意为“据报道(说、认为)要做(正在做、做过了)某事”。专题专题7 7 考点归纳考点归纳 专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读反面解读1 1【误【误】We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall.【正【正】We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall.【正【正】We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall.解析解析 考查固定结构。注意区分考查固定结构。注意区分allow doing sth.和和allow sb.to do sth.，以及相关词的用法。，以及相关词的用法。2【误】She was the first person thinking of the idea.【正】She was the first person to think of the idea.解析 当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，此定语通常由不定式来充当。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读 3【误】The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.【正】The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.解析 being discussed表示动作正在进行，而根据at tomorrows meeting可判断动作发生在将来，故用to be discussed表示。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读 4【误】This boy was seen come late this morning.【正】This boy was seen to come late this morning.解析 see，watch等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带to。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读 5【误】Ive been looking forward to hear from you.【正】Ive been looking forward to hearing from you.解析 在look forward to中，to为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读 6【误】This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.【正】It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.解析 作形式主语，代替动词的ing形式，只能用it。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读 7【误】The flowers need being watered.【正】The flowers need watering/to be watered.解析 need,want,require等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示“需要被”。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读 8(1)【误】I could see the house having been beautifully decorated.【正】I could see the house beautifully decorated.(2)【误】The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today.【正】The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today.解析 现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补足语。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读 9(1)【误】Having found the cause,the experiment continued.【正】Having found the cause,they continued the experiment.(Having foundAfter/When they had found)(2)【误】Seeing from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful.【正】Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful.(SeenWhen the city is seen)解析 作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中的主语一致，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读 10(1)【误】Having not finished his homework,he didnt want to go to bed.【正】Not having finished his homework,he didnt want to go to bed.(2)【误】Mother warns us to not play in the street.【正】Mother warns us not to play in the street.解析 非谓语动词的否定式中，not必须放在非谓语动词的最前面。专题专题7 7 反面解读反面解读
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