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Mechanical product plan modern design method and development tendencyAbstract: Carries on when the mechanical product design according to the present domestic and foreign designs scholar the main thought characteristic, summarizes the product plan design method for the systematization, the structure modulation, based on the product characteristic knowledge and the intelligent four kind of types. Pointed out four methods the characteristics and its mutually the organic relation, proposed the product plan design computer realizes diligently the direction.1.IntroductionThe science and technology rapid development, the product function request increases day by day, the complexity increases, reduces, the renewal speed speeds up. However, product design, in particular mechanical product plan design method, then appears lacks the ability to do what one would like, cannot follow time the need to develop. At present, the computer assistance product design cartography, the design calculation, the processing manufacture, the production plan obtained quite widespread and the thorough research, and wins initial success, but product development initial period plan computer.The assistance design actually by far cannot satisfy the design the need. Therefore, the author in read in the massive literature foundation, the method which summarized summarizes the domestic and oreign designs scholar to have carried on when plan design uses, and iscussed the development tendency which between each method organic elation and the mechanical product plan design computer realized.Carries on the mechanical product plan design according to the present omestic and foreign designs scholar to use the method the main haracteristic, may summarize the plan modern design method for the fllowing four big types.1） .Systematized design methodThe systematized design method main characteristic is: Will design regards as a system which will be composed by certain designs essential factor, each design essential factor will have the independence, during each essential factor has the organic relation, and will have the level, after all designs essential factor union, then will realize the duty which the design system will have to complete.The systematized design thought proposed to the 70s by German scholar Pahl and Professor Beitz that, they take the system theory as the foundation, drew up the design general pattern, the initiative design work should have orderliness. German engineer the association in this design thought foundation, draws up standard VDI2221 the technical system and the product development design method.The formulation mechanical product plan design advancement pattern, basically has continued to use the German standard VDI2221 design way. In addition, our country many designed the scholar when carried on the product plan design also to profit from and to quote other developed countries systematized design thought, in which had representatively is:(1)The user demand took the product function characteristic idea, the structural design and the components design, the craft plan, the job control and so on the foundation, embarks from the product development macroscopic process, the use quality function arrangement method, systematically reasonably and effectively transforms the user demand information for the product develops various stages the technical goal and the job control regulations method.(2) regards as the product in the organism level the life system, and draws support the life system theory, divides the product design process the function demand level, the realization function request concept level and the product concrete design level. Simultaneously used the life diagram symbol abstractly to express the product the function request, formed the product functional system structure.(3) the machine design in the systems science application induction is two basic questions: One, the product which must design took a system processing, best determines its constituent (unit) and its the reciprocity; Two is regards as the product design process a system, according to designs the goal, is correct, reasonably determines in the design each aspect work and each different design stage.Because each designer studies the question the angle as well as the consideration question emphasis point is different, carries on when the plan design uses the concrete research technique also has the difference. Under introduced some have the representative systematized design method.1.1Designs elements Law with five designs elements (function, effect, effect carrier, shape element and superficial parameter) describes the product solution, after thought a product five designs elements value determination, product all characteristics and the characteristic value namely had determined. Our country also had designs the scholar to use the similar method description product original understanding.1.2 Graphs modellings Law development the design analysis and the homing system KALEIT, describes the product function structure and its the correlation abstract information with the level clear graph, has realized the system structure, the function relations graph modelling, as well as between function level joint.Will design delimits divides into the assistance method and the exchange of information two aspects, could use the graph mark using the Nijssen information analysis method, have the content rich semantics model structure, may describe the integrated condition, may divide the restraint type, may realize relational characteristic and so on wilfully union, will design the method solution and the information technology carries on the integration, has realized in the design process during the different abstract level the information relations graph modelling.The literature 11 supposes the semantics the achievement to design the tool, supposes in ASK in its development active semantics, uses the point and the line composition network description design, the point expression part unit (for example design duty, function, component or processing equipment and so on), the line uses to adjust and between the definition point the different semantic relations, from this establishes the model in advance for design process in all activities and the result, causes the early design request the definition each structure concrete description to be possible by the relational definition expression, realized the computer-aided design process from to abstract to the concrete leap.1.3 idea design lawDivides into the idea the product plan design and the design two stages. The idea the stage duty is seeks, the choice and the combination satisfies the design mission requirement the original nunderstanding. The design the stage work is the concrete realization idea stage original understanding.The plan the idea the concrete description is: According to the appropriate function structure, seeks satisfies the design mission requirement the original understanding. Namely in a function structure minute function by the structural element the realization, and the structural element the physical joint will define as the function carrier, the function carrier and the structural element the mutual function has formed the function schematic drawing (mechanical movement diagram). The plan the design is according to the function schematic drawing, first qualitative describes all the function carrier and the structural element, then quota description all structural element and joint (function carrier) the shape and the position, obtain the structure schematic drawing. Roper, H. Using the chart logic theory, with the aid of to defines by him always designs the unit (GE), the structural element (KE), the function structural element (FKE), the joint structural element (VKE), the constructional detail (KT), the structural element components (KET) and so on the concept, as well as description structural element size, position and transmission parameter reciprocity certain kind of diagrams, designed the expert to depend on the intuition design the method to do the formalized description, formed effectively has applied the existing knowledge the method, and applied it to the idea and the design the stage.Will embark from the design methodology viewpoint, after will be clear about the design duty design work to divide into three step: 1) gains the function and the function structure (is called as function); 2) seeks the effect (to be called as effect); 3) seeks the structure (to be called as configuration rule). And describes the mechanical product idea stage work flow with the following four kind of strategies: Strategy 1: Separately considers the function, the effect and the configuration rule. Therefore, may separately found the aberration plan in each work step, from this has the widespread original understanding spectrum. Strategy 2: The effect and the configuration rule (rule which founds including designer) is connected, alone considered the function (is usual and design duty correlation). This time, distinguishes the model the configuration to be regular and its the respective effect needs to have the rich experience, produces the plan spectrum is short by far to the strategy 1 plan spectrum. Strategy 3: Function, effect, configuration rule three close correlations. Is suitable to the function, the effect and the configuration rule has not chosen the leeway, has the special request the domain, like the subminiature machinery, the extra large type machinery, the value high function components, as well as have special function request spare part and so on. Strategy 4: Carries on the structure solution in view of the design request. This strategy from the components which has embarked, through components between different arrangement and connection, obtains the anticipated function.1.4 Matrices designs lawUses the request function in the plan design process the logical tree (with or tree) describes between the request, the function reciprocity, obtains functional design solution collection which answers the purpose, forms the different design proposal. Again acts according to the request function the logical tree establishment the request function the incidence matrixs, describes answers the purpose needs between the function the complex relations, expresses the request and the function 11 corresponding relations.Kotaetal the matrix took the mechanical system plan design the foundation, decomposes the mechanical system design space into the merit space, each stature space only expressed a plan design module, in abstract stage high level, each design module may carry on the operation with the movement transformation matrix and the restraint vector representation; In the abstract stage underlying bed, each design module expresses for the parameter matrix and a equation of motion.1.5 Linkages charts lawWill compose the system part the function to divide into has the energy, the expended energy, the transformation energy form, the transmission energy and so on each kind of type, and will borrow the linkage chart to express the part the function solution, hoped based on the function model and the linkage chart union, between the realization function structure automatic production and the function structure and the linkage chart automaticswitching, will seek by the linkage chart has many design proposal method.2 Structure modulation design methodProposed from the plan product angle that, When definition design duty take the function product structure as the foundation, the quotation the product solution which had (for example common parts part and so on) described the design duty, namely when decomposition duty considered whether each duty did have corresponding the product solution, like this, could in the product plan stage the contradiction which possibly existed on the elimination design duty in, the early forecast productivity, the expense, as well as in the development design process planned may the adjustment, from this the enhancement rated capacity and the design reliability, simultaneously also reduced the new product the cost. Feldmann will describe the design duty function product structure to divide into four, (1) product - (2) function composition - (3) main function module - (4) function part. And uses face the application structure characteristic table of contents, carries on more concrete qualitative and the quota description to the function part. Simultaneously develops suits to the product development early time and design initial period use tool software STRAT.Thought in the special-purpose machinery the most functions may use already the product solution which has, but has the new solution the special-purpose function is only minority, therefore, uses the function in the special-purpose machine design product structure, regarding the appraisal special-purpose machinery design, the manufacture risk is extremely advantageous.Advocated in the product functional analysis foundation, decomposes the product has some kind of function or several modular basic structures, through chooses and combines these modular basic structure groups to complete the different product. These basic structures may be the components, the part, even is a system. The ideal modular basic structure should have standardized the connection (joint and coordination department), and is the seriation, the universalization, the integration, the level, is agile, the economy, has the interchangeability, the compatibility and the relevance. Our country unifies the software component technology and the CAD technology, will distort designs and combines the design to unify, according to will grade the modular principle, will process the central engine bed from big to slightly to divide into produces the grade, the part level, the module level and the part level, and will synthesize using the expert knowledge and the CAD technology their group the different variety, the different specification function module, again will synthesize the different processing center overall plan by these function module groups.Take designs as the table of contents took the choice variation mechanism the tool, proposed will design the solution element will carry on the integrity, the structure arrangement, will form Xie Ji to design the table of contents. And designs in the table of contents in Xie Ji to list comments each solution the attachment information, extremely has favor project engineer to choose the solution element.According to the mechanical spare part joint characteristic, induces it four kind of types: 1) between the part directly locates, and has from the adjustment part; 2) in the structure has general character ; 3) has inlays the model structure and inlays the model part the joint; 4) has the modular structure and the modular part joint. And uses connection rule between the accurate symbolic representation typical part and the part, from this realizes the algorithm which between the part joins and the concept visible.In carries on the mechanical system in the plan design, the module carries on the decomposition with the function establishment to the function, and the stipulation function decomposes best the granulation the degree is the function and the organization pattern 11 correspondences. The structure establishment the module takes the function solution the choice object in order to realization mapping algorithm.3. Based on product characteristic knowledge design methodBased on the product characteristic knowledge design method main characteristic is: Language description product characteristic and its design domain experts knowledge and experience can distinguish which with the computer, establishes the corresponding knowledge library and the inference machine, again uses already the domain knowledge and the establishment inference mechanism realization computer assistance product plan design which saves.The mechanical system plan design mainly rests on the characteristic which the product has, as well as the design domain experts knowledge and the experience carries on pushes the quantity and the decision-making, completes the organization, the number is comprehensive. Wants to realize this stage computer-aided design, must study the knowledge the automatic gain, the expression, the integration, the coordination, the management and the use. Therefore, the domestic and foreign designs scholar has done the massive research work in view of mechanical system plan design knowledge automated processing, uses the method may induce into the following several kinds.3.1 Code lawTransforms the function according to the movement (abbreviation function Yuan) to carry on the organization the classification, and using the code description function Yuan and the organization category, from this establishes the organization system plan to design the expert system the knowledge library. In this foundation, unifies the dual logical inference and the fuzzy synthesis judgment principle, has established this the expert system the inference mechanism, and uses in four locations special purpose machines plan design.Using the biological evolution theory, and causes the principle through the natural selection which the organism can evolve, in the organization plan design, discusses the method using the network chart the organization structure expression is the analysis situs chart, again through the code technology, transforms the organization structure and the performance as the individual chromosome binary number string, and according to designs the request establishment adaption value, the utilization biology evolution theory control reproduction mechanism, through choice, method and so on overlapping, sudden variation, elimination adaption value low unsuitable individual, obtains the compatible most superior individual by the extremely quick evolution process, namely most conforms to the design request organization plan.机械产品方案的现代设计方法及发展趋势摘要：根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品设计时的主要思维特点，将产品方案的设计方法概括为系统化、结构模块化、基于产品特征知识和智能四种类型。指出四种方法的特点及其相互间的有机联系，提出产品方案设计计算机实现的努力方向。引言科学技术的飞速发展，产品功能要求的日益增多，复杂性增加，寿命期缩短，更新换代速度加快。然而，产品的设计，尤其是机械产品方案的设计手段，则显得力不从心，跟不上时代发展的需要。目前，计算机辅助产品的设计绘图、设计计算、加工制造、生产规划已得到了比较广泛和深入的研究，并初见成效，而产品开发初期方案的计算机辅助设计却远远不能满足设计的需要。为此，作者在阅读了大量文献的基础上，概括总结了国内外设计学者进行方案设计时采用的方法，并讨论了各种方法之间的有机联系和机械产品方案设计计算机实现的发展趋势。根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品方案设计所用方法的主要特征，可以将方案的现代设计方法概括为下述四大类型。1、系统化设计方法系统化设计方法的主要特点是：将设计看成由若干个设计要素组成的一个系统，每个设计要素具有独立性，各个要素间存在着有机的联系，并具有层次性，所有的设计要素结合后，即可实现设计系统所需完成的任务。系统化设计思想于70年代由德国学者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他们以系统理论为基础，制订了设计的一般模式，倡导设计工作应具备条理性。德国工程师协会在这一设计思想的基础上，制订出标准VDI2221“技术系统和产品的开发设计方法。 制定的机械产品方案设计进程模式，基本上沿用了德国标准VDI2221的设计方式。除此之外，我国许多设计学者在进行产品方案设计时还借鉴和引用了其他发达国家的系统化设计思想，其中具有代表性的是：(1)将用户需求作为产品功能特征构思、结构设计和零件设计、工艺规划、作业控制等的基础，从产品开发的宏观过程出发，利用质量功能布置方法，系统地将用户需求信息合理而有效地转换为产品开发各阶段的技术目标和作业控制规程的方法。(2)将产品看作有机体层次上的生命系统，并借助于生命系统理论，把产品的设计过程划分成功能需求层次、实现功能要求的概念层次和产品的具体设计层次。同时采用了生命系统图符抽象地表达产品的功能要求，形成产品功能系统结构。(3)将机械设计中系统科学的应用归纳为两个基本问题： 一是把要设计的产品作为一个系统处理，最佳地确定其组成部分(单元)及其相互关系；二是将产品设计过程看成一个系统，根据设计目标，正确、合理地确定设计中各个方面的工作和各个不同的设计阶段 。由于每个设计者研究问题的角度以及考虑问题的侧重点不同，进行方案设计时采用的具体研究方法亦存在差异。下面介绍一些具有代表性的系统化设计方法。1.1设计元素法用五个设计元素(功能、效应、效应载体、形状元素和表面参数)描述“产品解”，认为一个产品的五个设计元素值确定之后，产品的所有特征和特征值即已确定。我国亦有设计学者采用了类似方法描述产品的原理解。1.2图形建模法研制的“设计分析和引导系统”KALEIT，用层次清楚的图形描述出产品的功能结构及其相关的抽象信息，实现了系统结构、功能关系的图形化建模，以及功能层之间的联接 。将设计划分成辅助方法和信息交换两个方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用图形符号、具有内容丰富的语义模型结构、可以描述集成条件、可以划分约束类型、可以实现关系间的任意结合等特点，将设计方法解与信息技术进行集成，实现了设计过程中不同抽象层间信息关系的图形化建模。文献11将语义设计网作为设计工具，在其开发的活性语义设计网ASK中，采用结点和线条组成的网络描述设计，结点表示元件化的单元(如设计任务、功能、构件或加工设备等)，线条用以调整和定义结点间不同的语义关系，由此为设计过程中的所有活动和结果预先建立模型，使早期设计要求的定义到每一个结构的具体描述均可由关系间的定义表达，实现了计算机辅助设计过程由抽象到具体的飞跃。1.3“构思”“设计”法将产品的方案设计分成“构思”和
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