牛津英语八年级寒假辅导讲义1

八年级英语寒假辅导讲义1牛津译林版初二英语上学期 （8A） Unit 1-3辅导教师 王老师（2011.1.24）重 点 词 组as slim as . 和.一样苗条 be ready to help people 乐于助人 travel around the world 周游世界 have poor eyesight 视力差 make him look smart 使他看起来神气 feel bored 感到无聊 a true friend 一个忠实的朋友 tell funny jokes 讲笑话knock over 撞翻 think of my good friend 想起我的好朋友 say a bad word about sb. 说.的坏话 one of the nicest boys 最好的男孩之一 give me some advice 给我一些建议 bright, smiling eyes 明亮笑眯眯的眼睛 wear a smile on ones face 面带微笑 a mixed school 一所男女混合的学校 how to cook and sew 如何煮饭缝纫 healthy and tasty meals 健康美味的饭 bring in books and magazines 带来书和杂志 feel sick 感到晕车/ 不舒服 give seats to people in need 给有需要的人让座as well 也 have driving lessons 上驾驶课 during lunchtime 在午餐时间 spend a lot of time practicing 花许多时间练习 the same as 和.一样 What if it rains. 如果下雨怎么办 different from 不同的 my ideal school 我理想中的学校 wear school uniform 穿校服 need to exercise 需要锻炼 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 at the beginning 在开始的时候 get on a coach 上长途汽车 arrive at the world park 到达世界公园 be made of metal 由金属制成 get off quickly 很快下车 places of interest 名胜 all over the world 遍布全世界 an amazing day 令人惊讶的一天 the song and dance parade 歌舞游行 go and see for oneself 亲自去看看 take place 发生 cheer for our team 为我们队欢呼 50 yuan per person 每人五十元 as soon as possible 尽可能快 straight, shoulder-length hair 齐肩长的直发 have a good sense of humour 很有幽默感 half an hour of homework 半小时的回家作业 help me with my homework 在作业方面提供帮助 go on a school trip to museum 学校旅行去博物馆 have a great time talking to each other 互相交谈十分愉快 teach oneself how to make a home page 自学如何制作主页 have lots of time for after school activities 有许多时间进行课外活动 a big library with lots of useful books 一个有许多有用书籍的图书馆 invite me to join in their school trip 邀请我参加他们的学校旅行 be willing to share things with her friends 愿意与她的朋友分享东西 语 法 精 解1. There is nothing else in the fridge. 冰箱里没有什么别的东西了。 else 的意思是“别的”，“另外的”，用于修饰特殊疑问词或不定代词，并且常放在被修饰词的后面。如：What else shall we do to help the sick boy？Is there any thing else you want to tell me？I am too busy now. Someone else will help you to solve the problem. 2. What about the pizza in you bowl ？你碗里的比萨饼怎么样？ What about + sth./dong sth？ (用于表示建议)。如： What about sharing the cake with your cousin？ What about the dress with colourful patterns？ 3. Do you believe what he/she says？你相信他/她说的话吗？ what he/she says 在这里是believe 的宾语从句。 宾语从句有三种情况： (a) 陈述句：用that 连接，如：We know (that) he lied to us. (b) 一般疑问句：用if/whether 连接，如； Please tell me if they won the game. (c) 特殊疑问句：用特殊疑问词连接，如：Do you know when we shall have the meeting？ Can you teach me how to make a poster？4. We have been best friends for a long time. 我们是好朋友已经很久了。 Have/has done（过去分词）是现在完成时的基本形式，用法如下： (a) 表示动作或状况发生在现在以前的某个未经指出的过去时间内，目前已经完成或结束，给现在留下了结果或造成了影响。 He has closed the window. (The window is closed.) She has learned to cook. (Now she is able to cook.) (b) 可用来表示动作或状况发生在以前的某个未经指出的过去时间内，但这个动作或状况直到如今尚未完成或结束，它还可能继续下去，也可能停止。 The old man has lived here since he was a child. She has practiced playing piano for an hour. 5. She is willing to share things with her friends. 她愿意和她的朋友分享东西。 (1) share something with somebody 的意思是“与.分享.”。如： The two girls often share their secrets. (2) be willing to do something. / be ready to do something 意为“愿意做./准备好做.”。 Are you willing to be the monitor of our class. The girl isnt willing to do any extra work. She is selfish. I am ready to leave now. 6. She helps me with my homework and she always gives seats to people in need on the bus.她帮助我做家庭作业，而且她在公交车上总是给有需要的人让座。 help somebody with something 的意思是“在.方面帮助某人”。如： Tom often helps his deskmate with Maths. in need 是介词短语后置作定语。如： They held a charity show to raise money for people in need. 7. He always makes me laugh. 它总是使我大笑。 make somebody do something 的意思是“使某人干某事”。如： His words made me realize that I made a mistake. The round glasses make Max look smart. 8. I thought of my good friend May when I read your advertisement. 当看了你的广告后，我想起了我的好朋友梅。 think of 想起, 记起, 考虑；think about 思考, 考虑；think over 仔细考虑。如： They think of a wonderful idea. We are thinking about when to go to Paris. Think it over; you can solve this problem very soon.9. 形容词 形容词(Adjective)是用来描写或修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的归属性质、状态、大小或数量的词。 1）形容词在句中的作用： A做定语, 常放在名词前。如：They are comfortable trainers. I heard the terrible noise last night. B表语, 常放在系动词之后。如：I was alone in the house. The news sounds exciting. 2)A形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式与形容词本身形式相同,用来描述人余人、事与事之间在某方面的相同或不同。 as+adj.+as 的意思是“和.一样”；not as/so+adj.+as 是它的否定形式, 意思是“不如.”。 He is as clever as his father. 他和他的父亲一样聪明。 You are not as active as your sister. 你不如你的妹妹活跃。 B形容词的比较级和最高级: 大多数形容词的比较级和最高级采用在词尾加-er 和-est 的形式，或在单词前加more 和most 构成的，形容词最高级前要加the。(具体改法见笔记)3）形容词比较级的用法: 用于描述两种事物或人的比较 This storybook is cheaper than that fashion magazine. He is much taller than his best friend. 形容词最高级的用法: 表示三者或三者以上人或事物的比较 the+最高级+比较范围 She is the most beautiful girl in the model team. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 10. I like learning how to cook and sew. 我喜欢学习怎样做饭和怎样做缝纫。 有些动词之后可以接疑问词how, what, when, where, which, who 再加动词不定式(why没有这种用法)。这类动词常用的有ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, show sb., think, understand, want to know, wonder。如: The young man knows how to look after his grandfather. I was shown how to solve the puzzle. We cant decide where to have a picnic. I wonder when to visit the house to the elderly. 11. Reading week is always too short because we want to read all our friends books as well. 阅读周总是太短。因为我们也想要读我们所有朋友的书。 as well 相当于too，是副词短语，一般放在句末。如： Sandy is able to dance. She is able to sing as well. Simon is an actor and a director as well. 12. I meet my fiends and we always have a great time talking to each other. 我和朋友们相聚聊天，过得很愉快。 have a great time = enjoy oneself=have fun “过的愉快,玩得开心” Last month we had a school trip and we had a great time hiking in the hills. 13. It means someone (who/whom)you admire very much. 意思是某个你很崇拜的人。 You admire very much 是定语从句。someone 是先行词，关系代词who/whom 在从句中作 admire 的宾语，所以可以被省略了。 14两者之间的比较和两者以上的比较: 1) more 是many 和much 的比较级，可以与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用，如：more. than. He knows more skills than other workers. The adviser offered us more advice than he had done before. 2) most 是many 和much 的最高级: most.最多的 She has the most stamps in her class. We spend the most time on Maths. 3) few 的比较级是fewer 最高级是fewest，用于修饰可数名词 My friend has fewer football stickers than me. Tom has the fewest oranges of the three. 4) little 的比较级是less 最高级是least, 用于修饰不可数名词 We try to spend less money than the other team. The bottle with the least water is Kittys. 15like 和alike 1) like 表示 “像”,可以作介词,也可以作连词。它的位置往往在句子的中间,在名词或名词性从句之前。如： This coat is like that one. You are like a teacher. The man in the picture looks like Mr. Wang. You should do it like what you said. 2) alike 是形容词，一般只作表语，用于系动词之后 The two songs sound alike. My boots and Sandys are alike. 还可以作副词，如：Teachers must treat all the students alike. Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。 16The number of 和a number of the number of .(.的数量)作主语时，谓语用单数；a number of. (大量.)修饰复数名词,谓语一般用复数。如：The number of the cranes is becoming less. 鹤的数量在减少。 A number of monkeys are jumping happily. 许多猴子高兴地跳着。 17She has to stay in the hospital for a month. 她不得不住院一个月。 have to 和must 都表示必须，have to 往往是客观外界情况造成 “不得不”，must 表示说话人主观上认为 “应该” “有必要”。如：It is late now. We have to leave, or well be late. I must finish my task this afternoon. 18. Kittys teacher Mr. Wu invited me to join in their school trip. Kitty 的老师吴老师邀请我参加他们的学校旅行。 1) invite somebody. to do something. 的意思是“邀请某人做某事”；invite somebody. to something 的意思是“邀请某人.”。 The artist invited us to visit the gallery. He was invited to dinner by the headmaster. 2)join 作及物动词，是 “参加”一群人的活动，或 “加入”某个组织成为其中一员。 join in something. / join somebody. in something.的意思是“参加某一活动”。如: Harry joined his friends last weekend./ He joined the League in 2004. Hell join us in the painting. 19. The trip from Kittys school took about two hours by coach. 从Kitty 的学校出发的行程乘长途车花了大约2 小时。 1) take 表示 “花费, 消耗”,此时主语一般是物。常用于 “It +takes/took/will take somebody to do something.”中。如：The long journey took us half a year. It took us half a year to take the long journey. 2) 乘坐交通工具用by+交通工具。如: by coach / car / bus / tram / boat / ship (sea) / train / plane (air) 20. It is made of metal and really tall. 它由金属制成，而且真的很高。 1) be made of 由.制成, 所制成的产品能看出原材料。 The shoes are made of leather. The tie is made of silk. 2) be made from由.制成, 所制成的产品看不出原材料。 The beer is made of wheat. The paper with good quality is made of bamboo. 21. There are over a hundred places of interest from all over the world. 有来自全世界的超过一百个名胜。 1）places of interest 的意思为“名胜”。如：Tiger Hill is one of the places of interest in Suzhou. 2）over= more than 的意思是“超过”。如：There are more than fifty students in our class. 22. Daniel taught himself how to make a home page. 丹尼尔自学如何做主页。 1) teach oneself to do something. /how to do something.的意思是“自学(如何)作某事”，而 teach oneself somehting 的意思是“自学.”。如： She can sing well, but she taught herself. Though his father is old, he is teaching himself how to use computers. 2）how to make a home page 是疑问词+不定式, 在句中作宾语。如： Can you tell me how to get to the post office. She knows where to buy this CD. They have to decide when to start charity walk. 23. 并列连词: and, but, or 的用法 1) and 用来连接语法作用相同的词，表示 “和”。如： He can speak Chinese and French. (表并列, 连接两个名词) They shook hands and began to talk at once. (表顺序, 连接两个短语) His mother cleans the house and he plays the piano. (连接两个句子) 2）but 表示转折,意思 “但是, 然而, 却”,可用来连接有对立或对照性的词短语和句子。如：He is energetic but strange. They have three envelopes but on stamps. He works hard every day, but it seems to have no improvement. 3）or 意思是 “或者, 还是” 表示二者选择其一。如：Is it green or blue. Simon or Daniel can work it out. You can stay at home or go out for a trip. 注意：or 连接两个主语时,谓语动词的单复数由or 后面的主语决定，即 “就近原则”。 Either you or she went to the park yesterday. You or I am right. 24. 反身代词 反身代词:是表示 “自己; 本身; 亲自”的意思的词。反身代词表示动作发出者将动作反射到自己身上，即句子的主语和宾语指的是同一对象。 其基本形式：第一人称: myself, ourselves 第二人称: yourself, yourselves 第三人称: himself, herself, itself; themselves 如：My aunt is teaching herself a new language. The little girl is old enough to take care of herself. We enjoyed ourselves in the cinema. If you are not careful, its easy to hurt yourself. ( 作宾语, 表示自己) I can finish it myself. (亲自, 本人) My mother worried not about herself, but me. (作介词的补充成分)典 型 例 题1. I have to pay _ usual for the coat because the discount is over. A. as much twice B. much twice C. twice as much as D. times two 解析： 句子意思是：由于降价结束了我不得不付了比平时多的钱买这件大衣。选项中没有比较级，但是能找到原级比较的结构 “as+形容词原级+as”的形式，这里“twice as much as”表示 “和两倍一样多”。例如：The water in this bottle is as much as that in the glass.三倍那样多 “three times as much as”其他选项不能表达正确的意思，故选C。 2. Sue works faster than _ girls in the office. A. any other B. any C. another D. others 解析：首先可以排除any，如果用any girls 表示任何女孩，其中包括Sue 在内，但是我们不能和自己本身相比较，所以不能选A。Another 表示“又一，再一”，一般用于修饰单数名词，如： another girl。如：could you please show me another pair of jeans. Other 通常与any， some 等连用，表示“另外一些”。如：Do you have any other books on this subject？others 是代词，用于代替other+名词，例如：Some students are reading while other students are playing chess.= Some students are reading while others are playing chess. 故选A。 3. Dont _ to others like that. You should _ politely. A. say; speak B. say; talk C. talk; speak D. speak; tell 解析： say, speak, talk, tell 都可以理解为“说”，但它们的用法有些不同之处。Say 一般是一个及物动词，后面跟的是说话的内容。例如：He said that he was good at sport. He said, “I was good at sport.” speak 侧重于演讲，讲某一种语言，或讲话的方式，如：He is able to speak in public for hours. He can speak French. The lady spoke softly to the child. tell 意思是告诉，也用于讲故事等，如，The teacher told me the interesting news. He is kind enough to tell the children stories. Talk 经常跟说话的对象talk to/with somebody。所以第一个空应选talk, 第二个空选speak。故选C。 4. She isnt quite tall, so I dont think she can sit _ the classroom. A. in front of B. at the back of C. at the front of D. behind 解析： in front of 意思是“在.的前面（外面）”，如：There is a tree in front of the house. Behind 意思与in front of 相对。如：There is a yard behind my house.。At the back of 和at the front of 都表示在室内，根据句子意思她很高判断，她不能坐在教室的前面。故选C。 5. We hope the foreign student can _ our trip to the World Park. A. take part B. join in C. take place D. joins 解析：表示参加的短语有 “take part in”和 “join in”, 用于表示参加某种活动。Join 表示加入某一组织或成为某一组织的成员。Take place 是 “发生”。句意是参加我们的旅行，而且情态动词后用动词原形，所以不能选D。A 选项少了一个介词in。故选B。6. I couldnt _ any interesting book on the bookshelf. A. look at B. discover C. find D. find out 解析： look at 意思是 “看”,不合题意，可以先排除。Discover 发现以前早就存在而未被被人们所知的事物。Find out 通过调查，或努力查明事实。在这里只有find 表示的是look for 的结果可以用于表示发现一本有趣的书，所以选C。 7. The meeting hall isnt _ to hold so many people. A. bigger enough B. enough big C. very big enough D. big enough 解析： 根据句意会议大厅不够大，无法容纳那么多人。这一个结构中要使用形容词原级，所以 A 不正确。Enough 修饰形容词要后置adj + enough，所以只能选C, D 之一。并且如果使用了 enough 就不再使用very, quite, rather 等表示程度的词了。故选B。 8. Everyone must learn to look after _. A. himself B. themselves C. yourself D. herself 解析：本题主要考察复合不定代词的用法。Everyone, everybody, nobody 等作主语时, 后面的代词常用第三人称复数形式。所以使用themselves。又如: Nobody would like themselves to be laughed at. 和Everyone believes themselves。故选B。 9. Doing more exercise and eating _ food can help you stay _. A. healthy; healthy B. healthily; health C. health; healthy D.health; health 解析： health 是名词 “健康”, healthy 是形容词 “健康的”，healthily 是副词 “健康地”，第一个空后的food 是名词，我们用形容词修饰名词：healthy food。第二个空的前面是连系动词stay 后面应该使用形容词充当它的表语，是stay healthy。故选D。 10. I _ much time _ my homework yesterday. A. took; to do B. cost; doing C. spent; to do D. spent; doing 解析： take, cost, spend 三个词都可表示 “花费”。take 一般只用于表示花费时间，而且使用形式主语句型“It takes / took somebody some time to do something.”。例如: It took me half an hour to draw the picture。Cost 常用于表示花费金钱，此时要用物作主语，如: The trainers cost me three hundred yuan。Spend 既可表示花时间又可表示花钱。通常是 “spend some time/some money on something.或spend some time/some money (in) doing something.”。故选D。