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Successful Writing,Unit 7 Social Problems,Unit Objectives,At the end of the unit you will 1. be able to recognize characteristics and organizational patterns of cause and effect in paragraph writing; 2. be acquainted with relevant linking devices in cause and effect writing; and 3. be able to write effective paragraphs of cause and effect according to the instructions given.,Part Warm-up Activities,Step One: Lets talk about college students taking part-time jobs. Why are so many students eager to find part-time jobs or summer jobs? What impact can be expected? Discuss with your partners and put down your ideas in the table.,Step Two:,Now try to find out any possible relations between why students take up part-time jobs (causes) and what has resulted. Then, on the basis of the group discussion, reorganize the information in the following table. After that, write one paragraph or two describing the causes and effects.,Additional Work,Look at the two sets of pictures and describe possible causes and effects. Here are some words you may use: be severely ill, worry about, temporary, recover, urgent, strike a balance between and , doze off, dozeaway, distract,Part Cause and Effect,Organizational Structure Sample 1 Suggested answers to the questions 1.This paragraph is developed around the problem of “the lack of parking” complaint about by US city residents.,2. The pattern of single effect and multiple causes. After the problem is clearly presented at the beginning, the rest of the paragraph is devoted to the exploration of its causes. Altogether three major causes are discussed. In this way, the writing shows a logical cause-and-effect pattern, which might consequently attract more concern or efforts in the problems solution.,3. The three causes are presented from the most direct/obvious to the most indirect/obscure.,Summary This pattern of organization is single effect vs. multiple causes. In this pattern, you may state the issue, i.e. the effect, right at the beginning, and then guide the reader to track down some important evidence for the causes. The causes can be traced from the most superficial to the deepest, from the most direct to the most indirect, etc. In the end, it is advisable to suggest some solutions to the problem, so that the whole writing has some significance.,Sample 2,Suggested answers to the questions The problem addressed refers to the issue of terrorist attacks. This issue has brought about at least three major aspects of consequence or effect. The paragraph addresses the cause rather than effects right at the beginning.,3. No. it follows a pattern of single cause and multiple effects. Sample 2 states briefly at the beginning the issue of terrorist attacks as a direct cause, and then dwells upon three major effects, some factual and some predicted.,Summary sample 2: from the matter-of-fact to something predicted. This is called the single-cause-and-multiple-effect pattern. The writer structures his paragraph mainly around points of effects instead of causes, reasoning along the logical sequence of events. Like sample 1, transitions are also used here so as to avoid abrupt idea development.,The single-cause-and-multiple-effect pattern works best with issues that turn out to be far-reaching or influential. It can bring into sharp focus of the relationship between causes and effects of an issue under discussion.,Linking Devices,Sample Suggested answers to the questions Both paragraphs deal with the same topic: private tiger keeping. Paragraph B is easier to understand.,3. The paragraph contains certain words and expressions, which help clarify the causes and effects in the paragraph. 4. This paragraph is structured on the pattern of multiple causes and multiple effects, or of chains of causes and effects.,Words and phrases that indicate either cause or effect in Para.B,Just asis The result is that is precisely why may be among other reasons,a list of expressions to indicate cause and effect,Cause/Reason: may be among other reasons Thanks to to account / find some reason for to attribute A to B to be due to several factors to be partly caused by to be precisely why Why? For one thing to stem from the fact that to view as a response to ,Effect/ Impact is the net result It leaves some serious consequences It may give rise to a host of problems The effect is evident The immediate result is produces is The influence has not been confined to The result is that There are a number of effects to bring about to cause a sweeping change to lead to to result in,Summary Paragraph B is more effective in shifting between causes and effects of the issue. The main reason is that paragraph B uses some words and phrases (e.g. the result is that, just as is, is precisely why, may be among other reasons) to indicate the relevance of cause/ effect and shift from one cause or effect to another. This shows that linking words or phrases play an important role in ensuring a smooth and coherent flow from cause to effect, or from effect to cause.,Unit Summary How many patterns of organization used in cause and effect have been discussed in this unit? 2. Why do we use linking devices?,
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