《词汇对等与空缺》PPT课件

第一讲 词汇对等与空缺,Lecture 1 Lexical Equivalence and Lexical Gap February, 2009,I. Language, Culture and Translation,What correlation can you find between them? 语言是文化的载体；文化是语言的土壤；翻译是跨文化交流的桥梁。 每一种语言都从文化中获得生命和营养，所以我们不能只注意如何将一种语言译成另一种语言，还必须力求表达两种文化在思维方式与表达情感方面的习惯。 翻译活动不仅是语言文字的转换活动，更是不同文化的交流和移植活动，翻译所涉及的不仅是两种语言，更涉及两种文化。,II. Lexical Equivalence,Read the following words or phrases to see whether you can find equivalent expressions in the TL. television 电视 radar 雷达 wheat 小麦 医生 doctor 西政 SWUPL 早饭 breakfast,1 = 1,marry 嫁、娶 wife 妻子、老婆、爱人、夫人 cousin 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹 杯子 cup, glass, mug 工厂 factory, plant, mill, works 明显 evidently, apparently, obviously,1 = 2 or more,青少年(八九岁到20多岁的人) teenager (13-19岁的人) 知识分子(上过学有知识的人) intellectual (有学问、层次较高的知识分子) 学者(知识渊博的人) scholar (正在学习的人或有学问的人),11,Predator (以猎食其他动物为生的动物；猎食动物) Prey (被别的动物捕食的动物；被食动物) Scavenger (吃死动物的动物；食尸动物) weekday (星期天或星期六、星期天以外的日子；平日),1 = none,Try to find an equivalent for a word or expression to achieve faithfulness. (1) speak ones mind 畅所欲言 (2) turn up ones nose at 嗤之以鼻 (3) touch and go 一触即发 (4) hit the nail on the head 一语道破 (5)充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to (6)大海捞针 look for a needle in a bundle of hay (7)颠倒黑白 talk black into white (8)骑虎难下 hold a wolf by the ear,(9) Make hay while the sun shines. 趁热打铁。 (10) Ill news travels fast. 好事不出门，坏事传千里。 (11)皇天不负苦心人。 Everything comes to him who waits. (12)小巫见大巫。 The moon is not seen when the sun shines. (13) I took the news with a grain of salt. 我对这个消息半信半疑。 (14) Unless youve got an ace up your sleeve, we are dished. 除非你有锦囊妙计，否则，我们是输定了。,(15) She is now between the devil and deep sea on this matter. 她在这个问题上进退维谷。 (16) 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。 The economic situation in these countries is on the down grade. (17) 为了掩人耳目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 In order to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries. (18) 照当时情况，他除了忍气吞声又能怎么办呢？ As things stood, what else could he do but swallow the insult?,Dont take the words too literally. (19) pull sbs leg 愚弄；开玩笑 *拉后腿 (20) move heaven and earth 想方设法；千方百计 *翻天覆地，感天动地 (21) childs play 简单的东西，容易的事情 *儿戏 (22) eat ones words 承认自己说错了话 *食言 (23) dog-eat-dog 残酷争夺；人吃人的关系 *狗咬狗,III. Lexical Gap,1. Lexical gap resulting from social and living surroundings block AmE (the distance along one of the sides of) a building or a group of buildings between two streets 街区；四条街当中的区 (24) I live two blocks from the school. 我住在离学校两条街远的地方。/ 我的住处和学校之间相隔两条大街。 (25) The place youre looking for is three blocks along the street. 沿此街过三条马路便到了你要找的地方。,landing the level space or passage at the top of a set of stairs between two sets of stairs 楼梯顶部的走廊；楼梯阶段间的驻脚台 (26) She brought up the water, stopping at each landing to get her breath. 她提水上楼，在每一个楼梯拐弯处歇脚喘气。 living room a room for general family use, usually during leisure hours and for entertaining 客厅,2. Lexical gap resulting from social customs 红白喜事 weddings and funerals salad a dish consisting of green, leafy raw vegetables, often with radish, cucumber or tomato, served with a dressing 沙拉/色拉，由绿色有叶生菜制成的一道菜，常加有小萝卜、黄瓜或西红柿，并加调味品食用 吃过了吗？ *Have you had your meal? How do you do? / How are you?,阴 阳功夫天干地支农历节气中医术语 刘师傅 ?Master Worker Liu (master worker仅指可以收徒工的工人，而且不可用作称呼语，而实际上“师傅”一词可用于一般工人或者其他行业的人。) 二哥 ?Brother Two, ?The Second Brother 阿庆嫂 ?Sister Aqing (“嫂”指结了婚的女人。),My grandfather is his cousin, so hes kith and kin (亲戚朋友) to me somehow, if you can make that out, I cant. 我的祖父跟他是堂兄弟或表兄弟，因此他和我有亲戚关系，也许你能够把这个关系弄清楚，我可没有办法弄清这个关系。 Three cousins of the French President were also to receive diamonds. 法国总统的三位远亲后来也接受了一些金刚石。 她从贫苦的姑家，又转到更贫苦的姨家。 She had lived for a while with some impoverished paternal relatives, then had been bundled off to some maternal relatives who were, if anything, even worse off.,我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。 I was born in the Year of the Rooster. I never eat chicken. The Year of Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck. (Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born. 1993, for example, is the Year of Rooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol. All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good or bad luck years for them.),醋vs. vinegar （赵辛楣）一肚皮的酒，几乎全化成酸醋 The wine in Xinmeis stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy. 龙vs. dragon 望子成龙hope ones children will have a bright future (*hope ones children will become a dragon in the future) like a dragon凶猛地 Shes a dragon她是个凶狠的女人。,猫头鹰vs. owl 英语中owl是智慧的象征：as wise as an owl。在儿童读物和漫画中，owl通常很严肃，很有头脑，常充当裁判。汉语里的“猫头鹰”则与前兆、迷信有关，人们怕碰上它而倒霉。 孔雀vs. peacock 在中国文化中孔雀是吉祥的象征，而peacock在英语中则表示one making a proud or arrogant display of himself，如：the young peacock, proud as a peacock。,柳vs. willow 在中国文化中，柳树常用以喻指春天的来临和春光的明媚（“春风杨柳万千条”）；又由于与“留”同音，古人常借其抒发离别思念之情（诗经：昔我往矣，杨柳依依，今我来思，雨雪霏霏）。在西方文化中，古时有戴柳叶花圈以哀悼死者的习俗，故“wear the willow”有“痛失心爱的人，思念亲人”的意思。 You are quite wrong in supposing that I have any call to wear the willow Miss Windsor never has been to me more than a bubble. 如果你以为我必须为失去自己心爱的人而哀伤，那你就大错而特错了。温莎小姐对我来说，从来就是无足轻重的。,3. Lexical gap resulting from religious beliefs Good Samaritan law 1. a statute granting immunity to good Samaritans, especially physicians or other health professionals who happen upon the scene of an emergency or happen to be present when an emergency occurs, for any alleged negligence in their efforts to render assistance to those in need. 紧急救助过失免责法 2. (in a few states and some foreign countries) a law requiring individuals at the scene of an emergency to render assistance to the extent that they can do so without danger to themselves or others. 紧急救助法,Good Samaritan: 好撒玛利亚人；乐善好施者。这一典故来自圣经路加福音10（LUKE 10）“好撒玛利亚人的比喻”（The Parable of the Good Samaritan）。有一个律法师（an expert in law ）试探耶酥（Jesus）怎样才可以获得永生。耶酥问他律法上是怎么写的？他回答说：“你要尽心、尽性、尽力、尽意爱主你的神，”而且“要爱你的邻居如同爱你自己。”（Love your neighbor as yourself.）那人又问耶酥：“谁是我的邻居呢？”耶酥回答说：“有一个人从耶路撒冷去耶利哥（Jerusalem to Jericho）落到了一强盗手中。他们剥去了他的衣裳，把他打个半死，就丢下他走了。有一个祭司（priest）从这条路下来，看见了他，但从他身边过去了。又有一个利末人（Levite）来到这个地方，看见他，也照样从他的身边过去了。惟有一个撒玛利亚人（Samaritan）行路来到那里，看见他就动了慈心，上前用油和酒 （oil and wine） 倒在他的伤处，包裹好了，扶他骑上自己的牲口，带到店里去照应他。第二天，又拿出二钱银子来，替他交给了店主耶酥问他：“你想，这三个人哪一个是那位落难之人的邻居呢？律法师说：“是怜悯他的。”耶酥说：“你去照样做吧。”,(27) When the Good Samaritan and I informed the woman that an ambulance was on its way, she perked up (振作), saying that she did not want an ambulance but would like to go home. (New York Times) (28) 谋事在人，成事在天。 Man proposes, Heaven disposes. Man proposes, God disposes.,4. Lexical gap resulting from national psychology “这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。 “Ah Q, may you die sonless! (a curse intolerable to ear in Chinese)” sounded the little nuns voice tearfully in the distance. (在中国人的观念中这种骂人的话是最刻毒的咒语，而在西方文化中，独身主义蔚然成风，断子绝孙对个人和家庭而言无足轻重，因此不可能理解“sonless”的文化含义。),(3)一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅祝福） When we met, after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter, and after saying that immediately started a violent attack in the revolutionaries. After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked “fat”, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries. (中国人见面习惯说“胖了”，“发福了”，而西方人忌讳肥胖，容易误解为一方对另一方的一种提醒或告戒。) (4)毛主席问陈妻：“你们俩感情好不好？”陈妻答：“好。”主席听了感到非常高兴。 Then Chairman Mao talked with Chens wife. He was pleased to know that they had a happy home life. (汉语中上对下出于关心询问婚姻、年龄、家庭、感情等是很正常的，但在西方这则是对隐私的侵犯。),III. Translation of Lexical Gap,1) 解释法（用于典故成语等等） 东施效颦 ? Dongshi imitates Xishi. The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes worse. 狗嘴吐不出象牙 A filthy mouth cant utter decent language.,2) 音译： Hippies (嬉皮士)，炕(kang) 3) 音译加解释 班门弄斧 This is like showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 粽子 zongzi made of glutinous rice 观音 Buddhism Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy 鸳鸯 Mandarin duck and drake lovebirds,4) 音译加范畴概念词 chocolate 巧克力 糖 opium 鸦片 烟 golf 高尔夫 球 rifle 来福 枪 nylon 尼龙 布,5)意译：根据该词的内涵造词。 communism democracy comrade parliament 6)直译 cow-boy 牛仔 （不等于中国的 “ 牧童 ” ） Watergate 水门事件 （gate 表示丑闻）,