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SECTION7SPECTROSCOPY7.1X-RAYMETHODS7.2Table7.1WavelengthsofX-RayEmissionSpectrainAngstroms7.3Table7.2WavelengthsofAbsorptionEdgesinAngstroms7.5Table7.3CriticalX-RayAbsorptionEnergiesinkeV7.8Table7.4X-RayEmissionEnergiesinkeV7.10Table7.5FiltersforCommonTargetElements7.14Table7.6InterplanarSpacingsforK1Radiation,dversus27.14Table7.7AnalyzingCrystalsforX-RaySpectroscopy7.15Table7.8MassAbsorptionCoefcientsforK1LinesandWL1Line7.167.2ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLESPECTROSCOPY7.18Table7.9ElectronicAbsorptionBandsforRepresentativeChromophores7.19Table7.10UltravioletCutoffsofSpectrogradeSolvents7.20Table7.11AbsorptionWavelengthofDienes7.21Table7.12AbsorptionWavelengthofEnonesandDienones7.22Table7.13SolventCorrectionforUltraviolet-VisibleSpectroscopy7.23Table7.14PrimaryBandsofSubstitutedBenzeneandHeteroaromatics7.23Table7.15WavelengthCalculationofthePrincipalBandofSubstitutedBenzeneDerivatives7.247.3FLUORESCENCE7.25Table7.16FluorescenceSpectroscopyofSomeOrganicCompounds7.25Table7.17FluorescenceQuantumYieldValues7.287.4FLAMEATOMICEMISSION,FLAMEATOMICABSORPTION,ELECTROTHERMAL(FURNACE)ATOMICABSORPTION,ARGONINDUCTIONCOUPLEDPLASMA,ANDPLASMAATOMICFLUORESCENCE7.28Table7.18DetectionLimitsinng/mL7.29Table7.19SensitiveLinesoftheElements7.347.4.1SomeCommonSpectroscopicRelationships7.387.5INFRAREDSPECTROSCOPY7.41Table7.20AbsorptionFrequenciesofSingleBondstoHydrogen7.41Table7.21AbsorptionFrequenciesofTripleBonds7.47Table7.22AbsorptionFrequenciesofCumulatedDoubleBonds7.49Table7.23AbsorptionFrequenciesofCarbonylBands7.507.5.1IntensitiesofCarbonylBands7.537.5.2PositionofCarbonylAbsorption7.53Table7.24AbsorptionFrequenciesofOtherDoubleBonds7.54Table7.25AbsorptionFrequenciesofAromaticBands7.57Table7.26AbsorptionFrequenciesofMiscellaneousBands7.58Table7.27AbsorptionFrequenciesintheNearInfrared7.64Table7.28InfraredTransmittingMaterials7.67Table7.29InfraredTransmissionCharacteristicsofSelectedSolvents7.687.6RAMANSPECTROSCOPY7.71Table7.30RamanFrequenciesofSingleBondstoHydrogenandCarbon7.71Table7.31RamanFrequenciesofTripleBonds7.76Table7.32RamanFrequenciesofCumulatedDoubleBonds7.77Table7.33RamanFrequenciesofCarbonylBands7.78Table7.34RamanFrequenciesofOtherDoubleBonds7.79Table7.35RamanFrequenciesofAromaticCompounds7.82Table7.36RamanFrequenciesofSulfurCompounds7.84Table7.37RamanFrequenciesofEthers7.85DEAN#37261(McGHP)RIGHTINTERACTIVEtopofpage7.1baseofDFshortstandard7.2SECTION7Table7.38RamanFrequenciesofHalogenCompounds7.86Table7.39RamanFrequenciesofMiscellaneousCompounds7,87Table7.40PrincipalArgon-IonLaserPlasmaLines7.887.7NUCLEARMAGNETICRESONANCE7.89Table7.41NuclearPropertiesoftheElements7.89Table7.42ProtonChemicalShifts7.92Table7.43EstimationofChemicalShiftforProtonsof9CH29andMethineGroups7.94Table7.44EstimationofChemicalShiftofProtonAttachedtoaDoubleBond7.95Table7.45ChemicalShiftsinMonosubstitutedBenzene7.96Table7.46ProtonSpinCouplingConstants7.97Table7.47ProtonChemicalShiftsofReferenceCompounds7.98Table7.48SolventPositionsofResidualProtonsinIncompletelyDeuteratedSolvents7.98Table7.49Carbon-13ChemicalShifts7.99Table7.50EstimationofChemicalShiftsofAlkaneCarbons7.102Table7.51EffectofSubstituentGroupsonAlkylChemicalShifts7.102Table7.52EstimationofChemicalShiftsofCarbonAttachedtoaDoubleBond7.103Table7.53Carbon-13ChemicalShiftsinSubstitutedBenzenes7.104Table7.54Carbon-13ChemicalShiftsinSubstitutedPyridines7.105Table7.55Carbon-13ChemicalShiftsofCarbonylGroup7.106Table7.56One-BondCarbon-HydrogenSpinCouplingConstants7.107Table7.57Two-BondCarbon-HydrogenSpinCouplingConstants7.108Table7.58Carbon-CarbonSpinCouplingConstants7.108Table7.59Carbon-FluorineSpinCouplingConstants7.109Table7.60Carbon-13ChemicalShiftsofDeuteratedSolvents7.110Table7.61Carbon-13CouplingConstantswithVariousNuclei7.110Table7.62Boron-11ChemicalShifts7,111Table7.63Nitrogen-15(orNitrogen-14)ChemicalShifts7.112Table7.64Nitrogen-15ChemicalShiftsinMonosubstitutedPyridine7.115Table7.65Nitrogen-15ChemicalShiftsforStandards7.115Table7.66Nitrogen-15toHydrogen-1SpinCouplingConstants7.115Table7.67Nitrogen-15toCarbon-13SpinCouplingConstants7.116Table7.68Nitrogen-15toFluorine-19SpinCouplingConstants7.116Table7.69Fluorine-19ChemicalShifts7.117Table7.70Fluorine-19ChemicalShiftsforStandards7.118Table7.71Fluorine-19toFluorine-19SpinCouplingConstants7.118Table7.72Silicon-29ChemicalShifts7.118Table7.73Phosphorus-31ChemicalShifts7.119Table7.74Phosphorus-31SpinCouplingConstants7.1227.8MASSSPECTROMETRY7.1237.8.1CorrelationofMassSpectrawithMolecularStructure7.123Table7.75IsotopicAbundancesandMassesofSelectedElements7.1247.8.2MassSpectraandStructure7.126Table7.76CondensedTableofMassSpectra7.128DEAN#37261(McGHP)LEFTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlong7.1X-RAYMETHODSAnX-raytubeoperatingatavoltageV(inkeV)emitsacontinuousX-rayspectrum,theminimumwavelengthofwhichisgivenbymin12.398/Vwiththewavelengthexpressedinangstroms.ForexpressingthewavelengthinkXunits,dividebythefactor1.00202.Tables7.1and7.2arebasedSPECTROSCOPY7.3TABLE7.1WavelengthsofX-RayEmissionSpectrainAngstromsAtomicNo.ElementK2K1K1L1L13Li2404Be1135B676C447N31.608O23.719F18.3110Ne14.46414.61611Na11.617407.611.90912Mg9.558251.09.88913Al8.33928.33677.981169.814Si7.12777.12536.76811236.154915P5.803816S5.37475.37205.031717Cl4.73054.72764.403118Ar4.19464.19163.884819K3.74463.74123.453842.720Ca3.36163.35833.089636.3235.9521Sc3.03453.03112.779531.3331.0122Ti2.752072.74842.513827.3927.0223V2.50732.50352.284324.2623.8524Cr2.293512.289622.0848021.6721.2825Mn2.10572.10181.910219.4519.1226Fe1.939911.935971.7565317.56717.25527Co1.792781.788921.6207515.96815.66728Ni1.661691.657841.5001014.56614.27929Cu1.544331.540511.3921713.33013.05330Zn1.43891.43511.295212.25711.98531Ga1.34391.34001.2078411.29011.02332Ge1.25801.25401.128910.43510.17433As1.17981.17581.05739.6719.41434Se1.10881.10470.99218.9908.73635Br1.04381.03970.93278.3758.12536Kr0.98410.98010.87857.8227.57437Rb0.92960.92550.82867.31817.07638Sr0.87940.87520.78296.86256.623739Y0.83300.82790.74076.44856.211740Zr0.79010.78590.70176.07025.835841Nb0.75040.74620.66575.72405.492142Mo0.7135430.709260.6322535.40635.176843Tc0.67930.67490.60145.11264.878244Ru0.64740.64300.57254.84554.620445Rh0.61760.61320.54564.59734.3739DEAN#37261(McGHP)RIGHTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlong7.4SECTION746Pd0.58980.58540.52054.36764.146047Ag0.5637750.5593630.497014.15413.934448Cd0.53940.53500.47513.95633.738149In0.51650.51210.45453.77193.555250Sn0.49500.49060.43523.59993.384851Sb0.47480.47030.41713.43923.225652Te0.45580.45130.40003.28913.076753I0.43780.43330.38393.14852.937354Xe0.42040.41600.36853.0162.80755Cs0.40480.40030.35432.90162.892056Ba0.38960.38510.34082.77522.567457La0.37530.37070.32802.66512.458358Ce0.36170.35710.31582.56122.355859Pr0.34870.34410.30422.46272.258460Nd0.35650.33180.29332.37012.166661Pm0.32490.32070.28212.2822.079662Sm0.31370.31900.27312.19941.997663Eu0.31330.29850.26362.12061.920264Gd0.29320.28840.25442.04601.846265Tb0.28340.27880.24601.97551.776366Dy0.27430.26960.23761.90881.710067Ho0.26550.26080.23021.84471.646868Er0.25720.25250.22261.78431.587369Tm0.24910.24440.21531.72631.529970Yb0.24150.23680.20881.67191.475671Lu0.23410.22930.20211.61941.423572Hf0.22700.22220.19551.56961.374073Ta0.22030.21550.19011.52191.327074W0.2138130.2089920.1843631.47641.281875Re0.20760.20280.17891.43291.238576Os0.20160.19680.17361.39111.197277Ir0.19590.19100.16851.35131.157878Pt0.19040.18550.16371.31301.119879Au0.18510.18020.15901.27641.083680Hg0.17990.17500.15441.24111.048681Tl0.17500.17010.15011.20741.015282Pb0.17030.16540.14601.17500.982283Bi0.16570.16080.14191.14390.952084Po0.16080.15590.13821.11380.922285At0.15700.15210.13431.08500.893686Rn0.15290.14790.13071.05720.865987Fr0.14890.14400.12721.0300.84088Ra0.14500.14010.12371.00470.813789Ac0.14140.13640.12050.97990.789090Th0.13780.13280.11740.95600.7652DEAN#37261(McGHP)LEFTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlongTABLE7.1WavelengthsofX-RayEmissionSpectrainAngstroms(Continued)AtomicNo.ElementK2K1K1L1L1SPECTROSCOPY7.591Pa0.13440.12940.11430.93280.742292U0.13100.12590.11140.91050.720093Np0.12780.12260.10850.88930.698494Pu0.12460.11950.10580.86820.677795Am0.12150.11650.10310.84810.657696Cm0.11860.11350.10050.82870.638897Bk0.11570.11070.09800.80980.620398Cf0.11300.10790.09560.79170.602399Es0.11030.10520.09330.77400.5850100Fm0.10770.10260.09100.75700.5682DEAN#37261(McGHP)RIGHTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlongTABLE7.1WavelengthsofX-RayEmissionSpectrainAngstroms(Continued)AtomicNo.ElementK懠2K懠1K懠1L懠1L懠1TABLE7.2WavelengthsofAbsorptionEdgesinAngstromsAtomicNo.ElementKLILIILIII3Li226.54Be110.685B66.2896C43.687N30.998O23.329F17.91310Ne14.18311Na11.47840012Mg9.512197.4247.9213Al7.951142.517014Si6.745105.1126.4815P5.78781.096.8416S5.01864.2376.0517Cl4.39752.0861.3762.9318Ar3.87143.1950.3950.6019K3.43636.3542.0242.1720Ca3.07031.0735.2035.4921Sc2.75726.8330.1630.5322Ti2.49723.3926.8327.3723V2.26920.5223.7024.2624Cr2.0701216.717.920.725Mn1.89616.2718.9019.4026Fe1.7433414.6017.1717.5327Co1.6081113.3415.5315.9328Ni1.4880212.2714.1314.5829Cu1.3804311.2713.0113.2930Zn1.28310.3311.8612.137.6SECTION731Ga1.1959.5410.6111.1532Ge1.1168.739.9710.2333As1.0448.1089.1249.36734Se0.98007.5058.4178.64635Br0.91996.9257.7527.98936Kr0.86556.4567.1657.39537Rb0.81555.9976.6436.86338Sr0.76975.5826.1726.38739Y0.72765.2335.7565.96240Zr0.68884.8675.3785.58341Nb0.65294.5815.0255.22342Mo0.619774.2994.7194.91243Tc0.58884.0644.4274.62944Ru0.56053.8414.1794.36945Rh0.53383.6263.9424.13046Pd0.50923.4283.7243.90847Ag0.485823.2543.5143.69848Cd0.46413.0843.3263.50449In0.44392.9263.1473.32450Sn0.42472.7782.9823.15651Sb0.40662.6392.8303.00052Te0.38972.5102.6872.85553I0.37382.3902.5532.71954Xe0.35852.2742.4292.59255Cs0.34472.1672.3142.47456Ba0.33142.0682.2042.36357La0.31841.9732.1032.25858Ce0.30651.8912.0092.16459Pr0.29521.8111.9242.07760Nd0.28451.7351.8431.99561Pm0.27431.6681.7661.91862Sm0.26461.5981.7021.84563Eu0.25551.5361.6261.77564Gd0.24681.4771.5611.70965Tb0.23841.4211.5011.64966Dy0.23051.3651.4381.57967Ho0.22291.3191.3901.53568Er0.21571.2691.3391.48369Tm0.20891.2221.2881.43370Yb0.20221.1811.2431.38671Lu0.19581.1401.1981.34172Hf0.18981.0991.1541.29773Ta0.18391.0611.1131.255DEAN#37261(McGHP)LEFTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlongTABLE7.2WavelengthsofAbsorptionEdgesinAngstroms(Continued)AtomicNo.ElementKLILIILIIISPECTROSCOPY7.774W0.178371.0251.0741.21575Re0.17310.99011.0361.17776Os0.16780.95571.0011.14077Ir0.16290.92430.96701.10678Pt0.15820.89140.93481.07279Au0.15340.86380.90281.04080Hg0.14920.83530.87791.00981Tl0.14470.80790.84360.979382Pb0.14080.78150.81550.950383Bi0.13710.75650.78910.923484Po0.13320.73220.76380.897085At0.12950.70920.73870.872086Rn0.12600.68680.71530.847987Fr0.12250.66540.69290.824888Ra0.11920.64460.67110.802789Ac0.11610.62480.65000.781390Th0.11290.60610.63010.760691Pa0.11010.58750.61060.741192U0.10680.56970.59190.723393Np0.10450.55310.57420.704294Pu0.10180.53660.55710.686795Am0.09920.52080.54040.670096Cm0.09670.50600.52460.653297Bk0.09430.49130.50930.637598Cf0.09200.47710.49450.622399Es0.08970.46360.48010.6076100Fm0.08750.45060.46650.5935DEAN#37261(McGHP)RIGHTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlongTABLE7.2WavelengthsofAbsorptionEdgesinAngstroms(Continued)AtomicNo.ElementKLILIILIIIontheKandLwavelengthvaluesaspublishedbyY.CauchoisandH.Hulubei(TablesdeConstantesetDonneesNumeriques,I.LongueursdOndedesEmissionsXetdesDiscontinuitesdAbsorptionX,Hermann,Paris,1947)andbytheInternationalUnionofCrystallography(InternationalTablesforX-RayCrystallography,KynochPress,Birmingham,England,1962).Wavelengthaccuracyisonlytoabout1in25000exceptforthelinesemployedinX-raydiffractionwork.Useofenergy-proportionaldetectorsforX-rayscreatesaneedforenergyvaluesofKandLabsorptionedges(Table7.3)andemissionseries(Table7.4).ThesevalueswereobtainedbyaconversiontokeVoftabulatedexperimentalwavelengthvaluesandsmoothedbyattoMoseleyslaw.Althoughvaluesarelistedto1eV,chemicalformmayshiftabsorptionedgesandemissionlinesasmuchas10to20eV.S.FineandC.F.HendeeNucelonics,13(3):36(1955)alsogivevaluesforK2,L1,andL2lines.TherelativeintensitiesofX-rayemissionlinesfromtargetsvariesfordifferentelements.How-ever,onecanassumearatioofK1/K22forthecommonlyusedtargets.TheratioofK2/K1fromthesetargetsvariesfrom6to3.5.TheintensitiesofK2radiationsamounttoabout1percent7.8SECTION7TABLE7.3CriticalX-RayAbsorptionEnergiesinkeVAtomicNo.ElementKLILIILIII1H0.01362He0.02463Li0.05474Be0.1125B0.1876C0.2847N0.4008O0.5329F0.69210Ne0.8740.0480.02211Na1.080.0550.03412Mg1.300.06280.050213Al1.5590.08700.072014Si1.8380.1180.097715P2.1420.1530.12816S2.4690.1930.1630.16217Cl2.8220.2380.2020.20118Ar3.2000.2870.2460.24419K3.6060.3410.2950.29220Ca4.0380.3990.3500.34621Sc4.4960.4620.4110.40722Ti4.9660.5300.4620.45623V5.4670.6040.5230.51524Cr5.9880.6790.5840.57425Mn6.5420.7620.6560.64426Fe7.1130.8490.7220.70927Co7.7130.9290.7980.78328Ni8.3371.020.8770.85829Cu8.9821.100.9540.93530Zn9.6621.201.051.0231Ga10.391.301.171.1432Ge11.101.421.241.2133As11.871.5291.3581.3234Se12.651.661.4721.43135Br13.481.7911.5991.55236Kr14.321.921.7291.67437Rb15.1972.0641.8631.80338Sr16.1012.2122.0041.93739Y17.0532.3872.1712.09640Zr17.9982.5332.3082.22441Nb18.9862.7002.4672.37242Mo20.0032.8692.6302.52543Tc21.0503.0452.7962.680DEAN#37261(McGHP)LEFTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlongSPECTROSCOPY7.9TABLE7.3CriticalX-RayAbsorptionEnergiesinkeV(Continued)AtomicNo.ElementKLILIILIII44Ru22.1173.2272.9682.83945Rh23.2103.4043.1392.99546Pd24.3563.6143.3383.18147Ag25.5353.8283.5473.37548Cd26.7124.0193.7313.54149In27.9294.2263.9293.73250Sn29.1824.4454.1393.91151Sb30.4974.7084.3914.13752Te31.8174.9534.6214.34753I33.1645.1874.8554.55954Xe34.5515.4485.1034.78355Cs35.9745.7065.3605.01456Ba37.4325.9955.6295.25057La38.9236.2645.9025.49058Ce40.436.5566.1695.72859Pr41.996.8376.4465.96860Nd43.577.1346.7286.21561Pm45.197.4317.0226.46262Sm46.857.7427.3166.72063Eu48.518.0597.6246.98464Gd50.238.3837.9427.25165Tb52.008.7138.2587.52066Dy53.779.0538.5877.79567Ho55.619.3958.9188.07468Er57.479.7549.2708.36269Tm59.3810.129.6228.65670Yb61.3110.499.9858.94971Lu63.3210.8710.359.24872Hf65.3711.2810.759.56773Ta67.4611.6811.149.88374W69.5112.0911.5410.2075Re71.6712.5211.9610.5376Os73.8712.9712.3810.8677Ir76.1113.4112.8211.2178Pt78.3513.86513.2611.5579Au80.6714.35113.73111.9280Hg83.0814.83814.20512.27881Tl85.5215.34414.69512.6582Pb87.9515.86115.20013.0383Bi90.5416.38615.70913.4284Po93.1616.92516.23313.8185At95.7317.48116.77714.21DEAN#37261(McGHP)RIGHTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlong7.10SECTION7TABLE7.3CriticalX-RayAbsorptionEnergiesinkeV(Continued)AtomicNo.ElementKLILIILIII86Rn98.4518.05417.33114.6187Fa101.118.62817.89315.0288Ra103.919.22818.47315.4489Ac107.719.82919.07115.8690Th109.820.45219.67316.27891Pa112.421.09620.29516.72092U115.021.75720.94417.16393Np118.222.41121.58517.60694Pu121.223.11722.25018.06295Am124.323.79522.93518.52496Cm127.224.50223.62918.99297Bk131.325.23124.34419.46698Cf133.626.01025.07019.95499Es138.126.72925.82420.422100Fm141.527.50326.58420.912DEAN#37261(McGHP)LEFTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlongTABLE7.4X-RayEmissionEnergiesinkeVAtomicNo.ElementK1K1L1L13Li0.0524Be0.1105B0.1856C0.2827N0.3928O0.5239F0.67710Ne0.85111Na1.0671.04112Mg1.2971.25413Al1.5531.48714Si1.8321.74015P2.1362.01516S2.4642.30817Cl2.8152.62218Ar3.1922.95719K3.5893.31320Ca4.0123.6910.3440.34121Sc4.4604.0900.3990.39522Ti4.9314.5100.4580.45223V5.4274.9520.5190.512SPECTROSCOPY7.11TABLE7.4X-RayEmissionEnergiesinkeV(Continued)AtomicNo.ElementK1K1L1L124Cr5.9465.4140.5810.57125Mn6.4905.8980.6470.63626Fe7.0576.4030.7170.70427Co7.6496.9300.7900.77528Ni8.2647.4770.8660.84929Cu8.9048.0470.9480.92830Zn9.5718.6381.0321.00931Ga10.2639.2511.1221.09632Ge10.9819.8851.2161.18633As11.72510.5431.3171.28234Se12.49511.2211.4191.37935Br13.29011.9231.5261.48036Kr14.11212.6491.6381.58737Rb14.96013.3941.7521.69438Sr15.83414.1641.8721.80639Y16.73614.9571.9961.92240Zr17.66615.7742.1242.04241Nb18.62116.6142.2572.16642Mo19.60717.4782.3952.29343Tc20.61218.3702.5382.42444Ru21.65519.2782.6832.55845Rh22.72120.2142.8342.69646Pd23.81621.1752.9902.83847Ag24.94222.1623.1512.98448Cd26.09323.1723.3163.13349In27.27424.2073.4873.28750Sn28.48325.2703.6623.44451Sb29.72326.3573.8433.60552Te30.99327.4714.0293.76953I32.29228.6104.2203.93754Xe33.64429.7794.4224.11155Cs34.98430.9704.6204.28656Ba36.37632.1914.8284.46757La37.79933.4405.0434.65158Ce39.25534.7175.2624.84059Pr40.74636.0235.4895.03460Nd42.26937.3595.7225.23061Pm43.81138.7265.9565.43162Sm45.40040.1246.2065.63663Eu47.02741.5296.4565.84664Gd48.71842.9836.7146.05965Tb50.39144.4706.9796.275DEAN#37261(McGHP)RIGHTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlong7.12SECTION7TABLE7.4X-RayEmissionEnergiesinkeV(Continued)AtomicNo.ElementK1K1L1L166Dy52.17845.9857.2496.49567Ho53.93447.5287.5286.72068Er55.69049.0997.8106.94869Tm57.48750.7308.1037.18170Yb59.35252.3608.4017.41471Lu61.28254.0638.7087.65472Hf63.20955.7579.0217.89873Ta65.21057.5249.3418.14574W67.23359.3109.6708.39675Re69.29861.13110.0088.65176Os71.40462.99110.3548.91077Ir73.54964.88610.7069.17378Pt75.73666.82011.0699.44179Au77.96868.79411.4399.71180Hg80.25870.82111.8239.98781Tl82.55872.86012.21010.26682Pb84.92274.95712.61110.54983Bi87.33577.09713.02110.83684Po89.80979.29613.44111.12885At92.31981.52513.87311.42486Rn94.87783.80014.31611.72487Fr97.48386.11914.77012.02988Ra100.13688.48515.23312.33889Ac102.84690.89415.71212.65090Th105.59293.33416.20012.96691Pa108.40895.85116.70013.29192U111.28998.42817.21813.61393Np114.181101.00517.74013.94594Pu117.146103.65318.27814.27995Am120.163106.35118.82914.61896Cm123.235109.09819.39314.96197Bk126.362111.89619.97115.30998Cf129.544114.74520.56215.66199Es132.781117.64621.16616.018100Fm136.075120.59821.78516.379DEAN#37261(McGHP)LEFTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlongofthatofthecorrespondingK1radiation.Inpracticalapplicationstheseratioshavetobecorrectedfordifferentialabsorptioninthewindowofthetubeandairpath,theratioofscatteringfactorsforanddifferentialabsorptioninthecrystal,andforsensitivitycharacteristicsofthedetector.Gener-alizing,theintensitiesofradiationsfromtheKandLseriesareasfollows:SPECTROSCOPY7.13DEAN#37261(McGHP)RIGHTINTERACTIVEtopofrhbaseofrhcapheightbaseoftextshortstandardlongEmissionlineK1K2K1K2
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