02第二讲第一单元塑料及其成型

Company Logo2本节课内容本节课内容：课程目的课程目的p了解塑料常用品种了解塑料常用品种p掌握常用塑料的结构式、主要性能及用途掌握常用塑料的结构式、主要性能及用途p能够根据塑料制品的外形确定成型加工方法能够根据塑料制品的外形确定成型加工方法塑塑 料料q 概概 述述 塑料塑料是在玻璃态下使用的、具有可塑性的高分子材是在玻璃态下使用的、具有可塑性的高分子材料。它以树脂为主要组分，加入各种添加剂，能在一定料。它以树脂为主要组分，加入各种添加剂，能在一定温度和压力下加工成形的各种材料的总称。温度和压力下加工成形的各种材料的总称。1）树脂树脂:。它胶粘着塑料中的其它一切。它胶粘着塑料中的其它一切组成部分，并使其具有成型性能。绝大多数塑料就是以组成部分，并使其具有成型性能。绝大多数塑料就是以所用树脂命名的。所用树脂命名的。2）填充剂（填料）填充剂（填料）:。它在塑料占有相当大的比例。如加入铝粉可提。它在塑料占有相当大的比例。如加入铝粉可提高光反射能力和防老化；加入二硫化钼可提高润滑性。高光反射能力和防老化；加入二硫化钼可提高润滑性。常用填充剂有云母粉、石墨粉、炭粉、氧化铝粉、常用填充剂有云母粉、石墨粉、炭粉、氧化铝粉、木屑、玻璃纤维、碳纤维等。木屑、玻璃纤维、碳纤维等。3）增塑剂增塑剂:。常用熔点低的。常用熔点低的低分子化合物来增加大分子链间距离，从而达到增加大低分子化合物来增加大分子链间距离，从而达到增加大分子链的柔顺性的目的。分子链的柔顺性的目的。常用增塑剂有甲酸酯类、磷酸酯类、氯化石蜡等。常用增塑剂有甲酸酯类、磷酸酯类、氯化石蜡等。塑塑 料料4）稳定剂稳定剂:。常用常用热稳定剂热稳定剂有硬酯酸盐、环氧化合物和铅的化合有硬酯酸盐、环氧化合物和铅的化合物等。物等。光稳定剂光稳定剂有炭黑、氧化锌等遮光剂。有炭黑、氧化锌等遮光剂。5）润滑剂润滑剂:。常用润滑剂有硬酯酸、盐类等。常用润滑剂有硬酯酸、盐类等。塑塑 料料6）抗静电剂抗静电剂:抗静电剂一般是有机氮化物或具有醚结构的化合物抗静电剂一般是有机氮化物或具有醚结构的化合物7）阻燃剂：）阻燃剂：用以减缓塑料燃烧性能的助剂用以减缓塑料燃烧性能的助剂。8）着色剂着色剂:。常用的着色剂是一些有机染料和无机颜料。有时也采用常用的着色剂是一些有机染料和无机颜料。有时也采用能产生荧光或磷光的颜料。能产生荧光或磷光的颜料。塑塑 料料9）发泡剂发泡剂:10）偶联剂：）偶联剂：增强剂或填料用偶联剂处理后可提高其效增强剂或填料用偶联剂处理后可提高其效能，改善塑料制品的性能能，改善塑料制品的性能。常用的偶联剂有有机硅、有机钛酸酯等。常用的偶联剂有有机硅、有机钛酸酯等。11）固化剂固化剂:。常用的固化剂如六次甲基四胺、过氧化二苯甲酰等。常用的固化剂如六次甲基四胺、过氧化二苯甲酰等。塑塑 料料塑料的分类塑料的分类1 1：热固性塑料与热塑性塑料：热固性塑料与热塑性塑料按照受热特性分类按照受热特性分类n热固性塑料塑料热固性塑料塑料 只能被加热一次，冷却后形成只能被加热一次，冷却后形成永久的形状，不能循环再用永久的形状，不能循环再用n热塑性塑料塑料热塑性塑料塑料 受热后软化，冷却后能再变硬受热后软化，冷却后能再变硬成型，可重复多次成型，可重复多次热固性塑料与热塑性塑料热固性塑料与热塑性塑料聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺、聚苯醚、聚四氟乙烯聚酰胺、聚苯醚、聚四氟乙烯等。等。酚醛树脂、酚醛树脂、环氧树脂、氨基树环氧树脂、氨基树脂脂、有机硅树脂、有机硅树脂环氧树脂环氧树脂11/111Engineering PlasticsPE-HDPE-LDPCRF-PPm-PPOPTFEPETPBTPAPOMPESPEIPEEKPVCPPSUPAIPE-UHMWPMMAPPABSPPSPSUPBIHigh Performance Plasticsamorphoussemi-crystallineCommodity PlasticsPS300F 148.9 200F 93.3 400F 204.4 PIPU塑料的分类塑料的分类2 2：通用塑料、工程塑料与功能塑料：通用塑料、工程塑料与功能塑料 Classified as materials with operating temperatures below 200F Generally have low physical properties Good chemical resistance in most cases Used as light duty structural parts,media transfer components such as pump bodies,valve bodies,tubing Generally low cost at the resin level$0.50 to 2.50 per lb.：PEPE，PVCPVC，PPPP，PSPS，ABSABS Classified as materials with continuous operating temperatures up to 300F Generally much stronger and more versatile than commodity plastics.Used in structural and wear applications Available with enhancements to fit broader demands for service Costs run between$1.50 25.00 per pound Classified as materials that will perform above 300F Associated with the most extreme operating conditions Temperatures up to 850F Broad chemical resistance Superior physical strength with some materials better than 7:1 strength to weight ratios Excellent inherent wear properties Thermally stable Costs range from$25-200.00 per pound通常指具有某些特殊机能的塑料材料，如导电塑通常指具有某些特殊机能的塑料材料，如导电塑料、磁性塑料、抗菌塑料、缓释塑料、吸水性树料、磁性塑料、抗菌塑料、缓释塑料、吸水性树脂等。脂等。塑料制品分类塑料制品分类3 3，品质指标品质指标p 按几何形状：管、膜、片、板按几何形状：管、膜、片、板p 按用途：绳、带、袋、人革、日用按用途：绳、带、袋、人革、日用制品、泡沫塑、电缆、建材制品、泡沫塑、电缆、建材l 物理性能指标：密度、吸水性、光学性能、物理性能指标：密度、吸水性、光学性能、热性能、电性能、防磁性、消音性等热性能、电性能、防磁性、消音性等l 机械性能指标：抗张强度、抗弯强度、冲机械性能指标：抗张强度、抗弯强度、冲击强度、疲劳强度、剪切伸长、伸长率、击强度、疲劳强度、剪切伸长、伸长率、弹性模量、耐磨性、硬度等弹性模量、耐磨性、硬度等l 稳定性能指标：耐老化性、耐化学品性、稳定性能指标：耐老化性、耐化学品性、耐热性、耐燃性、耐生物作用性能等耐热性、耐燃性、耐生物作用性能等塑料及其应用塑料及其应用High Density PolytheneLow Density PolythenePolyvinyl ChloridePolystyreneNylonCellulose AcetateAcrylicPolypropyleneABSEpoxy ResinMelamine FormaldehydePolyester ResinGlass Reinforced PlasticCarbon Fibre PlasticsElastomers 1）结构单元：结构单元：PEpolyethylene）CH2CH2 2）支化结构：支化结构：右图：（右图：（a）高密度）高密度PE分子链（分子链（b）低密度）低密度PE分子链（分子链（c）线性低密）线性低密度度PE分子链分子链Polythylene 3）性质：）性质：耐化学腐蚀；耐化学腐蚀；良好的电绝缘性和高频介电性能；良好的电绝缘性和高频介电性能；韧性、耐寒性好；韧性、耐寒性好；较低的摩擦系数；较低的摩擦系数；不易吸水；不易吸水；不耐热，不耐大气老化。不耐热，不耐大气老化。PolythyleneLow Density PolytheneProperties:Soft,Flexible good electrical insulator绝缘体.Most LDPE application is film based.Industry uses also include wire and cable coating,injection and Blowmolding.is used for Plastic bags,Bottles4LDPELDPEHigh Density PolytheneProperties:Tough,Feels Waxy,Resistant to chemicals.2HDPEHDPEHDPE is used for Buckets(水桶),Basins盆,Bottles,Containers and is extensively used in both Blow Moulding and Injection Moulding processesBack 1）结构单元：结构单元：2）性质：性质：无毒、无味、无臭、半透明蜡状固体。密度小，力无毒、无味、无臭、半透明蜡状固体。密度小，力学性能高于聚乙烯；耐热性、耐水性良好，化学稳定性学性能高于聚乙烯；耐热性、耐水性良好，化学稳定性好；但不耐芳香族和氯化烃溶剂，耐寒性差，易老化。好；但不耐芳香族和氯化烃溶剂，耐寒性差，易老化。CH2CH2CH3PolypropylenePolypropyleneProperties:Rigid,Good fatigue resistance,Good chemical resistancePolypropylene is one of the more flexible plastics and is used for Plastic hinges,Crates,Rope&Yarn5PPPPBack 1）结构单元：结构单元：2）性质：性质：具有较高的强度、刚性；良好的电绝缘性、耐化学腐具有较高的强度、刚性；良好的电绝缘性、耐化学腐蚀性；能溶于四氢呋喃和环已酮等有机溶剂；具有阻燃蚀性；能溶于四氢呋喃和环已酮等有机溶剂；具有阻燃性；但热稳定性较差，使用温度较低，介电常数、介电性；但热稳定性较差，使用温度较低，介电常数、介电损耗较高。损耗较高。CH2CH2ClPolyvinyl ChloridePolyvinyl ChlorideProperties:Rigid,Weather resistant.3PVCPVCPVC is used for Gutters(水槽),Window frames&Drainpipes.It is often used in the Extrusion process.Back 1）结构单元：结构单元：丙烯晴丙烯晴(A)、丁二烯、丁二烯(B)、苯乙烯、苯乙烯(S)三种单体（共聚生成）三种单体（共聚生成）2）性质：性质：丙烯晴丙烯晴能提高强度、硬度、耐热性和耐腐蚀性，能提高强度、硬度、耐热性和耐腐蚀性，丁丁二烯二烯能提高韧性，能提高韧性，苯乙烯苯乙烯能提高电性能和成型加工性能。能提高电性能和成型加工性能。ABS塑料具有较好的抗冲击性能、尺寸稳定性和耐磨性，塑料具有较好的抗冲击性能、尺寸稳定性和耐磨性，成型性好，不易燃，耐腐蚀性好，但不耐酮、醛、酯、成型性好，不易燃，耐腐蚀性好，但不耐酮、醛、酯、氯代烃类溶剂。氯代烃类溶剂。Acrylonitrile Butadiene StyreneAcrylonitrile Butadiene StyreneProperties:Strong and Tough.Impact resistant,Scratch resistant,Chemical resistant.Comes in a wide range of colours.5PPPPABS is used extensively for injection molding,Typical products would be Car bumpers,Kitchen ware,Cases,helmets etc Back 1）结构：结构：尼龙的品种很多，如尼龙尼龙的品种很多，如尼龙6、尼龙、尼龙66、尼龙、尼龙610等。数字表等。数字表示基本单元中的碳原子数目。所有尼龙分子结构单元中都有一示基本单元中的碳原子数目。所有尼龙分子结构单元中都有一个相同的特征基团酰胺基：个相同的特征基团酰胺基：CNO H 2）性质：性质：聚酰胺属结晶性塑料，半透明，乳白，略带黄色。聚酰胺属结晶性塑料，半透明，乳白，略带黄色。由于酰胺由于酰胺基的存在，分子之间有很强的氢键作用，因此聚酰胺的强度高，韧基的存在，分子之间有很强的氢键作用，因此聚酰胺的强度高，韧性好；另外性好；另外耐磨性和自润滑性好，摩擦系数低；具有良好的耐油、耐磨性和自润滑性好，摩擦系数低；具有良好的耐油、耐溶剂性、阻燃性；但吸水性大，热膨胀系数大，耐热性不高。耐溶剂性、阻燃性；但吸水性大，热膨胀系数大，耐热性不高。NylonNylonProperties:Hard,tough,rigid.Self-lubricating.Resistant to petrochemicals.Nylon is used for Gear wheels,Bearings,Curtain rails packaging,film,clothing,7O therO therBack 1）结构单元：结构单元：2）性质：性质：低温冲击韧性极佳；低温冲击韧性极佳；高模量、高强度、抗蠕变，尺寸稳定性好；高模量、高强度、抗蠕变，尺寸稳定性好；OCOO C CH3CH3 透光率高，约为透光率高，约为8692；电绝缘性好。电绝缘性好。Polycarbonate6PSPSPolycarbonateProperties:highly transparent to visible light,with better light transmission than many kinds of glassPolycarbonate is a versatile,tough plastic used for a variety of applications,from bulletproof windows to compact disks(CDs).Back 1）结构单元：结构单元：2）性质：性质：出色的耐热、耐寒能力（出色的耐热、耐寒能力（-180-180+260+260长期使用）；长期使用）；摩擦系数极低，有自润滑效果；化学稳定性极佳，俗称摩擦系数极低，有自润滑效果；化学稳定性极佳，俗称“塑料王塑料王”；极好的电绝缘性和介电性；但强度低，抗；极好的电绝缘性和介电性；但强度低，抗蠕变性较差，不易加工成形。蠕变性较差，不易加工成形。CF2CF2PolytetrafluoroethylenePolytetrafluoroethyleneProperties:PTFE is a fluorocarbon solid,as it is a high-molecular-weight compound consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine.PTFE is hydrophobic,PTFE has one of the lowest coefficients of friction摩擦 against any solid.PTFE is used as a non-stick coating for pans and other cookwareBackPolyethylene terephthalateProperties:Hard,tough,flexiblePET is one of the older plastics and is used for film making&PackagingBack6PSPSPolystyreneProperties:Soft,Lightweight,Good insulatorPolystyrene is used extensively in the packaging industry.It is also used to insulate buildings BackAcrylicProperties:Stiff,Hard,Brittle,Scratches easilyAcrylic is used for Baths,Signs,Lighting,Windows(Perspex)display stands7O therO therBackEpoxy ResinProperties:Epoxy Resin is generally used as an adhesive of as a liquid for castingStrong(when reinforced),ClearBackMelamine FormaldehydeProperties:Melamine Formaldehyde commonly known as Formica is a composite material made from resin and layers of paper,Commonly used for kitchen worktopsClarity,Stability to heat,light,chemicals,abrasion and fireBackPolyester ResinProperties:Polyester Resin is primarily used with Glassfiber to form GRP however it can be used on its own for casting and embeddingBrittle,ClearBackGlass Reinforced PlasticProperties:Glass Reinforced Plastic(GRP)is a composite material made from Resin and Glass fiber sheet.This combination produces a lightweight yet extremely strong material and is used everywhere from Speed boat hulls to aircraftVery Strong,LightweightBackCarbon Fibre PlasticsProperties:Carbon Fibre Plastics have an extremely strong strength to weight ratio and are often used for Sports Car bodywork,High end cycles,fishing rods etcVery Strong,Lightweight,flexibleBackElastomersProperties:Elastomers are plastics with elastic properties,most ate capable of considerable deformation and will return to their original shape.Uses range from waterproof seals to foam paddingFlexible,WaterproofBack43