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高一英语 新王牌 新王牌高一英语暑期班构词法构词法是按照一定的语言规律组成单词的一种方法，有其清晰严谨的结构形式，本身有规律可循。掌握基本构词法有助于提高词汇记忆效率和效果，尤其在高考英语阅读特别是科普类的文章中可以帮助考生准确猜测词义，有效提高对文章理解的准确度和选择答案的正确率。从词的形态结构看，英语的构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法等。一、派生法(derivation)派生法又叫词缀法，即词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫派生法。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25。新词的意思由词根和词缀相联系而来，通过掌握一些常用的高中阶段词缀，能使学生更容易掌握单词记忆方法。1.关键词根(key roots)：词根是指英语单词的基本要素，是词义的本源。每个词根都代表一定的意思，是决定英语单词意思的重要组成部分。以下列举一些高中英语中使用频率较高的词根：acid = sour酸的acidify变酸 acidity酸味aer(o) = air空气aerial空气的 aeroplane飞机alt = high高altitude高度alter = other其他alter改变 alternate轮流的，交替的anim = life生命animal动物 animate使生机勃勃 unanimous一致的annu/anni = year年annuals年鉴 anniversary周年纪念 annual年度的anthrop = man人类anthropology人类学 philanthropy慈善家arch(y) = rule统治anarchy无政府状态 monarchy君主政体astro(aster) = star星astrology占星术 astronaut宇航员 astronomy天文学audi(o) = hear听audience听众 audit旁听、审计 audio-video视听的aut(o) = self自我，自动autocrat专制者 autograph亲笔签名 automobile汽车bio(bi) = life生命，生物biology生物学 biotic生命的/生物的 biochemical生物化学的 biography传记 biotelemetry生物遥测术 biosensor生物传感器cardi = heart心cardiac心脏的 cardinal衷心的ced(ceed, cess) = go行走precede领先 exceed超过 process过程centr = center中心centre中心 concentrate集中，浓缩cert = certain确定的certify证实 certificate证书，执照chrom = colour颜色monochrome单色的 photochrome彩色照片circ = ring环形circus马戏场 circle圆圈 circulate流通，流传claim = cry大叫claim主张，要求 acclaim称赞 exclaim呼喊cosm(o) = world 世界cosmos宇宙 microcosm微观世界 macrocosm宏观世界count = to count计算counter计算器 account报告，账户 discount折扣cred = believe相信credible可信的 credulous轻信的 credit信任cycl(o) = circle圆cycle圆 bicycle自行车 cyclone旋风 tricycle三轮车dent = tooth牙齿dentist牙医 trident三叉戟dict = say说dictation口述/听写 dictator独裁者 predict预言duct = lead领导educate教育 introduce介绍 conductor（公交）售票员ego = I我egoist自我主义 egocentric自我中心的equ = equal相等的equality平等 equation方程（式） equivalent相等的 equator赤道firm坚固的affirm肯定，断言 confirm证实，坚定flu = flow流动fluent流利的，流畅的 influence影响 fluid液体（的）fus = pour灌注refuse回绝、拒绝 confuse使糊涂、使混乱 profuse充沛的gam = marriage婚姻monogamy一夫一妻制 polygamy多配偶制geo = earth地geography地理 geology地质学gram = write写，画，图形grammar语法 diagram图表 telegram电报graph = write(instrument for making records)写，画；文字图形（用于文字图形的仪器）photograph照片 telegraph电报机 graphics制图法habit = dwell居住habitant居住者 inhabit 居住于 inhabitant居民hal = breathe呼吸inhale吸入 exhale 呼出hum/hom = man人human人类 humanity人性，人道hydr(o) = water水hydroelectric水电的 hydrology水文学ject = throw投，扔project计划 inject注射 inject插入，投入 reject拒绝junct = connect连接junction结合（点） conjunction连接词 adjunct附属的later = side边unilateral单方面的 bilateral双边的 lateral侧面的leg/legis = law法legal法律的 legislate立法lingu = language语言linguistics语言学 bilingual两种语言的 multilingual多语言的liter = letter文字literate识字的 literature文学 literal字面的loc = place地方local地方的 locate放置 dislocate脱位log = speak说dialogue 对话 apology 道歉 logic逻辑lun = moon月亮lunar月亮的 superlunary 天上的 translunar月球以外的mar = sea海marine 海上的 submarine潜水艇 mariculture海水养殖medi/media = middle中间medium媒体 Mediterranean地中海metr = measuring测量geometry 几何 barometer气压计 diameter直径mini = small小minify使缩小 minimum最小量 miniature微型物nov = new新的novel新奇的；小说 innovate创新 renovate革新nutri = nourish营养nutrition营养 malnutrition营养不良pel = push推propel推动 expel驱逐 repel反击port = carry运portable可携带的 import进口 porter搬运工pos = put放expose使暴露 compose编，创作 oppose反抗pur = pure纯净的purify净化 purity纯净 impurity不净rect = right方正，直线correct正确 rectify纠正 erect竖立rupt = break打破interrupt打断 disrupt瓦解 erupt喷发scend(s) = climb攀爬ascend上升 descend下降 transcend超越scrib(pt) = write写describe描写 scripture手稿 subscribe订阅sect = cut切割insect昆虫 bisect二等分 dissect解剖sent (sens)= feel感觉sentiment 感情 consent同意 sensation感觉sol = alone单独solo独唱 solitary单独的 desolate荒凉的son = sound声音sonic声音的 resonant回声的 stereosonic立体声的spir = breathe呼吸conspire同谋 inspire鼓舞 expire终止struct = build建造structure结构 construct建造 destruction破坏tele = far远telescope望远镜 telegram电报 television电视thermo = heat热thermos热水瓶 thermochemistry热化学tract = draw拉tractor拖拉机 attract吸引 contract合同 abstract抽取，抽象的vert = turn转subvert颠覆 divert转向 reverse翻转vis/vid = see看visible可见的 visit参观 advise建议 evident明显的viv = live活survive比活得长 revive复活 vivid生动的2.前缀prefix除少数英语前缀外，前缀一般改变词的意义，不改变词性。常用前缀如下：否定前缀 un- = not不，移开A. un+形容词：unable, unfortunate, unimportant, untrue, unselfish, uncommon, unexpected, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unforgettable, unconsciousB. un+副词：undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily由un形容词构成的词除了unknown, unseen, unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。C. un动词：uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack im形容词：immortal, impolite, immoral, imperfect, impracticable in形容词：informal, incorrect, incomplete, invisible, independent, independent ir形容词：irregular, irresponsible, irreparable mis动词：misunderstand, misuse, misfortune, mistreat, miscall, mistrust, misspell, mistake dis- = apart, remove除去，取消A. dis名词：disorder, dishonour, disease, disadvantage, discourageB. dis形容词：dishonest, dissimilar, discouragedC. dis动词：disagree, divide, disqualify, disobey, differ, disclose, discomfort, dismiss表示空间，位置关系的前缀 a- = on表“在之上，向，处于状态”，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，如形容词：alive, awake, asleep, aloud, afloat；副词：ahead, abroad, aside, above, about, ashore, atop；动词：ascend等。 fore- = front, before表“在前面”：forehead, foreground, forearm, foreleg, forepart in-/il-/im-/ir- = in, into表“向内，在内”：include, inhabit, inject, invade, illustrate, import, immigrate, interior inter- = between, mutual表“在间，相互”：internationalism, interview, interaction, interrupt, interchange, interflow, interval, internal intro-，表示“在（向）内”：introduce out- = out, more than表“向外，超过”：outdoor, outgoing, outstanding, outsmart, outskirt, outsize over-表“在上面的，在外的”：overhead, overlook, overcoat, overcome, overtime, overgrow pre- = before表“先于”：prefix, preposition, prewar, prehistory, reelection, prepay, precede, predict, prepare, prevent, predawn, preview pro- = forward表“外，（向）前，赞成，代替”：produce, progress, promote, prospect, prosperity, pro-British sur-表“在上”：surface, surround trans- = across表“穿过，转移”：transfer, translate, transmit, transatlantic, transform, transport, transplant under- = under表“在下，不足”：underground, underline, underwear, undergraduate, underdeveloped, underwater, undergo up- = upward表“向上”：upright, uphold, upset, upstairs, uprise, update, uprush bi- =two表“双”：bicycle, biannual, bipolarex-/e- = out表“向外，分离，以前的”：exit, exceed, eject, emit, erupt, evaporate, ex-president, ex-wife tele- = far表“远”：telephone, television, telescope, telegraph, telecontrol, telephoto表示时间，序列关系的前缀 fore-表“在前，预先”：foreward, foresight, foretell, forecast, forementioned, forewarn mid- = middle表“中间”：midnight, midsummer, midautumn post- = after, behind表“在后”：postpone, postgraduate, postwar, postlistening, postfix re- = again表“重，再，复”：rewrite, return, review, reflect, reject, reappear, reborn, reconstruct, reform, re-create, rehandle, reunion, reclaim, reaffirm, restore extra- = outside表“向外，超越”：extraordinary, extracurricular over- = above, too表“超越，太”：overactive, overdue, overpopulation, overdo, overestimate, overconfidence, oversensitive, overcritical, overeating super- = above表“在上，超”：supermarket, supervise, supernatural表示共同、相等关系 com- (在b, m, p前)/col-，con-，cor- (com在g, l, r及其它辅音前) = together一起：comanage, compose, combat, correspond, collide, concentrate, company, connect, correct co- ：cooperate, coexist, coworker sym-：sympathy, symphony 表示整个，完全关系 al-：alone, almost, altogether over- ：overall, overflow, overfall表示“离，离开” a- ：arise, away, apart de- ：depart, dewater, decolour se- ：separate, select for- ：forget, forgive变换词类作用的前缀 en-/em-：enable, enlarge, enrich, enclose, empower ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, (ad-在c, f, g, i, n, p, r , s, t前的变体)：adapt, across, affect, appear, arrange, assist, attend, attract表示加强意义 a- ：ashamed, arouse, amuse ad- ：address, admire, advise, advance be- ：belong, believe表示特殊意义 arch- ：表示“首位，主要”：architect auto- ：表示“自动”：automobile, autobiography magni- ：表示“大”：magnificent micro- ：表示“微小”：microscope, Microsoft, microcomputer bi- ：表示“数量”：biweekly, bicycle, bimonthly mini- ：表示“小型”：minibus, miniskirt, mini-factory, mini-market 3.后缀suffix英语中大部分后缀不改变词义而只改变词性，只有小部分后缀改变词义。常用后缀大约有96个，大致可分为五类。名词后缀构成表示人的名词后缀 a.动词er表示人：manufacturer, thinker, admirer, discoverer, weaver, viewer b.名词er表示人或物：New Yorker, customer, premier, harvester, philosopher, geographer, Londoner c.形容词er表示人：foreigner, stranger, southerner d.动词or表示人：actor, director, inventor, operator, governor, professor, conductor, sailor e.名词eer表示人：engineer, volunteer, mountaineer, pioneer f.名词（动词）ress表女性：actress, waitress, authoress, millionaires, tailoress, tigress g.名词cian：mathematician, physician, politician, musicianh.名词(专有名词)ese表“国民，国语”：Chinese, Japanese, Portugese, Taiwanese, Cantanese i.名词an/ian/ean表“人”：musician, guardian, Christian, pedestrian, European, American, African, Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Hungarian, Indian, Italian, Russian j.名词（或-al结尾的形容词）ist表“主义者，人”：artist, communist, florist, terrorist, naturalist, socialist构成抽象名词与集合名词的后缀 a.动词age表“状态”：package, marriage, leakage, wastage, carriage, postage, storage, percentage b.动词ure：failure, pleasure, pressure, mixture, fixture c.形容词ity/-ty表“性质或状态”：majority, royalty, poverty, certainty, curiosity, sensibility, timidity, generosity, activity, equality, possibility, ability d.动词ment表“结果或状态”：attachment, amazement, measurement, arrangement, supplement, embodiment, judgment, astonishment, punishment, treatment, statement, enrichment e.动词ion/sion/ation/action/cation/ition表“动作，结果和状态”：attraction, calculation, fascination, derivation, competition, deduction, omission, revelation, translation, congratulation, devotion, decision, division, description, revision, consideration, imagination, addition, repetition f.名词形容词动词ery/ry：bravery, discovery, machinery, slavery, chemistry g.形容词动词y表“的行为，的状况”： delivery, jealousy, modesty, inquiry, injury, treasury h.动词al表“行为”：arrival, denial, burial, proposal, disapproval, refusal i.名词形容词ship表“的状态，的身份，的关系”：friendship, leadership, hardship, citizenship, comradeship, professorship, warship, membership, partnership, sportsmanship j.名词hood表“身份，境遇，状态”：childhood, neighborhood, manhood, likelihood, knighthood k.动词ance/ence表“性质或状态”：appearance, annoyance, disturbance, reference, endurance, reliance, assurance, attendance, dependence, influence, excellence l.形容词动词th：truth, length, youth, strength, depth, wealth, warmth, width, growth m.形容词名词dom表“职位，领域，状态”：wisdom, freedom, kingdom, queendom, chiefdom, filmdom n.形容词名词ism表“主义，学说”：communism, socialism, Marxism, imperialism, terrorism, heroism, optimism, realism, humanism o.动词ing：building, feeling, dancing, meeting p.形容词ness表“状态或性质”：kindness, forgetfulness, willingness, brightness, selfness, correctness, tiredness, weightlessness, laziness, carelessness, kind-heartness形容词后缀名词/动词able/ible表“能被的”(有被动含义)：valuable, exchangeable, countable, permissible, believable, avoidable, responsible, understandable, adaptable, breakable, readable, durable, respectable名词al/ia/ual表“的，有性质的”：casual, agricultural, mental, continual, musical, practical, logical, technical, industrial, fundamental, actual名词ic/ical表“与有关的，由组成的”：atmospheric, atomic, heroic, alcoholic, volcanic, poetic, symphonic, electrical, historical, medical, chemical, physical名词ish：foolish, childish, womanish, Spanish, British, English名词/动词ful表“充满的，易于的”：cheerful, harmful, fruitful, powerful, doubtful, awful, respectful, faithful, regretful, plentiful, frightful名词/动词less：harmless, homeless, wireless, endless, selfless, powerless, fearless, valueless名词ar表“有性质的”：regular, particular, popular, lunar, familiar, peculiar名词ary表“是的”：revolutionary, extraordinary, contrary, ordinary, voluntary, sanitary名词/形容词ly表“像的，有性质的，适于的”：friendly, orderly, manly, monthly, heavenly, costly, mannerly, wooly, lovely, lively, lonely名词en：wooden, woolen, golden名词ern：eastern, western, northern, southern名词y：cloudy, sunny, shiny, windy, rainy, snowy, lucky, salty, hilly, funny, healthy, sleepy, foggy, dusty, lucky, muddy, wealthy, noisy, easy, dirty, thirsty, angry, hungry, smoky, sandy名词ous/ious表“充满的，有特性的”：industrious, poisonous, advantageous, anxious, obvious, courageous, precious, cautious, ambitious, mountainous, humorous名词/动词some表“有倾向，易于的”：handsome, troublesome, tiresome, fearsome, lonesome动词ant/ent：distant, vacant, arrogant, brilliant, resistant, abundant, absorbent, indulgent, orient, patient, diligent, excellent动词ive/ative表“与有关的，具有性质的”：attractive, imitative, decisive, talkative, comparative, relative, competitive, definitive, progressive, extensive, respective动词ed表“具有的，充满”：aged, gifted, moneyed, talented动词ing：interesting, moving, exciting, tiring, surprising副词后缀形容词ly表“地”：swiftly, heartily, invariably, curiously, constantly, seriously, particularly, unfortunately, closely, terribly, prettily, dully, scientifically, physically名词/介词ward/wards表“方向”：homeward, northward, upward, backward, toward, afterwards动词后缀形容词/名词en表“使成为”：deepen, broaden, soften, darken, weaken, sharpen, blacken, redden, whiten, tighten, stengthen, lengthen, heighten形容词/名词fy表“使”：beautify, satisfy, classify, purify, terrify, identify, horrify, notify名词/形容词ize/ise表“使化”：dramatize, generalize, specialize, realize, modernize-ate/由外来词构成：liberate, educate, operate, translate, graduate, separate, celebrate, congratulate-ish/由外来词构成：finish, publish, astonish数词后缀基数词teen：thirteen, fourteen fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen基数词ty：twenty, thirty, forty, fifty 基数词th：fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth3.中缀在英语有些词在结合时，需要有一个中间的起连接作用的中缀，这类词汇不多，常见的中缀是字母-s-。如：salesgirl, salesman, townspeople, townsman二、转化法conversion就是由一种词类转化为另一种词类的方法就是转化法。通过改变词形或者转换词性进行转化，英语中就形成了大量外形相同而词类不同的词即同形异类词。转化法主要有如下几种类型1.名词转化为动词(定语)water水 to water the flowerhouse房屋 to house guestsmail邮件 to mail a letterfish鱼 to fish in the sea2.动词转化为名词to try尝试 Do you want a try?to drive驾驶 to go for a driveto use利用 to make use ofto chat闲聊 to have a chat3.形容词转化为名词relative相关的，相对的 relative亲戚wrong错误的 the wrong错误right右方的 the right右边good好的 do good to好处4.名词转化为形容词content满意；目录 content满意的，满足的5.形容词转化为动词correct正确的，精确的 to correct your mistakesdry干燥的 to dry clothesempty空的 to empty ones glassabsent缺席的 to absent oneself from workhumble谦恭的 to humble ones pride三、合成法compounding合成法是指将两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列构成新词叫合成词。这种构词方式主要有两种：复合法和结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。复合法构成的复合词，它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。如blackboard和darkroom都是形容词和名词形成的结构，writing desk是动词名词和名词形式的结构。结合法形成的词是形态合成词，它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两上以上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。如，用辅音字母-s-来缀全两个词根词素构成的词有：salesman, townspeople等。 合成的方式常见的有如下几种：1.合成名词名词/代词名词women-doctors, workshop, he-goat, coal fire, gas cooker, oil well, power plant, silk worm, gold mine, bottleneck, piano keys, telephone receiver, television screen, police-officer, pine tree, girl friend, goldfish, raindrop, birdcage, breakfast time, flowerbed, tearoom, 动词名词：blowpipe, flashlight, watchdog, call-girl, searchlight形容词名词：blacksmith, blackboard, supermarket, darkroom, highchair, hothouse, madman动名词名词：reading-room, building materials, dancing girl, flying machine, working conditions, boiling point, drinking cup, typing paper, writing desk, sewing machine, walking stick, 名词动名词：machine-building, shoe-making, paper-correcting, book-keeping, dressmaking, letter-writing, story-telling, town-planning, handwriting, sun-bathing, horse riding, churchgoing, daydreaming动词副词：stand-by, take-off, cut-off, breakdown副词名词：downfall, rainfall, outhouse现在分词名词：running dog, running water, flying fish, rising sun, burning stick名词介词名词：man-of-war, editor-in-chief名词连词字母名词：handiwork, nowadays 介词副词名词：afternoon, inland, overbalance2.合成形容词形容词名词ed：five-storeyed, one-eyed, double-faced, blue-eyed名词名词ed：honey-mouthed名词/代词分词：heart-broken, self-educated, snow-covered, man-eating, peace-loving, paper-making, ocean-going, heartfelt, home-made, sunburnt, weather-beaten名词/代词形容词：color-blind, ice-cool, airsick, tax-free, snow-white, rock-hard, sea-green形容词数词名词：full-time, high-grade, second-hand形容词数词分词：ready-made, sleepy-looking, good-looking副词分词：far-reaching, so-called, hard-working, well-meaning, newly-laid, well-meant, wide-spread副词形容词：ever-green, under-ripe形容词形容词：dark-blue, red-hot, grey-green介词名词：downhill, overnight3.合成副词形容词名词：sometimes, meanwhile副词名词：oftentimes, indoors, outdoors, overhead介词名词：alongside, beforehand名词形容词：skyhigh, stonestill,副词介词：nearby, upalong4.合成动词名词动词：overhear, underline形容词动词：moonwalk副词动词：white-wash, safeguard5.其它合成词合成代词：everybody, everyone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything合成介词：outside, inside, throughout四、缩略法缩略法是把原有的词汇通过缩短，在读音和写法上呈现新的形式，这种构词方式用得很普遍，特别是近几年来，随着科学技术的飞速发展，产生了很多新的缩略词。缩略法构词主要有如下几种。1.剪切法clipping剪切法即截短法，是从某个词的完整形式中删除一个或更多音节，这种方法构成的词汇往往认为是非正式的。剪切原词的开始部分即截头：omnibusbus, airplane/aeroplaneplane, taxicabcab, telephonephone剪切原词的末尾部分即去尾：advertismentad, examinationexam, photographphoto, taxicabtaxi, laboratorylab, public housepub剪切原词的中间部分：foot/feet-ft, half-hf, Greek-GK, yard-yd, year-yr, continued-contd剪切原词的两端部分, 保留中间的部分字母：infludenza-flu, refrigerator-fridge2.混成法blending混成法是由两个词混合或紧缩而成为一个复合词的方法。这种复合词都保留了原来两个词的一部分，其后半表示主体，前半部分表示属性。breakfastluchbrunch smokefogsmogmotorhotelmotel boatmotorbotornewsbroadcastnewscast televisionbroadcasttelecastcheesehamburgercheeseburger beefhamburgerbeefburgerEuropeantelevisionEurovision3.用首字母缩略acronym大量的缩略语是其所含各个成分的第一个字母或多个字母构成的，这种方式构成的词叫做首字母缩略语。按首字母拼读的缩略语British Broadcasting CorporationBBCEuropean Economic CommunityEECUnited NationsUNUnidentified Flying ObjectUFOVery Important PersonVIPDo-it-yourselfDIYWorld Tread OrganizationWTO象单词一样拼读的首字母缩略语North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNATOthe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNESCOlight amplification by stimulated emission of radiationLASERacquired immunity deficiency syndromeAIDS9
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