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一、Language Points1.sharev. 分享、合用：share sth with sbn. 一份，股份sparea. 业余的，备用的：spare time, a spare tirev. 抽出，匀给：spare me five minutes/spare one of sandwiches for the boyspare no efforts：不遗余力 spare no expense：不惜工本savev. 节省，救出2.He felt lucky to have survived the war.3.with sb about/over sth：和某人就某事争论arguefor/against sth：赞成/反对Sb into/out of (doing) sth：说服某人做/不做某事4.have/make/let/see/watch/listen to+宾+宾补(do/doing/done)get sb to do sthhave+宾+宾补(to do/to be done)5.So+同一主语+助动词So/neither/nor+助动词+另一主语So it is/was with+另一主语6.should/ought to/need/could/might/would+do/have done7.except/but/except for/except that/except wh-clausebesides/in additionapart frombut for=without8.The first time+从句For the first time：作时间状语Its the first time+that-clause(完成时)the first+名词+to do9.mostmost of the +n.(pl)/pron. the majority of (the)mostly: 主要地（状）10.be equal to sth：与相等be equal to (doing) sth：胜任(做)某事equal sth：与相等equal sb in sth：在方面与某人匹敌11.compareto/withcompared to/with12.a great manyseveral/two dozen/hundred +n.(pl.)(many) dozens ofa great many of +the/these/those+n.(pl.)seveal/two dozen of +pron.13.much too+adj/adv(原级)too much+n.(u.)too many+n.(pl.)14. 没有被动态 come about(主要用于疑问句、否定句) happen(表示偶然、碰巧之意)sth+ take place(多表示有组织、有计划) break out(指战争、灾害、疾病等的爆发) occur(与happen通用) It occurs to sb that/to do：某人突然想起15. n./pron./adj./adv./prep-phrase to do：表将来With+宾+宾补 doing：表正在进行 Done：表过去16. 强调句型的判断方法：如果将句子中的“it be”和“that”去掉，原句通顺则是强调句，否则就不是强调句。例：It was in the street that I met an old friend yesterday.一、Language points1. sb./sth.+adj/n sb./sth.+to do consider(以为，认为) sb./sth.+as that-clause n. consider(考虑) doing 疑问词+to do sth “把当作”的译法：consideras =think of/look on/take/regard/treat/haveas2. to do A way+ of doing (that/in which)+定语从句 A method of doing sth by this meansYou can solve the problem+ with this method in this wayby means of:通过方式，以手段by this/that means:通过这种/那种方式 by all means:务必，一定；（用于回答）当然行，请 by no means:决不，一点也不（用于句首时用倒装）3. protect(from) doing sth prevent/stop(from) doing sth keepfrom doing keepdoing under the potection of4. as well as well as might/may as well=had better5. to do specially+ for-phrase especially6. along the river:沿着河流 over the river:在河的正上方 through the forest:穿过森林 by the river:在河边 on the bank:在河岸上7. follow the instructions follow ones advice as follows8. be responsible to sb for sth9. n. doing/to do sth sb to do sthprefer+ sth to sth doing A to doing B to do A rather than do sth that sb (should) do sth10. n.+after +n.=one +n. +after another 一个接一个（强调动作的重复） n. +by +n.: 一个接一个（强调动作的变化） tree after tree/day by day11. say “hi” to sb. Please remember me to sb.向“某人”问好 Send my regards to sb. Send the best wishes to sb.12. 主+be +adj. +to do: 不定式一般用主动式，与主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，所以当不定式的动词是不及物动词时，则应在其后加上适当的介词。主+be +adj. +to do= It be +adj.+ (for/of sb) +to do stheg. This question is difficult to answer.=Its difficult to answer the question.The man is hard to work with.=Its hard to work with the man.当不定式用作定语时，与其所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且主语为该动作的执行者时，也常常用主动形式。Eg. He wants water to drink. She has a room to live in.I will go to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there?二、语法专题冠词的考点1. 考查冠词的一些基本用法，例如：复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词；the+单数名词表类指；a/an+单数名词表泛指。2. 考查冠词的习惯用法。如：in case of fire, be wounded in the leg, on the telephone, leave college等。3. 考查冠词的活用。如：抽象名词的具体化，a success; a/an+专有名词表泛指，an Edison。4. 考查零冠词的用法。三、题型归纳结构型单项填空结构型试题常表现在句子中某些成分的省略、标点符号的出现、倒装或插入其他成分使前后分离等，从而引起句子结构的变化，扰乱对句子的判断。1. 有省略的复合句。由于宾语从句或定语从句中谓语部分行为动词的省略，导致对不定式作状语产生误解。2. 标点符号的影响。由于受汉语习惯的影响，往往会因为句子中的标点符号，弄错句子的结构。3. 插入语的影响。有些句子由于中间插入了某些成分，而使句子显得支离破碎，造成对句子结构的误解。4. 倒装句型的基本结构：(1)完全倒装；(2)部分倒装：1）在特殊疑问句和一般疑问句中；2）so/neither/nor+do/be/have/情态动词主语；3）当虚拟语气的条件从句中省略if时，were, had, 和should应置于句首，采用倒装结构；4）表示祝愿的句子：may+主语+动词原形；5）as, though引导让步状语从句时：提前部分+as+主语+谓语动词；6）表示否定意义的副词、介词短语和连词词组置于句首；7）当not until+时间状语从句置于句首时，主句应采用倒装结构，而从句仍用正常语序；8）not onlybut also连接两个句子时，第一个句子采用倒装结构，第二个句子不采用倒装结构；9）no soonertham, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen都表示“一就”，强调过去的两个动作接连发生，当no sooner, hardly和scarcely置于句首时，主句常把had置于主语之前，采用倒装结构，但从句不倒装。 10）only+副词/介词短语/宾语/时间状语从句置于句首时，常采用倒装，但only+主语则不应采用倒装；11）在so/suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，将so+adj./adv.或such置于句首时，其主句常采用倒装结构。5. 强调句型，感叹句，并列句的应用。6. 独立主格结构。1) n+to do; 2) n+doing; 3) n+done; 4)n+prep.+n.; 5) n+adj/adv; 6)n+n; 7) with+n+to do/doing/done/adj/adv/prep+n.1. He said he would do what he could_ us.A. helpB. to helpC. helpingD. helped2. He spent all the money he had_ that dictionary.A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. bought3. There are more than three thousand students in my school, most of_ from the country.A. thatB. whichC. whomD. them4. It is his cleverness, not his strenth, _ defeated his rival.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. who5. The way you think of_ our living conditions sounds reasonable.A. improveB. to improveC. improvingD. improvement6. I feel strongly that whatever you_ matter to me.A. dont B. do doesntC. dont doD. doesnt do7. Is this school_ you studied in two years ago?A. thatB. whenC. itD. the one8. Please tell me the way thought of_ the garden.A. take care ofB. to take care ofC. taking care ofD. how to take care of9. Mr Wang was much disappointed to see the washing machine he had had_ went wrong again.A. it repairedB. to be repaired C. repairedD. repairing10. We will do everything we can_ our city.A. to saveB. saveC. savingD. saved11. The air quality in Beijing as well as in the neighboring cities we once spent much time_ better and better.A. in gettingB. having gotC. in is gettingD. has got12. Who did the teacher, as well as the monitor, _ an article for the wall newspaper?A. has writeB. has writtenC. have writeD. have written13. What do you consider_ to her?A. to happenB. happeningC. happenedD. happens14. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to_ some schools for poor children.A. set upB. setting upC. have set upD. having set up15. To his joy, the day he looked forward to_ at last?A. comingB. comeC. cameD. have come16. How long do you think it is_ she arrived here?A. whenB. thatC. beforeD. since一、Language points1. owe sb sth=owe sth to sb:欠某人某物 owe sth to sb/sth: 将归功于 owing to: 由于 thanks to/because of/due to2. think highly/poorly/little/a lot +of sb/sth speak highly/well/badly +of sb/sth sing high praise for sb/sth3. apologize to sb for (doing) sth make an apology to sb for (doing) sth excuse sb for (doing) sth forgive sb for (doing) sth pardon sb for (doing) sth4. make an impression on sb have an impression of sth impress sth on/upon ones mind5. serve in the army on the office serve the people/the dish serve sb with sth=serve sth to sb serve as the chairman6. make jokes about: 取笑， 拿开玩笑make a joke about laugh at: 嘲笑 have a joke with sb: 开某人的玩笑 play a joke on sb=play tricks on sb: 戏弄 in joke: 闹着玩，开玩笑7. to do Its time+ for sth For sb to do sth That-clause（一般过去时）8. the one/ones:替代同类事物中特指一个或一些 one: 替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个，表泛指 it: 指上文提到的同一个事物 that: 替代上文出现的带定冠词的名词或不可数名词9. none: 用来回答how many/how much引导的问句，常与of连用 no one: 只能指人，用来回答who引导的问句 neither: 两者都不，表单数 nothing: 用于指物，用来回答what引导的问句10. cloth 布(u.): a piece of cloth 表示某种特殊用途的布块（桌布）：Wipe up the water with a cloth. clothes: 衣服，服装。是一个没有单数形式的复数名词： A suit of clothes 注：不能直接用数词修饰，但可用many, few, his, my, thse之类的词修饰，作主语时谓语动词用复数。 clothing: 服装，衣着。是一个无复数形式的物质名词，除衣服外，还包括幌子，手套，鞋袜之类的东西，作主语时谓语动词用单数。A piece of clothing, an artcle of clothing dress: 指穿在外面的衣服，尤指在社交场合穿的礼服及妇女的连衣裙。 suit: 成套的衣服。11. live: 活着，有生命的(作定语，主要用来指鸟或其他动物)，实况直播的 lively: 活泼的，有生气的，生动的 alive: 活着的，还有气儿的，是表语形容词，在句中作表语或后置定语 living: 活着，健在的，现行的12. receive: 收到，接到(客观动作)；accept: 接受，领受(主观意愿) 接受教育、惩罚、支持，遭受不幸，接待客人：只用receive 接受某条件、建议：只用accept13. turn+adj: 常表示从某种状态向其他状态变化的自然现象 The weather has turned much colder. go+adj: 常表示由好变坏的情况：The milk went wrong/bad. become+adj: 强调施动者的作用或变化的结果 Please dont get angry. come+adj: 一般表示向好的方面变化。 My dream has come true.14. 含有插入语的疑问句：What do you think has happened to him?How do you suppose the film will end?Why do you believe he is unfit for the office?15. 主从复合句的反意疑问句：疑问部分根据主句确定，但是主句的主语是I/we, 谓语是think /suppose /believe /hope /imagine /expect /guess /know /feel /be sure /be told时，疑问部分根据从句确定，否定转移时，疑问部分用肯定语气。She think it is a good idea, doesnt she?I think it is a good idea, isnt it?I dont think it is a good idea, is it?二、语法专题代词的考点1. 不定代词：(1)all, any, none, both, either, neither; (2)another, other, the other, others, the others; (3)复合不定代词：someone, anyone, everyone, no one; something, anything, everything, nothing.2. it的用法：(1)it作实意代词，代替日期、时间、季节、距离；代替身份不明的人，心目中的人和事以及代替上文已提到的或下文将要提到的人、物或某种情况；代替指示代词this, that。(2)it作引导词：作形式主语和形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词和从句；it用于强调句型。3. 替代词one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的用法。4. 人称代词在使用中要注意主格和宾格的区别，反身代词则要注意和主语一致。第4讲一、Language points1. sth sth for sth prepare+ for sth to do sth be prepared for be prepared to do sth make preparations for2. They tied for first place in the game.We tied with the visiting team in the basketball match.The dog is tied to a tree.3. affect vt. 影响 effect n. 效果，作用 have a good/bad effect on in effect事实上 cause and effect因果 take effect生效，起作用 come into effect生效，实行 effort n. 努力 without effort毫不费力 make every effort尽一切努力 spare no effort不遗余力3. weigh vt. 称的重量 vi. 重达， 重量为 put on weight lose weight by weight in meters/pounds/calories by the day/the week/the yard/the dozen/the ton4. in参加比赛 compete+ with/against与竞赛/竞争 for角逐，为获取而竞赛5. Where there is a river, there is a city.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is life, there is hope.6. do sth not do sth do sth than do sth would rather+ =would do sth rather than do sth =prefer to do sth rather than do sth that-clause+ did表现在或将来 had done表过去7. do damage to sthlive ones dreamin ruins/in piecesunder attack/discussion/construction/consideration/treatment8. almost: 差距比nearly小。可与never, no, no one, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere等否定词连用，但不能 与not连用。nearly: 不可与上述否定词连用，但可与not连用，构成 Notnearly, 意为“远非，远不及”二、语法专题形容词和副词的考点1. 形容词和副词的辨析：一般无规律可循，只能在于平常时多积累。我们应注意这几点：(1)分清形容词和副词各自的语法功能，即形容词常用作定语，而副词常用作状语；(2)掌握具体的形容词、副词的基本含义和语法功能。如therefore意为“所以”，在句中起关联作用。(3)有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加-ly，意义不太相同，应加以分辨。常见的有：close接近closely仔细地，密切地；high高highly高度地；free免费freely自由地，自如地；late晚，迟lately近来；deep深deeply深刻地，深入地；near邻近nearly几乎； hard努力地hardly几乎不；most最mostly主要地；wide宽阔widely广泛地；easy从容地easily容易地(4)有些副词与形容词的词形完全相同。换言之，有些词同时兼有形容词和副词两种词性。常见的有：early, straight, slow, enough, fast, hard, long, firm等。2. 形容词和副词的词序：(1)enough用作形容词修饰名词时，可前可后；用作副词修饰形容词或副词时，只能位于之后。例：enough time/time enough; strong enough。(2)形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置，something important。(3)as, how, so, too修饰单数名词时，其词序为：as/how/so/too+adj.+a/an+n.，too large a room; how interesting a film; Mike is as clever a boy as Tom。(4)such修饰单数名词时，其词序为：such+a/an+adj.+n.，such a large room; 但名词前是one, some, many, all, no等修饰时，其词序为：one/some/many/all/no+such+adj.+n.。(5)多个形容词作定语时的词序为：县官行令宴国才限定词描绘性形容词大小、长短、高低等形容词新旧颜色国家、地区材料用途被修饰名词。限定词包括：前位限定词，如：倍数词、分数词及all, both, half, double等；中位限定词，如：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、所有格及some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, much, whose等；后位限定词，如：基数词，序数词及little(表示少)，few, last, next, other, another, more, less, most, several, least, plenty of等不定量代词；限定词的排列顺序：前位中位后位中心词。(6)倍数的表示法：A is n times bigger than B. as big as the size ofJohn has five times as many books as mine.3. 形容词和副词的比较等级：(1)当AB时，比较级than(2)当AB，且B包含A时He is older than any of the other boys(=any other boy) in his class.当AB，但B不包含A时He is richer than any of the people here.Im taller than any student of your class.(3)比较级and比较级：表示自身的变化 The比较级，the比较级：表示随之变化。(4)“否定词谓语比较级”相当于最高级Ive never seen a nicer bird than this one.How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.(5)常见的无比较级、最高级的形容词和副词有：cpmparative(ly), relative(ly), particular(ly), special(ly), excellent(ly), extreme(ly), perfect(ly), complete(ly)等。(6)more+原级+than: 与其说不如说。(7)可以修饰比较级的副词有：any, even, far, much, rather, still, yet, a bit, a little, a lot, by far, 但不可加very, many, more, fairly, quite(但quite better除外)。4. 形容词和副词的成分区别：(1)不能作定语的形容词(大多数以a开头)：afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, ill, well, 若要作定语，则分别改用frightened, similar, living, lone, shy, sleeping, waking, sick, healthy; 有时这些形容词也可以作定语，但一般作后置定语。(2)作状语一般用副词，但有时形容词可作伴随状语。He hurried home, full of fear./ All men all created equal.三、题型归纳语境、语境语法型单项填空在题干上附加一些语言信息，将词法、句法等知识融入到语境之中，使试题语境化，其特点是：如果单独看空白和选项，各个选项都是正确的。然而，将题干和选项联系起来考虑，就只有一个最佳选项。常见的题型有：(1)对话语境；运用对话语境命题是高考的一种趋势，应该正确理解对话双方的语气、时态、语态，从而确定正确的选项；(2)句中的语境：有些试题选项中的一个或几个好像都适用这个问题，但是，根据句子的语境的意义，就可判断出只有一个是最佳答案；(3)动词的时态和语态，情态动词及语气，形容词和副词的级。1. -Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty?-Mom, I_ my store room downstairs.A. cleanedB. have cleanedC. was cleaning D. have been cleaning2. -I think Gorge doesnt really care for TV plays. -Right, _ he still watches the program.A. andB. butC. orD. so3. If you cant come tomorrow, well_ have to hold the meeting next week.A. yetB. evenC. ratherD. just4. Im going to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything_ to your brother there?A. to takeB. to be takenC. takenD. take5. We are sure everything here_ by the time you come back from abroad in a few years.A. had changedB. will have changedC. had been changedD. will have been changed6. Hello, you_ 323-65668. Im sorry but Im unable to answer your call right now.A. reached B. are reaching C. have reachedD. had reached7. The meeting is not over, and you_ not leave.A. willB. shallC. mayD. need8. Had I learnt English well, I_ the interview for the job tomorrow.A. would take B. would have taken C. shall take D. could be taken9. Bob is_ honest boy, and he wont tell lies.A. mostB. the mostC. a mostD. very much10. With the doctors treatment, Sally feels_ better now.A. veryB. fairlyC. soD. quite11. Though the ship sunk, all the people on her_ be resuced.A. couldB. shouldC. had toD. were able to12. We will all appreciate_ you can come to join us in developing my hometown.A. that ifB. it ifC. it thatD. that when13. _ he said to us yesterday_ true?A. What can, wasB. That can, wasC. Can what, beD. Can that, be14. He told me that he would remember the days in Beijing University forever_ he got much help there from Professor Zhu.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. when15. _ is what he did, not what he said, that moved us greatly.A. ItB. ThisC. WhichD. As第5讲一、Language points1. sth：与一致/符合 sb：同意某人 with ones idea/opinion 同意某人的意见 what sb said (观点，所说的话) to ons plan/arrangement/suggestionagree 同意某人的计划、安排、意见 about/on/upon sth同意做某事 to do sth that-clause2. of/about sth 提醒 remind sb to do sth that-clause 使人回忆起3. addto：把加上(在) add to=increase：增添，增进 add up (to)：加(起来是)，总计达4. success n.(U)成功，(C)成功者/事 succeed v. successful a. successfully ad. be successful in (doing) sth succeed in doing sth 成功做某事 have success in doing sth Sb/sth is a success.5. be/stay/keep+in touch with 表状态be out of touch withget in touch with 表动作lose touch with6. in case of+短语in case+从句 in no case决不 in any case无论如何 in that case如果那样7. expensive/cheapvaluable/valuelesspriceless=very expensive：无价的8. respond (vi)+ to：对回应 with/by：以(方式)回答，响应 resonse (n.)9. be harmful to sb/sthdo sb/sth harmdo harm to sb/sthdo sb/sth gooddo good to sb/sth10. die out：(家族、物种等)死光，灭绝； (习俗、做法、观念)消失，过时；(火)熄灭die away：(风、声音、光线等)逐渐停止(消失)die down：(指炉火等)渐熄；(指骚动等)渐平息；(指闹声)消失die off：先后死去了；死去die of：死于内因(如疾病、年老、饥饿、情感等)die from：死于外因(如损伤、事故、天灾等)11. as a/the result of：由于as a result：结果，因此result from：因而引起result in=cause：导致，致使12. take measures to do sth：采取措施make clothes to ones own measure：量体裁衣13. late：晚，迟，不久前lately=recently：近来last：最后，最后的latest：最近的，最新的later：后来；结构常为：一段时间later：过了之后14. adapt to sth/sb：适应某物/某人adapt sth/sb to sth/sb：使某物/某人适应某物/某人adapt oneself to：使自己适应某事adapt from：根据改写/改编adapt：指修改或改变以适应新条件 You should adapt yourself t the new environment.adjust：是指“调整、调节”使之适应 You cant see through the telescope until it is adjusted to your eyesfit：多指“大小适合”，引申为“吻合” The shoes fitted me well.suit：多指“合乎要求、口味、性格、情况”等 No dish suits all taste.match：指“大小、色调、形状、性质等”相配或相称 A red jacket doesnt match green trousers.adopt sb：收养 sth：采用15. devote oneself/time/life to look forward to doing sthbe/get used tostick to/get down to/object to16. free of chargefor freebe free fromset sb/sth free17. by force：靠武力，强行be in force：生效come/go into force：生效force ones way：强行前进或进入18. Its ones turn to do sth：轮到某人干某事take ones turn：依次，轮到某人in turn：依次，轮流，反过来，转而by turns：轮流，交替take turns (at) doing sth/to do sth：轮流干某事二、语法专题介词的考点1. 常用介词的意义区别(1)表示时间 at+时间点：在时刻，在点钟，在岁时 on+某天或某天的某个时间：在某日、星期几、某日早中晚等 in+时间段：在期间，在以后，在时间内 by+时间：在之前，不迟于，常与完成时连用(2)表示方位：in/on/to/off(3)表示部位 on+ the head/shoulder/back/nose：表示拍打较硬或凸形的部位 in+ the face/ear/stomach/eye:：表示拍打较软或凹形的部位 by+ the arm/hand/nose: 表示牵、拉、抓某部位(4)表示之间：between/among(5)表示方式 by：乘(交通工具)，通过(方法)，常接无冠词名词或动名词with：以工具/手段，用身体某部位，常接带冠词的具体某工具in：表示表达的方法、媒介、工具、材料等through：通过途径/方式/方法(6)表示穿越 through：表示从物体里面穿过，还可表示沿着街道、河流走across：表示从物体表面经过，还可表示横过街道、河流over：表示从物体上方越过，还可表示挎在肩上2. “介词关系代词”引导的定语从句3. with的复合结构4. 含有介词的固定搭配有无冠词，意义不同in front of/in the front ofin charge of/in the charge ofout of question/out of the questionat table/at the tableon earth/on the earth有无介词，意义不同know sb.认识某人/know about sb.了解某人shoot sb.击中某人/shoot at sb.向某人射击search sb.搜身/search for sb.搜寻某人believe sb.相信某人的话/believe in sb.信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益/benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处不要画蛇添足serve for the people为人民服务enter into the room进入房间follow behind me跟在我后面at the moment 就in this/that/last/next year今年/那年/去年/明年in one/any/each/every/some/all year一年/任何一年/每年/每年/某年/全年marry with sb.与某人结婚go to abroad出国live in upstairs住在楼上不要张冠李戴be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by）leave for someplace动身去某地（不用to）set an example to sb为某人树立榜样（不用for）
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