【专题三】语法考点归纳3（时态、语态与主谓一致）

专题32011届英语二轮复习【专题三】语法考点归纳3（时态、语态与主谓一致）时态、语态与主谓一致考点归纳动词作谓语时，要用各种不同的形式来表达动作发生的时间和所处的状态，这就是我们所说的时态。动作发生的时间有四个，即四个“时”：现在、过去、将来、过去将来。每个“时”里根据动作所处的状态又分为四个不同的“态”，即：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。时和态的结合构成十六种时态，如下表（以动词do为例），其中黑体部分为考试大纲要求掌握的时态，注意掌握各种时态的意义和用法。一般进行完成完成进行现在dodoesam doingis doingare doinghave donehas donehave been doinghas been doing过去didwas doingwere doinghad donehad been doing将来shall dowill doshall be doingwill be doingshall have donewill have doneshall have been doingwill have been doing过去将来should dowould doshould be doingwould be doingshould have donewould have doneshould have been doingwould have been doing考点精析1. 一般现在时的用法(1) 表示经常性, 习惯性的动作和现在的状态, 特征. 句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语. 例如:He goes to school every day. (经常性动作)他每天去上学.He is very happy. (现在的状态)他很高兴.(2). 表示按计划, 规定要发生的动作, (句中都带有时间状语) 但限于少数动词. 如:begin, come, leave, go arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等. 例如:The meeting begins at seven. 会议七点钟开始.The train starts at nine in the morning. 火车早上九点钟开.(3). 表示状态和感觉的动词. 如be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound等常用一般现在时. 例如:I like English very much. 我很喜欢英语.The story sounds very interesting. 这个故事听起来很有趣.(4). 书报的标价, 小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时. 例如:Wen meets journalists. 温(家宝)出席记者招待会.(5). 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中, 用一般现在时表示将来. 例如:If you come this afternoon, have a meeting. 如果今晚你来. 我们就开会.2. 一般过去时的用法(1). 表示过去某时间发生的事, 存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作. 例如:He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. 昨天他看见王先生了.He worked in a factory in 1986. 1986年他在一家工厂做工.(2) 表示过去经常发生的动作(也可用 “used to”或 “would+动词原形” 代替). 例如:During the vacation I often swam/ would swim in the sea. 假期期间我常在大海游泳.I used to smoke. 我曾经吸烟.注意: used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态.3. 一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态, 其表达形式除了 “will或shall+动词原形”外, 还有以下几种.(1). “to be going to+动词原形”, 表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事. 例如:It is going to rain. 天要下雨了.We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我们开个会.(2). go, come, start, move, sail, leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作. 例如Im leaving for Beijing. 我要动身去北京.(3). “be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见. 例如:Are we to go on with this work? 我们要继续这项工作吗?The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 明天这孩子就要上学了.(4). “be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作. 例如:We are about to leave. 我们就要动身了.(5). 某些词, 如come, go, leave, arrive, start等的一般现在时和现在进行时也可表示将来. 例如:The meeting starts at five oclock. 会议五点钟开始.He is leaving tomorrow 他明天就要走了.4. 现在进行时的用法(1).表示此时此刻正在进行的动作, 由 “to be+现在分词” 构成. 例如:What are you doing? 你在干什么?(2). 按计划, 安排近期发生的动作. 例如:Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 明天我要到北京去.(3). 与always, constantly等连用, 表示感情色彩. 例如:He is always helping other. 他总是帮助别人.另外 “系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义. 例如:The bridge is under construction. 桥梁正在建设中.(4). 用进行时表示渐变过程. 例如:The food is getting cold. 食物变凉了.注意:下列动词不宜用进行时:感觉类: look, smell, fell, sound, taste, see, hear.感情类: like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear所有类: have, contain, own, hold, belong to5. 过去进行时的用法(1). 表示过去某一时刻, 某一阶段正进行的动作, 由 “was (were)+现在分词”构成. 例如:In 1980 he was studying in a university. 1980年, 他正在一所大学里学习.He was reading a novel when I came in. 当我进来时, 他正在看小说.(2). 与always, forever, constantly连用, 表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩. 例如:He was always thinking of other, never thinking of himself.他总是考虑别人, 从未考虑自己.6. 现在完成时的用法现在完成时由 “have+过去分词”构成. 其使用有两种情况:(1). 所表示的动作在说话之前已完成, 而对现在有影响, 句中没有具体时间状语, 例如: He has gone to Fuzhou. 他去福州了.(说话人认为他不在该地)He has been to fuzhou. 他去过福州. (说话人认为他在该地)(2). 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去, 持续到现在, 也许还会持续下去. 常与for和 since等表示一段时间的状语或so far, now, today, this week (month, year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用. 例如:He has studied English for 5 years. 他学习英语有五年了.He has studied English since 1985. 自从1985年他就学习英语.注意” 表示短暂时间动作的词, 如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的词连用.(3). 还可用在时间和条件状语从句中, 表示将来某时完成的动作. 例如:Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.我做完了作业就去你家.If it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park.如果早上不下雪了，我们就去公园.7. 过去完成时的用法(1). 表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态, 句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语. 例如:By the end of last year we had built five new houses. 到去年年底, 我们已经建起五所新房子.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我上大学之前就已经学了5000个英语单词了。(2). 表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去. 例如:Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 睡觉之前, 他工作了12小时.8. 过去将来时的用法表示从过去某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态. 由 “should或would +动词原形”构成. 第一人称用should, 其他人称用would. 例如:They were sure that they would succeed. 他们确信他们会成功.9. 现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由 “have(has)+been+现在分词”构成, 表示现在以前一直在进行的动作. 有些词, 如work, study, live, teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多. 例如:I have worked here for three years. 我在这里工作三年了.I have been working here for three years. 我在这里工作三年了但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思. 例如:I have written a letter. (已写完)I have been writing a letter. (还在写)注意: 表示短暂动作的动词, 如finish, marry, get up, come, go等不能用这种时态.常用时态时态意义例句一般现在时现在经常性, 习惯性动作I read English every morning.现存的性质, 特征或状态The situation is encouraging.按时刻表要发生的动作The train leaves at 4:00p.m一般过去时过去某时的动作或状态I went to the bank just now.He often cried when he was a boy.一般将来时现在看来要发生的动作或存在的状态Tom will come next week事物的固有的属性或必然趋势Oil will float in water.对将来的安排, 计划He is going to speak on TV this evening.现在进行时此刻正在发生的动作Im studying English now. 现阶段正在发生的动作We are building our socialism.暂时性的情况I dont really work here. I am just helping.过去进行时过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作He was watching TV this time yesterday.过去计划, 安排好的将来动作(come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly)He said he was leaving the next day.过去将来时过去某时将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图, 打算(主要用与宾语从句)She was sure she would succeed.现在完成时过去发生的事对现在的影响I have finished my homework.过去的动作, 成为现在的经历Weve played with snow and ice.始于过去持续至今的动作Hes lived here since 2000.过去完成时过去某时间前已发生的动作或情况Marx had learned some English before he came to Landon.过去某动作前已发生的另一动作或状态The train had left when I got to the station.始于过去持续至过去另一时间, 也许延续下来的动作或状态He said he had been in the party for 10 years.过去未曾实现的意图, 打算或希望I had planned to see you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.谓语动词的语态用来说明主语和谓语动作的关系。当句子的主语是谓语动作的执行者时，称之为主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者时称之为被动语态。下表(以动词make为例)有助于掌握各种时态动词的被动语态形式：一般进行完成现在am/is/are madeam/is/are being madehave/has been made过去was/were madewas/were being madehad been done将来shall/will be done/shall/will have been done过去将来should/would be made/1 注意掌握主动形式表示被动意义的几种常见的情况。2 谓语动词要与主语保持人称与数的一致。要学会有效利用语法一致、意义一致、就近一致的原则，正确判断谓语动词的单复数形式。被动语态概念与构成当句子的主语是动作的执行者时, 谓语的形式叫主动语态, 当句子的主语是动作的承受者时, 谓语要用被动语态. 被动语态由助动词+过去分词构成, 时态通过be表现出来. 例如:(1) 一般现在时:You are required to do this.(2) 一般过去时:The story was told by her.(3) 一般将来时:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.(4) 现在进行时:The road is being widened.(5) 过去完成时:The new tool was being made.(6) 现在完成时:The novel has been read.(7) 过去完成时:He said that the work had been finished.(8) 过去将来时:He said that the trees would be planted soon.1. 一些特殊的被动结构(1) 带情态动词的被动结构:The problem must be solved soon.(2) 带不定式的被动结构:The room is going to be painted. The homework needs to be done with care.(3) 短语动词的被动结构:The baby is looked after carefully.用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待, 即要把它们看作单个及物动词, 这类结构有以下几种:(不及物)动词+介词: agree to, ask for, call for, laugh at, listen to, look after, operate on, send for, talk about, think of等(及物)动词+副词: bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, take up, think over, turn down, turn out, wipe out, work out等动词+ 副词+ 介词: do away with, face up to, give in to, look down up-on, make up for, put up with等. 例如:例1 They will be taken (good) care of.例2 Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.用与这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是 “动词+ 名词+ 介词” 这一结构, 如: catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire/ light to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of等例2 与例1的不同点在于, 它作用于被动态时能有两种形式, 第一种形式是把 “动词+ 名词+ 介词”作为整体看待. 第二种形式是把其中的 “动词+ 名词”作为 “动词+ 宾语”的结构处理.(4). 带复合宾语的动词在改为动词被动语态时, 一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语, 宾语补足语保留在谓语后面. 例如:We always keep the classroom clean. (比较: The classroom is always kept clean.)(5). 有些动词形式上是主动结构, 但表示被动的意思.不及物动词的被动意义某些只能作不及物动词(包括一些短语动词)用的动词, 如occur, happen, fall, go, break out, take place等. 其主动形式含有被动意义. 例如:When did the accident occur? 事故发生在什么时候?It happened yesterday evening.这事发生在昨天晚上.The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.抗日战争是1937年爆发的.May 4th Movement took place in 1919.五四运动发生在1919年.Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather.冰激凌暑天销路好.具有及物意义的不及物动词的被动意义在主语是物的句子里, 有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义. 常用的这类动词有sell, read, feel, write, wear, wash, open, clean, cook, keep, cut, fill, blow, measure, lock, run, record, begin, shut等. 例如:The book sells well.这本书很畅销The machine runs well.机器运转良好Class begins at eight.八点钟开始上课Your composition reads well.你的作文读起来很不错This pen writes smoothly.这枝钢笔好用This coat wears well.这件大衣经穿表示状态特征的连系动词的被动意义有些表示状态特征的连系动词, 如look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear等的主动形式表示被动意义. 例如:The roses smell sweet.玫瑰花闻起来很香.Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很软.Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口.Your sentence doesnt sound right.你的话听起来不大对头.What he said proved to be correct.事实证明他的话是正确的.某些动词以物作主语时, 其进行时也可以表示被动意义. 例如:The dinner is cooking.正在烧饭.The book is printing.书正在印刷中.The house is building.房屋在修建中.Preparations are making.筹备工作正在进行.不定式的主动形式表示被动意义作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语如果是句中主语或宾语时, 就用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义. 例如:I have a lot of work to do.我今天有很多工作要做.(主语I是不定式to do的逻辑主语)Ill give him something to read.我要给他些书读.(宾语him是不定式to read的逻辑主语)在形容词后作状语用的不定式说明句中主语在哪个方面存在形容词所表示的情况, 且与句中主语构成动宾关系时, 用主动形式表示被动意义.例如:His telephone number is easy to remember.他的电话号码很好记.That man is difficult to deal with.那个人很难对付.但如果这类句子形容词的意思不完全时, 其不定式如有被动意义, 仍必须用被动形式. 例如:All invaders are sure to be punished.所有侵略者都必定受到惩罚.在there be句型中修饰主语的不定式, 用主动形式或被动形式都可以, 只是在口语中多用主动形式. 例如:There are many questions to discuss (to be discussed).有许多问题要讨论.但在nothing, anything和something之后, 使用两种语态表示的意思有所不同. 例如:There is nothing to do.没有事可做There is nothing to be done.没有办法在 “This (that) is+名词”的句型中, 修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义. 例如:This is a hard question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题That is a nice place to visit.那是个值得参观的地方不定式to let, to seek, to blame等，常用主动形式表示被动意义. 例如:Nobody was to blame for the accident.这个事故谁也不能责怪The car is to let.汽车出租以人作主语时, worthy后的不定式用主动形式和被动形式都可以, 但二者的意义不同. 例如:He is worthy to take his position.他配担任他的职务(不定式的动作是句中主语发出的)He is not worthy to be chosen.他不配当选(不定式的动作不是句中主语发出的)动名词主动形式表示被动意义通常是物作want, need, require等动词的主语时(也可以是人)表示事物(或人)客观上需要; 用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义. 例如:The classroom wants (needs, requires) cleaning.教室需要打扫这种用法的动名词改用不定式一般式的被动形式后意义不变. 例如:The classroom wants to be cleaned. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句; 谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等。谓语是不可拆开的短语动词take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of等. 宾语是反身代词, 相互代词, 同源宾语, 不定式, 动名词, 抽象名词等. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语, 在英语中一般可用被动结构表示. 例如:据说 It is said that希望 It is hoped that据推测说It is supposed that必须承认It must be admitted that必须指出It must be pointed out that众所周知It is well known that有人会说It will be said that大家认为It will generally considered that有人相信It is believed that被动句式归纳时段现 在过 去将 来一 般amis cleanedarewas cleanedwerewill be cleanedshall进 行amis being cleanedarewas being cleanedwere完 成have been cleanedhashad been cleanedwill have been cleanedshall9