第9堂 并列平行结构

LECTURE 9 并列平行结构本堂目标：熟悉平行结构的基本原则及可用于并列平行结构的语法单位，掌握常用于并列平行结构的连词、并列句中表句际关系的副词，以及并列平行结构的一致问题。基础预习一、平行并列结构的基本原则平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一，是理解英文长难句的必备知识。并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致，这就是通常所说的并列平行结构。英语中运用并列平行结构的基本原则是：以同类语法形式来表达同类概念，以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果。【例1】Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.【点睛】crowding和pushing两个动名词是并列平行结构，由and连接；均作介词of的宾语。【译文】当火灾发生时，保持冷静，不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥，这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。【例2】In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing; at whatever table, they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.【点睛】本句由两个并列的分句组成，结构工整，含多个平行并列结构，如：介词短语In whatever company与at whatever table为一组平行并列结构，在两个句子中均作状语； persons和conversations平行并列，作第一个分句的宾语；在第二个分句中meat与drink平行并列，也作宾语。【译文】无论和什么人交往，他们会发现有些人、有些谈话讨人喜欢，而有些则不然；同样，无论吃什么饭，酒和肉总有可口的和不可口的，菜肴的烹调亦总有优劣之分。二、可用于并列平行结构的语法单位语法单位例示名词平行结构Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书能带来愉悦，使人高雅、聪慧。形容词平行结构Jack was honest, industrious and talented.杰克诚实、勤奋又聪明。分词平行结构The boys were running, shouting and laughing.男孩子们一边跑着，一边喊着、笑着。动名词平行结构Jane prefers singing to dancing.珍妮喜欢唱歌胜过跳舞。动词不定式平行结构To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing.知道什么是好的和实际做得好不是一回事。副词平行结构The work is handsomely and skillfully done.这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。介词短语平行结构The room is fifteen feet in length and thirteen feet in width.这个房间长15英尺，宽13英尺。谓语动词平行结构The man walked up to the garden gate, hesitated and then rang the bell.那位男士走进大门，犹豫了一下，之后按响了门铃。句子平行结构A man who is able and has the will to do things should be given an important task.一个有能力而又乐于干工作的人应当委以重任。【例1】(06-Text 2)Stratford-on Avon, as we all know, has only one industry William Shakespeare but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.【点睛】句中的distinctly separate和increasingly hostile为并列平行结构，均作定语修饰branches。【译文】众所周知，埃文镇的斯特拉特德福只有一个产业威廉莎士比亚但它有两个泾渭分明且日趋仇视的分支。【例2】(08-Text 1)The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. 【点睛】介词结构by parents or other family members为介词短语平行结构，or后省略by。【译文】女性所遭受的人际间的暴力更多地来自于家庭，不幸的是，施暴者通常是父母或其他家庭成员，而且这些压力不是一次性的。重点讲解一、常用于并列平行结构的连词1表示同等关系由以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连接词和以besides为代表的副词连接词连接起来的并列句，前后两个句子在语法地位上是平等一致的。具体的连接词有and, not onlybut also, neithernor，besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, whats more等。【例】(05-Text 4)Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. 【点睛】这是由nor连接起来的并列句。第一个分句的主干为Americans .expect public figures . to command the English language with skill and gift.【译文】无论是在演讲中还是在写作中，美国人都不再期望公众人物英语技巧熟练、有良好的语言天分。他们对自己也没有这样的渴求。2表示选择关系由or, eitheror “不是就是”，otherwise“否则”，or else“否则”等表示选择的连接副词连接的句子。【例】（00-Part B）For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural recourses or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. 【点睛】本句包含三个or连接的并列选择句，各个谓语结构之间是并列选择关系。后两个or后省略了they may。【译文】例如，政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心；政府可以改革教育机构，或以政府干预来减少自然资源的消费量、开发迄今未被利用的资源；或者政府可以在日益增加的与科学、经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作。3表示转折对比关系以but为代表的连词连接词或以however为代表的副词连接词连接的句子。but为代表的连词连接词有：but, notbut, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等；however为代表的连接副词有：however, nevertheless“但是，然而”，still“然而”，on the contrary“相反地”，on the other hand“另一方面”等。【例】（95-Passage 2）The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.【点睛】句子主干结构就是not.but连接的表示转折关系的并列句。注意but后的成分较复杂，有四个并列成分。【译文】成长过程不是道路本身，而是当人碰到新的情况或未曾遇到的障碍时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。4表示因果关系以so为代表的连词或以therefore为代表的副词连接的表示因果关系的连接词连接的句子。【例】（02-Passage 1）Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. 【点睛】两个句子由so连接，它们之间是因果关系。【译文】使听众发笑的往往是讲话的方式；因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情，这有助于表现出你正在轻松愉快地做一番评论。二、并列句中表句际关系副词一览表关系副词例示表转折however, nevertheless, still, yet, rather, contrarilyHe is charming; nevertheless, I dont trust him.表因果therefore, thus, hence, then, so, accordingly, consequentlyShe felt very tired, and therefore she went to bed early.= She felt very tired; therefore she went表选择ratherthanShes rather die than give a speech.表列举first(ly), second(ly)finallyHe studies hard; finally he gained high marks.表概括generally, overall, altogether等Shes not really ill; generally she is run-down.表补充furthermore, besides, moreover, likewise, againThe house isnt big enough for us; furthermore, it is too far away from the town.说明：以上所列词是副词，在连接句子时，要么需借助分号，要么需借助连词and。同学们在写作中一定注意，千万别误用为连词而直接连接两个句子。【例】（03-Passage 3）But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.【点睛】此处连接前后两个分句的therefore因是副词，且其前没有分号，故与and连用。and与therefore被该分句的主语the railroads分开，需注意理解。【译文】但许多发货商则抱怨说，像煤炭、化肥和粮食这样的大宗货物通过公路长途运输成本太高，而铁路部门会因此掐住他们的脖子。三、并列平行结构的一致问题1使句子前后保持平衡，句中的并列成分应该在结构上保持一致。【例】The instrument has been welcomed by user because of its stability in serviceability, reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.【点睛】句中的并列平行结构stability in serviceability，reliability in operation和simplicity in maintenance在结构上保持了一致。【译文】该仪器性能稳定，操作可靠，维修方便，因而受到用户欢迎。2.在比较结构中，被比较的事物应该是同等成分。【例】(01-Passage 1)A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.【点睛】本句是由whereas连接的并列句，表示对比关系，比较的对象是professional geologists和the amateurs (geologists)。后一分句的宾语是并列的不定式结构either to.or to。【译文】地质科研人员中也发生着相似的分化现象，这使得全国专业地质人员逐渐形成了一个特定的科研协会，而业余科研人员往往要么呆在地方协会中，要么组成一个不同的全国性协会。课后练习难句分析1. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipient lose interest as they plough through them. (04-Text 2)2. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (04-Text 3)3. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.4. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. (06-Text 3)5. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. (02-Text 2)6. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. (01-Text 1)7. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (00-Passage 3)8. The trouble is that a cable-television system, like a telephone network, involves high fixed costs and passes homes that do not want it, as well as homes that do.9. The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of research shared, even if it is only some members of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it.10. He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description.课堂讲评1. 【分析】and连接的两个表示同等关系的并列句，第一个分句中的all是对冒号前的三个并列名词短语的总称；第二个分句包含一个由as引导的时间状语从句。【译文】求职面试的名单、选票、会议发言和出席名单：所有这些往往都是按字母表顺序排列的，而人们在翻看这些东西的时候渐渐就失去了兴趣。2. 【分析】本句是由and连接的同等关系并列句，第二个分句中say后为宾语从句，其中还含有一个even as引导的让步状语从句。【译文】消费者们似乎只是稍有忧虑，并不惊慌，许多人说他们对经济的长远发展还是很乐观的，虽然他们已经勒起了裤腰带。3. 【分析】复合句。when引导状语从句，从句主干为the enclosures made many people dependent on paid work；by作方式状语；and连接两个并列的介词短语of the use和of the means。【妙译】17世纪和18世纪的圈地运动剥夺了许多人的土地使用权，使他们失去了为自己谋生的途径。因此，他们不得不依赖付费工作。这样，雇佣就变得广为流行了。4. 【分析】该句是由notbut连接的表示转折对比关系的并列句。句子的主干是Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomassbut rather changes。其中介词结构of fish species in particular parts of the ocean和in that biomass over time都作定语。【译文】他们的研究方法并非是要试图估计出某个特定海域中鱼类生物的实际单位面积数量（目前存活的生物数量），而是找出该单位面积生物数量随时间的变化程度。5. 【分析】本句的主干是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，but连接两个whose引导的并列定语从句，定语从句修饰gizmos。【译文】结果，当今世界智能化的小装置日益增多，我们几乎不注意它们的存在，但它们的广泛存在已经减轻了不少人类的工作。6. 【分析】该句由分号连接的并列句组成。studies representedresearch是第一部分的主干，in the nineteenth century作状语，local geological和in their own right作定语，分别修饰studies和research；第二部分的but表示前后两部分形成对比，其中if引导一个条件状语从句。【译文】因此，在19世纪，这种局部性的地质学研究本身代表了有价值的科研活动；但是，到了20世纪，这种地质学研究只有在包含并反映范围更广的问题(地质面貌)时，才越来越被专业人员所接受。7. 【分析】for连接的表示因果关系的并列句。for前分句中，主干为it is advisable to,不定式短语为真正主语。for后分句中，however farfetched引导让步状语从句，主干是it is possible，其中it是形式主语，主语从句that in years as normal为真正的主语。【译文】当一场新的艺术运动形成了某种时尚时，弄清其倡导者的目的和追求是明智的，他们的准则今天看来不管怎么牵强附会、荒唐无理，在未来的岁月都有可能被视作正常。8. 【分析】复合句。第一个that引导表语从句，从句主干为a cabletelevision system involvesand passes；其中as well as连接两个并列的homes，均作passes的宾语。【妙译】麻烦的是，有线电视系统，与电话网络一样，需要很高的安装费，它要经过那些需要它的用户家庭，同时还有那些不需要它的家庭。9. 【分析】复合句。even if引导让步状语从句，其中a department，a faculty ，an institution为三个并列的名词短语，均作of的宾语， who引导定语从句，修饰members。主句由三个结构相似的并列分句构成，第三个分句shared前省略了must be。【妙译】我们所知道的东西显然有限；必须要了解研究的手段和机会，必须分享研究的价值。即使只是一个系、一个学院、或一个机构中仅有一部分人真正从事研究工作，也是如此。10. 【分析】简单句。句子主干为He will master the art。句中四个of短语of logical explanation，of exact letterwriting，of formal speeches和 of vivid impressionistic description均作the art的定语。【妙译】他将掌握逻辑分析的艺术、标准书信的写作诀窍、正式演讲及日常谈话的技巧，还有生动描述事物的方法。