《四六级作文讲解》PPT课件.ppt

Tips for CET-6 Writing,大学英语六级考试写作应试指导一、概述 教育部1999年最新六级考试大纲对写作的具体要求是：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题和写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120-150词的短文，能写通知或便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。纵观近10年的大学英语六级考试，作文内容偏重工作、学习、交通及社会文化等方面的问题。考试形式中，给出英文题目和中文提纲式作文占68.4%，图表作文21%，给出英文题目及中文提示作文5.3%大学英语六级考试作文评分原则来取总体评分，就文章的总体印象给分及奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。如14分作文的标准是：切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误。,二、如何进行准备 首先要了解六级写作考试大纲的内容，评分标准、原则，历年真题范围，从而掌握出题原则及规律。 打好基本功。 熟悉各种文体的结构特点，写作技巧及常用句型、套话等。如论说文的常用开头法有谚语法、定义法、引用法、提问法、直接法、间接法、故事法、概括法及综合法；中间段的扩展法有时间、空间、定义、分类、过程、例证、比较与对比及因果法；结尾段常用方法有重述法、总结法、提问法、预测法、建议法及名言法等。背诵一些常用于论说文中的起、承、转、合结构的词（组），句型.勤学多练，熟能生巧。在阅读范文前可根据所给作文题目及要求按自己的思路试写一下，然后与范文对照找出差距，并有意识地背诵一些涉及科技、社会、文化等各个侧面的代表性文章，储存多种信息，以防写作时无话可说。平时在阅读英语文章、报纸以及做模拟题时，要注意积累常用词汇、表达法及句型，分析文章的构思、组织方法，以便在写作考试时能做到有条不紊，顺理成章。熟悉各种应试技巧：如何识别提纲中的关键词；如何将提纲转化为各段的主题句；如何描述图表内容，提出相关问题并加以分析、说明；如何开头；如何结尾等。,三、四六级英语写作类型1.体裁:说明文和议论文最近几年的四六级作文的体裁以说明文和议论文为主。说明文如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview （2000，12，四级）, How I Finance My College Education（2000，1 四级）, Practice Makes Perfect， Haste Makes Waste（97，1 六级）议论文如：Dont Hesitate to Say “NO”（99，1 四级和六级）, Can Money Buy Happiness（95，1 四级）, Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary？（2000，6 四级） Reading Selectively or Extensively? (99，6六级)，Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? (98,6 四级和六级)2段落类型：比较/对比，列举，程序等 说明和议论文章所采用的文章扩展模式一般以比较/对照，举例、列举、因果、程序等者居多。如：Dont Hesitate to Say NO, Reading Selectively or Extensively等很多四六级写作中都涉及到两种观点的对比，整体的段落类型为对照型。Practice Makes Perfect, Harmfulness of Fake Commodities等可采用因果行的段落结构模式，也可以采用举例说明的结构模式。Advantages of a Job Interview则应采用列举的段落扩展模式。,3 出题方式：提纲式写作，中文提纲，一般为三句或两句。如：99年1月份考题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Dont Hesitate to Say NO. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不。2. 为什么有些人在该说不的时候不说不。3. 该说不时不说不的坏处。再如：98年一月分考题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种情况2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。,四、临场注意事项 放松情绪，消除恐惧感，必要时可借助深呼吸来缓解紧张的心情。认真审题，弄清文章及各段主题，实现由提纲到主题句的转换。 打草稿：摆事实，理清思路，从易于表达，且论证丰富的观点入手，不局限于一种看法，一种表达法或一种句式。具体写作时最好分段来写，各段之间空二至三行，以利于随时增减或删改。而且字迹要工整，卷面要保持清洁，给判卷人一个好印象。写完后仔细检查作文中用词、句法方面有无不准确的地方；句式有无变化；句与句之间，段与段之间有无合适的连接及过渡等。,英语作文的文章的开头文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：1开门见山，揭示主题文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是：I Spent my last vacation happily下面是题为“Honesty”(谈诚实)一文中的开头：Honesty is one of the best virtuesAn honest man is always trusted and respectedOn the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a liar，and is looked upon by honest people,2交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如“A Trip to Jinshan” (去金山旅游)的开头：The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us. 3. 回忆性的开头用回忆的方法来开头。例如“A Trip to the Taishan Mountain”(泰山游)的开头是：I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4概括性的开头即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.,5介绍环境式的开头即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner. 6交待写作目的的开头。在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 “Pollution Control” (控制污染)的开头：In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.,英语作文的文章的结尾文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种：1首尾呼应，画龙点睛在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her” (我忘不了她)的结尾：After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2重复主题句结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾：I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3. 自然结尾随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾：I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.,4含蓄性的结尾用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾：Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.5用反问结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如 “Should We Learn to Do Housework?” (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree, boys and girls?6指明方向，激励读者结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Lets Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾：As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports.文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。,英文句子的上下连贯，段落的过渡衔接，主要靠“结构词”来表示。(1) 如分段叙述某一个问题或表示顺序时，可用First， Second， Third或Inthefirstplace, Inthesecondplace,Lastbutnottheleastimportant来表示衔接。 (2) 举例说明时可用for example， for instance， to illustrate 来表示。(3) )进一步阐述时可用furthermore， in addition， similarly， moreover来加以提示。(4) 强调某一点的重要性时，可用surely， truly， undoubtedly， clearly， indeed， as a matter of fact来加强句子的力度。(5) 作结论时可用therefore， in summary，consequently，in conclusion， in short, in a word等来导出。 (6) 分析因果时可用because，due to，so that，as a result等来表现主从句之间的逻辑关系。(7) 转换思路时，可用but，however，nevertheless，otherwise等以示转折，而on one hand, on the other hand; on one side of the coin,on the other side of the coin 则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。(8) It follows that. It can be inferred that. It suggests that.则将读者引入作者的逻辑推理思路。,怎样写好英语句子（一）学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题：第一、英语底子太薄。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。第三、表达思想不清楚。 下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。1） Some one consider that fresh water will not touch its end.(96年1月，2分)2） One mans life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. （95年1月，5分）3） As is know, that there are much fake commodities in todays society.(97年12月，6分)这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的，其中5、6分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。,表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如： man can live happiness， Man is iron, and food is steel., Women are half side sky.“。此外，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。 文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明，考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。,否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看:1 含有否定意义的词汇和短语以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。介词against, beyond, but, except, without,.形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,.短语keep.from, protect.from, prevent.from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too.to, by no means, anything but,.我们看以下例句：1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。3） We should protect trees from being destroyed.我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。,2 含有半否定意义的词语barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,.具有半否定的意义。例句：1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。3 不含否定意义的否定结构 有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but, cant help,no sooner.than, not.until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句：1） We cant but face the reality.我们只有面对现实。2） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。4 否定结构的倒装语序我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如：1） On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in ourcountry.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。,五、 含有it的结构考生病句：1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.正确表达：1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science.)2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice.)评议与分析：很显然，两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由that引起；如果用as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。,It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。 1作形式主语It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.2.作形式宾语We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.3.引导强调句It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.从语法结构来看，上述的句子都不难，或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中，多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识，而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实，只要能恰当地运用上述的任何一个句式，考生的作文就会出现闪光点，就会取得比较好的成绩。,怎样使句子多样化？句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。 总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别： (1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句(1)+2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语+简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2) ) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句+形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句+主句) (1)和(5)的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子不是更多样化吗？,最后，看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢？(6) The young pilot was on his first overseas training. (7) He felt very uneasy. (a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy. (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (c) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. (e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy. (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy. (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy. (j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy. 在上述12个句子中，(a)-(g)是简单句；(h)是并列句；(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外，其他五样，用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句，尤其是(j)和(k)这两句；接着便是并列句(h)。如果大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g), (h), (j)和(k)这五种，而其他的则弃如敝屣，不是很可惜吗？,英语写作常见错误与分析一 不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等例 When one have money, he can do what he want to.(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)二 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解例 I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末,三 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生例 There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .剖析：本句后半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.四 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例 To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.,五 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等例 None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.六 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.,七 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。例 There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.八 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例 The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.,九 累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例 For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.十 不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例 The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.十一 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。例1Today, Money to everybody is very importance, ours eat, cloth, live, go etc.,Model Writing:Directions: Write a composition with the title Supermarket, a Way to Improve Service based on the following outline. You should write at least 120 words.1超级市场是商业现代化的标志2超级市场大大增加了销售量 (原因：a.包装好，方便顾客 b.减少售货员，提高了赢利等等.)3在我国开设更多大型的超级市场是必然趋势,SUPERMARKETS, A WAY TO IMPROVE SERVICE With the development of commercial network a number of supermarkets have been springing up in big cities in our country. It is a hopeful signal of commercial modernization. Supermarkets on an average have increased their sales much more than those offering traditional behind-the-counter service. The reasons for the increase are diverse. First, self-service requires fewer salespeople than the traditional counter service. The reduced number of employees means an increase in profits. Second, in supermarkets, customers often buy things they havent planned to buy, as they have had the chance to look at things closely. Moreover, goods in supermarkets are all conveniently and attractively packed, adding to the temptation. The customers really enjoy their shopping in the supermarket. However, supermarkets in some cities are still fairly small. More and larger ones are needed. I think that supporting the development of such markets is an important step to commercial reform, and people will feel much more convenient to buy things than ever before.,真维斯楼Naming University Buildings with Commercial Brands,清华大学第四教学楼被命名为“真维斯楼”，针对类似的以商业品牌为大学中的设施冠名的现象谈谈你的看法。 1. 陈述现象 2. 明确表明个人看法 3. 有此看法的原因,