武汉理工大研究生英语

院（系）： 专业： 年级： 学生姓名： 学号： _- 密 - 封 - 线 -武汉理工大学20082009学年第一学期 期末考试试卷课程名称： 研究生英语 （B）卷考试形式：闭卷、笔试题 号一二三四总分得 分得 分评阅人I VOCABULARY （200.5=10 points）Directions: Choose the best answer to each question from A, B, C or D, and mark it on the ANSWER SHEET.There appears so many phenomenon that _ common sense in science study.A defy B reject C refuse D neglectThe two most important _ in making a cake are flour and sugar.A elements B components C ingredients D constituentsThey commited _ crimes to the country and the people.A huge B vast C immense D enormousHousewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full _.A capacity B strength C length D possibilityThese recommendations will need to be _ to the committee before they can be implemented.A cultivated B justified C notified D informedSome educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of _ grouping is advisable.A instantaneous B spontaneous C rigorous D homogeneousIt also means that governments are increasingly compelled to _ in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.A interfere B incur C intrude D initiateThe virus _ by attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic acid once inside the cell.A replicas B replicates C repudiate D requisiteAlthough fats and oils are as nutritionally important as energy sources, medical research indicates that _ fats may contribute to hardening of the arteries.A saturated B prevaded （错） C permeated D penetratedThe detective investigation the murder case examined the body, inspected the scene of the crime, and _ the weapon for clues.A audit B scrutinized C scrutiny （错） D scrupleIn the Spring Export Commodities Fair, the _ of fine china attracted much attention of customers from all over the world.A string B procession C array D successionWe should make a clear _ between the two scientific terms for the purpose of our discussion.A distinction B discrimination C deviation D seperationDiamonds have little _ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A extinct B permanent C surplus D intrinsicThe magician made us think he cut the girl into pieces but it was merely an _.A illusion B impression C image D illuminationIn _ times human beings did not travel for pleasure but to find a more favourable climate.A prime B primitive C primary D preliminary_ of organic foods -a term whose meaning varies greatly frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious.A Merchants B Inspectors C Consumers D AdvocatesBefore the new President took office, he _ the men and women who were to serve in his cabinet.A descended B designated C depressed D destinedIn winter especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and _ precious food reserves.A conserve B watch C locate D shareBefore social inequality can be alleviated its principal causes must be _.A denounced B relieved C diagnosed D controlledNew oceanic crust is formed along one or more _of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earths crust.A peaks B margins C interiors D distances得 分评阅人II READING COMPREHENSION (202=40 points)Directions: Read the following texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries （the female reproductive organs） removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased opportunities for stress. Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with, says Dr. Yehuda. Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens, she observes, Its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but wad determined to finish college. I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehudas research suggests that womenA Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C Are more capable of avoiding stress.D Are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to beA domestic and temporary.B irregular and violent.C durable and frequent.D trivial and random.24. The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck.（Line 6, Para. 5） shows thatA Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD） has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author （or his employer） to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discussesA the background information of journal editing.B the publication routine of laboratory reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in thatA it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required toA cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B A new mode of publication is emerging.C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. Its like surgery, he says. We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse. He says medical licensing boards must make it clearthat painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.31. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .Adoctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.Bit is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.Cthe Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.Dpatients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.32. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?ADoctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.BModern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.CThe Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.DA doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.33. According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .Aprolonged medical procedures.Binadequate treatment of pain.Csystematic drug abuse.Dinsufficient hospital care.34. Which of the following best defines the word aggressive (line 3, paragraph 7)?ABold.BHarmful.CCareless.DDesperate.35. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .Amanage their patients incompetently.Bgive patients more medicine than needed.Creduce drug dosages for their patients.Dprolong the needless suffering of the patients.Text 4Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel,up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and 1979-80,when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year,compared with $13 in 1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economiesto which heavy industry has shiftedhave become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the 1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%,and in 1979 by almost 30%.36. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is .Aglobal inflation.Breduction in supply.Cfast growth in economy.DIraqs suspension of exports.37. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if .Aprice of crude rises.Bcommodity prices rise.Cconsumption rises.Doil taxes rise.38. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries .Aheavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.Bincome loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.Cmanufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.Doil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.39. We can draw a conclusion from the text that .Aoil-price shocks are less shocking now.Binflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.Cenergy conservation can keep down the oil prices.Dthe price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.40. From the text we can see that the writer seems .Aoptimistic.Bsensitive.Cgloomy.Dscared.得 分评阅人III TRANSLATION (152=30points)Direactions: Translate the following English sentences into Chinese ones, and vice versa. Your translations should be clearly written on ANSWER SHEET.To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar.读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。And therefore, if a man write little, he had need hav