高中化学物质颜色（High school chemistry color）

高中化学物质颜色（High school chemistry color）The physical properties of common substances are summarized1. The rules of color(1) common colorA substance that is colored in redRed: difficult to dissolve in water Cu, Cu2O, Fe2O3, HgO etc.The phenolphthphthphthphthphthalein, acid in lye, methyl orange, litmus, and pH paper in the lye were met with a strong acid and the magenta solution.Orange-red: concentrated bromine water, methyl orange solution, oxidizing mercury, etc.Brown red: Fe (OH) 3 solid, Fe (OH) 3 water sol, etc.A substance with a yellow colorYellow: difficult to dissolve in water, silver iodide, silver phosphate, sulfur, pyrite, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).FeCl3 soluble in water, methyl orange in alkali liquor, sodium ion flame and TNT etc.Light yellow: silver bromide, carbon dioxide silver, sulfur precipitation, sulfur in CS2 solution, and yellow phosphorus, Na2O2, fluorine.Tan: copper burns in chlorine gas to generate CuCl2 smoke.A substance made of brown or brownThe iodine is light brown, the iodine tan, the iron in chlorine gas to generate FeCl3 smokeA substance with a blue baseBlue: new Cu (OH) 2 solid, alum, copper nitrate, starch in solution and iodine blue, litmus test solution blue, pH test paper and weak base change blue, etc.Light blue: ozone, liquid oxygen, etcBlue flame: sulphur, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide flame. Methane, hydrogen flame (blue is easily disturbed).A substance with a green colorLight green: Cu2 (OH) 2CO3, FeCl2, FeSO4 * 7H2O.Green: concentrated CuCl2 solution, pH test paper at about pH = 8.Dark green: K2MnO4.Yellow green: Cl2 and its CCl4 extract.A substance with a purple colorKMnO4 is dark purple, its solution is red purple, iodine in CCl4 extract, iodine vapor, neutral pH test paper color, K + ion flame color, etc.A substance with a black base colorBlack: carbon powder, active carbon, wood carbon, tobacco, copper oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, Cu2S, sulfide, mercury, sulfide, silver sulfide, and Ag2O.Light black: iron powder.Brown and black: manganese dioxide.White matterThe powder or smoke of a colorless crystal;The P2O5, which is strongly responsive to water;It is difficult to dissolve in water and dilute acid: AgCl, BaSO3, PbSO4;It is difficult to dissolve in water but soluble in dilute acid: BaSO3, Ba3 (PO4) 2, BaCO3, CaCO3, Ca3 (PO4) 2, CaHPO4, Al (OH) 3, Al2O3, ZnO, Zn (OH) 2, ZnS, Fe (OH) 2, Ag2SO3, CaSO3, etc.It is slightly soluble in water: CaSO4, Ca (OH) 2, PbCl2, MgCO3, Ag2SO4.The oxides of water reaction: BaO, CaO, Na2O;Not fully responsive: MgO.Nine grey matterGraphite grey scales, arsenic, selenium (sometimes gray red), germanium etc.(2) the color of ions in aqueous or aqueous crystalsOf the hydrated ions:Fe2 + : light green;Cu2 + : blue;Fe3 + : light purple is yellow because it has FeCl4 (H2O) 2 2.MnO4 - : purpleBlood red;The reaction of phenol and FeCl3 is purple.The ions in aqueous solutions (including oxygen-containing acid) are colorless.Use the above rules to make it easy to remember the color of the solution or crystalline hydrate.(3) the particularity of the single color of the primary metal A, A, A, A most of the metal is silver.Cesium: microyellow barium: microyellowLead: blue and white bismuth: reddish red(4) other metallic colorsCopper is Burgundy (or red), gold is yellow, other metals are silvery white, and the few are gray (such as germanium).(5) the color of non-metallic single matterHalogen is colored; Oxygen group is of color except oxygen; Nitrogen is nonferrous in addition to nitrogen. In addition to some allotropes, the carbon group is of color.2. Laws of matter odor (common gas, volatile odor)Unscented gases: H2, O2, N2, CO2, CO, rare gas, methane, acetylene.Pungent odor: HCl, HBr, HI, HF, SO2, NO2, NH3? HNO3 (concentrated liquid), acetaldehyde (liquid).Strong irritating odor gases and volatile substances: Cl2, Br2, formaldehyde, acetic acid.Rare smell: C2H2.Smell of rotten eggs: H2S.Special smell: benzene (liquid), toluene (liquid), phenol (liquid), oil (liquid), coal tar (liquid), white phosphorus.Special smell: ethanol (liquid), lower level ester.Aromatic (fruity) aroma: low - level ester (liquid).Special unpleasant smell: not pure C2H2 (mixed with H2S, PH3, etc.).3. Rules of melting point and boiling pointCrystal pure substance has fixed melting point; The impurity of the solidification point is related to the composition (freezing point is not fixed).Amorphous substances, such as glass, cement, paraffin, plastic, etc., are softened by heat, and gradual fluidity (softening process) until liquid, no melting point.The boiling point refers to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is at the same time as the external pressure. The external pressure is the standard pressure (1.01 x 105Pa), which is the normal boiling point. The lower the external pressure, the lower the boiling point, so the reduced pressure can reduce the boiling point. The boiling point is gas and liquid state.(1) the periodic table looks at the melting and boiling point of the primary groupThe melting point of the single mass of the same main group is basically the lower melting point of the lower metal; The non-metallic melting point and boiling point are increasing. But the carbon element is special, that is C, Si, Ge, Sn, the lower the melting point, the lower the melting point, similar to the metal. And A family of gallium melting point below, indium, thallium A tin melting point is lower than lead.(2) the melting point of several regions in the same cycleHigh melting point single matterC, Si,B triangle small area, because it is atomic crystal, melting point is high. Diamond and graphite has the highest melting point higher than 3550 , high melting point of metal elements during the transition elements in the central and part, its high melting point is tungsten (3410 ).Low melting point single matterThe nonmetallic low melting point is concentrated in the right and the right of the periodic table with the hydrogen of IA. The rare gas welding, the boiling point are the same cycle, the lowest in the helium is melting point (272.2 , 26 x 105 pa), the lowest boiling point (268.9 ).Low melting point metal area two: IA, B zinc, Cd, Hg and Al A clan, Ge, Th; A family of Sn, Pb; A clan of Sb, Bi, triangular distribution. The lowest melting point is Hg (38.87 ), near room temperature of liquid gallium (29.78 ) cesium (28.4 ), body temperature can make its melting.(3) from the crystal type to the melting and boiling point ruleThe melting, boiling point of atomic crystals is higher than ionic crystals and higher than molecular crystals. Metallic monochrome and alloy are metal crystals, with a high proportion of melting and boiling points (but also low).The shorter the covalent bond between the bonding elements in an atomic crystal, the larger the bond, the higher the melting point. The bond length and key can be compared by the atomic radius. Such as melting point:Diamond carbide crystal siliconMolecular crystal is determined by intermolecular force, and its judgment is:The structure property of similar material, the relative molecular mass large, van der Waals force, the melting, boiling point correspondingly high. Such as the homologue of hydrocarbon, halogen single matter, rare gas, etc.The higher the number of branches in a general hydrocarbon, the lower the boiling point. Alcohol has a higher boiling point than ether in the derivatives of hydrocarbons; The boiling point of carboxylic acid is higher than ester; The greater the unsaturation in oil, the lower the melting point. The glyceryl oleate is a liquid at normal temperature while the stearate is solid.The above situation is the most important of the particularity of the relative molecular mass of small, high boiling point three gaseous hydride, NH3, H2O, the boiling point of the vast majority of gaseous HF than kin hydride is much higher (mainly because there are hydrogen bonds).(4) high and low regularity of certain substancesA metal melting point in the same period (short period). Such asLi Be Na NaCl NaBr NaI.4. Material solubility rule(1) solubility of gasesThe room temperature is very easy to dissolveNH3 1 (water) : 700 (gas) HCl (1:50)And HF, HBr, HI, formaldehyde (40% water solution - formalin).The temperature is soluble in waterCO2 (1:1) Cl2 (1:2)H2S (1:2. 6) SO2 (1:40)The water is soluble in waterO2, O3, C2H2, etcIt is difficult to dissolve in waterH2, N2, CH4, C2H2, NO, CO, etc.(2) the solubility of the liquidSoluble in water or soluble in waterExample: alcohol, acetone, acetic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid.Water soluble in waterFor example: ethyl acetate is used as a low level ester of essence.They are not soluble in waterLiquid hydrocarbon, ether and halogenated hydrocarbon.(3) water solubility of solids (no mechanical properties)Hydroxyl and carboxylic acid are hydrophobic in organic matter, hydrophobic and hydrophobic, and the larger the hydrocarbon, the worse the water soluble, the less soluble in organic solvents. For example: formic acid and acetic acid are mutually soluble with water, but the COOH proportion of stearic acid and oleic acid is not soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents such as CCl4 and gasoline. Phenol, tribromophenol and benzoic acid are soluble in benzene.(4) extraction of the organic solvent from the aqueous solution of iodine, bromine and chlorineFor example: benzene, gasoline, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, CCl4, CS2, etc.(5) white phosphorus and sulphur are soluble in CS2(6) common water-soluble inorganic substanceFor example: KOH, NaOH, AgNO3 solubility is more than 100g at room temperature (AgNO3 over 200g). - KNO3 in 20 solubility is 31.6 g, solubility at 100 for 246 g. The solubility of substances with very little variation of temperature is common only with NaCl.(7) substances that are difficult to dissolve in water and general solventsAtomic crystals (unlike solvents). Such as: C, Si, SiO2, SiC, etc. A small amount of carbon is dissolved in molten iron.Organic macromolecules: cellulose is only dissolved in the solution of cold concentrated H2SO4, copper ammonia solution and CS2 and NaOH, and the cured phenolic resin is not soluble in water or general solvent.5. Common toxic substances(1) highly toxic substancesWhite phosphorus, phosphoric acid, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and cyanide (NaCN, KCN, etc.) arsenic (As2O3), nitrobenzene, etc.CO (combined with hemoglobin), Cl2, Br2 (gas), F2 (gas), HF, hydrofluoric acid, etc.(2) toxic substancesNO (bonding with hemoglobin), NO2, CH3OH, H2S.Phenol, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, dichromate, mercury salt, soluble barium salt, soluble lead salt, soluble copper salt, etc.The toxicity of these substances is mainly to make protein denaturation, which is common in inorganic salts such as HgCl2, BaCl2, Pb (CHCOO) 2; Copper salts also make the protein coagulate, but are less toxic, and beryllium compounds are also highly toxic.Too much alcohol is also toxic. Mercury is highly toxic. Some plastics such as PVC products (including plasticizers) should not be used for food.