高中英语Unit4Grammar不定式2重庆大学版必修4高一

会计学1高中英语高中英语Unit4Grammar不定式不定式2重庆大重庆大学版必修学版必修4高一高一 Look at the following pictures,paying attention to the different part of speech of“to fly”in each sentence.A:What was your dream in childhood?B:To fly was my dream.A:What do you want to do?B:I want to fly in the sky.A:What is your plan this weekend?B:My plan is to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.第1页/共83页A:Why are you wearing a pair of wings?B:I wear wings like a bird.A:What is our mission today?B:We have a lot of food and medicine to the area.第2页/共83页 Put the example sentence in the chart to match its part of speech.Then find more examples from Sentence Bank to support your choice.To fly was my dream.I want to fly in the sky.We have a lot of food and medicine to fly to the area.My plan is to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.I wear wings to fly like a bird.To learn English well is quite necessary.When to start has not yet been decided.I want to borrow a book from the library.I showed the students how to do the work.You still have a lot of work to do today.Jeffs wish is to visit the moon one day.The most difficult part is where to start.第3页/共83页You still have a lot of work to do today.He is too frightened to move.Jeffs wish is to visit the moon one day.To learn English well is quite necessary.I want to borrow a book from the library.第4页/共83页When to start has not yet been decided.The most difficult part is where to start.I showed the students how to do the work.It is not easy to be an English teacher.I found it easy to learn English well.第5页/共83页Tell the usages of the infinitives in the following sentences.1)Dr.Bush wants to have a sound sleep.2)To climb the high mountain seems an impossible task to my grandparents.3)It is possible to finish the work in a weeks time.objectsubjectsubject第6页/共83页4)What do you think is the right thing to do?5)My wish is to become a physicist.6)Tom found it easy to master a foreign language.7)He often goes to the cyber cafe to chat with his no-line friends.objectattributivepredicativeadverbial of purpose第7页/共83页Translate the following sentences into English by using infinitive.1)It is unbelievable _(一一年之内要修好这座桥年之内要修好这座桥).2)He is always _(第一个到学校第一个到学校).3)We find it interesting _ _(通过这种方式学英语通过这种方式学英语).to build this bridge within one yearthe first one to get to schoolto learn Englishin this way第8页/共83页4)We decided _(把计划做点改动把计划做点改动).5)It is a pleasure _(和他谈话和他谈话).6)She is sure _(通过考试通过考试).7)I am not so foolish as _(相信他所说的话相信他所说的话).to change the plan a little bitto talk to himto pass the examto believe what he said第9页/共83页 Complete the conversation with the proper forms of the given words and phrases.Some of them might be used twice.make tell stay start invite celebrate know travel be go take part in introduceLeo:Cindy,you seem not happy today.Whats wrong with you?Cindy:I think I dont know how _ friends with my Chinese classmates.to make第10页/共83页 Dont worry.I suggest its a good idea _ a new friend who has similar interests with you.Maybe he or she is glad _ you _ some interesting activities.What a fantastic suggestion!But _ a conversation is difficult for me.You know,I dont speak Chinese well.to maketo inviteto take part into start第11页/共83页 You can ask him or her _ you about some Chinese festivals or places of interests.For example,let him or her _ to you how _ the Dragon Boat Festival or how the Three Gorges get the name.to tellintroduceto celebrate第12页/共83页 Sounds interesting!I hope a friend can also advise me when _ careful about what I say in some occasions,like a formal meeting or a family reunion.to be第13页/共83页 Yes.In the beginning,it is not easy _ the language and the customs.As long as you stay here and make many new friends,_ an expert in Chinese and the culture is an easy job.to knowto be第14页/共83页 Great!I decide _ back to England this summer vacation.I decide _ in China.My plan is _ a couple of new friends and _ around China in two months.not to goto stayto maketo travel第15页/共83页第16页/共83页一、不定式结构作主语一、不定式结构作主语 To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.To persevere means victory!注：注：在很多情况下在很多情况下,特别是在口语中特别是在口语中,常常采用先行采用先行it代替主语代替主语,而把不定式后置：而把不定式后置：Its a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.第17页/共83页这种后置不定式的结构也适用这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：如：It took us five hours.It made us very angry.第18页/共83页不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组名词词组”来表示，如：来表示，如：It is not hard to do a bit of good.It was difficult to do the work.第19页/共83页某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上，常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：Its kind to think so much of us.Its very nice to be so considerate.Its unwise to turn down the proposal.It was careless to make such a mistake.第20页/共83页1.主语和表语都是不定式主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一其含义往往一是条件，一是结果是条件，一是结果)，如如:To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.第21页/共83页2.主语是以主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion 等等为中心词的名词词组，或以为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：容，如：My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.Your mistake was not to write that letter.My suggestion is to start work at once.What I would suggest is to start work at once.第22页/共83页:在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词动词时，作表语的不定式可以省略时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号符号“”，如：，如：All we have to do is.The only thing I can do now is.All I could do was.第23页/共83页1.“”。这类。这类动词常见的有：动词常见的有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等，例如：等，例如：Ive arranged.I didnt think/expect.第24页/共83页2.“”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：句）。这类动词常见的有：tell,advise,show,teach,find out,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder 等等。第25页/共83页疑问词（也称连接代疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：副词）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why 除外），如：除外），如：I dont know what to do/where to go/who(m)to ask/when to stop/how to get there.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next/where to put it.第26页/共83页注注:如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语的补语,则应使用先行则应使用先行 it，把不定式后，把不定式后置，例如：置，例如：I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help her.They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.第27页/共83页注注：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义的即在含有否定意义的带有介词带有介词 except 或或 but(=except)的结构的结构中才能这样用，例如：中才能这样用，例如：第28页/共83页He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.The child did nothing except weep.She can do anything but sing.He will do anything for you except lend you money.They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题！注意不定式符号的省略问题！第29页/共83页1.不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：词之后，如：Its time.He is not a man.Have you anything?She usually has a lot of meetings in the evening.I want to get something during the vocation.第30页/共83页2.能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：如：I dont wish to quarrel with you.I have no wish to quarrel with you.They will attempt to cross the river tonight.They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight.She promised not to do that again.She made a promise not to do that again.第31页/共83页3.某些能带不定式结构作状语的形某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：定式结构作定语，如：He was obviously anxious to go.His anxiety to go was obvious.第32页/共83页4.不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：He has a large family to support(=that he must support).注注:处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是，它后面应加上必要的，它后面应加上必要的，如：，如：She has a lot of things to attend.The nurse has five children to look.Lets first find a room to put the things.第33页/共83页5.有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系系,可以在不定式之前加上可以在不定式之前加上for+名名词词组词词组,如：如：Heres a book for you to read.He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.第34页/共83页不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示形容词、副词等，表示等。等。1.表示目的：表示目的：They ran over to welcome the delegates.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went home to see his mother.第35页/共83页不定式结构表示目的时，通常句不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三参见以上三句句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：，但也有例外的情况，例如：I stopped for him to speak to me.He opened the door for the children to come in.He brought a porter to carry the boxes/bags.They sent a man to mend the window.He stood up to be seen better.第36页/共83页为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以时，通常可以在不定式符号在不定式符号 to 之前加上之前加上 in order 或或 so as，如：如：He came here to see Charlie.He shouted and waved to be noticed.He went early not to miss the train.I turned the radio down not to disturb him.第37页/共83页表示目的的不定式可以置于句首表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上上in order，但却不可以加上，但却不可以加上so as,如：如：To draw maps properly,you need a special pen.To get the best results,use clean water.第38页/共83页2.表示结果：表示结果：What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型型：so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle/tell me the time?第39页/共83页 such()as to Im not such a fool as to believe that.enough to The boy is old enough to go to school.too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.第40页/共83页下列句子中的不表示结果，也无下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：否定含义：Im only too glad to go.(=Im very glad to go.)I shall be only too pleased to get home.(=I shall be very pleased to get home.)第41页/共83页有时，不定式结构还能表示一个有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如：结果，如：She woke early to find it was raining.He got home to learn that his father was ill.第42页/共83页这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点：几个特点：不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的,相当于一个限定动词词组相当于一个限定动词词组,如如:He arrived late to find the others had gone home.He arrived late and found the others had gone home.第43页/共83页 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。主句是否用逗号隔开。He left his native country(,)never to return.He returned home(,)to find his father lying sick in bed.第44页/共83页 不定式所表示的结果往往含有不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令令人意想不到人意想不到”的意味的意味,其中以其中以“使使人不愉快的结果人不愉快的结果”较为常见。较为常见。(有有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果结果)，如：，如：He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.第45页/共83页 不定式之前有时可以加上不定式之前有时可以加上only或或but only，以加强语气，如：，以加强语气，如：He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.第46页/共83页注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较：意义认真加以区别，试比较：He arrived late to find the others had gone home.(=He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)第47页/共83页He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert.(=He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains.(=He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)第48页/共83页 She wept to hear the news.I pretend to be happy to know him.He laughed to see such fun.She seemed surprised to meet us.第49页/共83页Dont force yourself when you have nothing to say.He believed the earth.Did you see a young man?第50页/共83页 表示表示“希望希望”“”“愿望愿望”等心理状态的等心理状态的动词动词,如如:wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust 等。等。What do you desire me?The director preferred her.第51页/共83页 含有含有“让让”“”“允许允许”“”“促使促使”“”“致致使使”等祈使意义的动词，如：等祈使意义的动词，如：let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。等。His father put him.第52页/共83页 带有带有“请求请求”“”“恳求恳求”等感情色彩等感情色彩的动词，如：的动词，如：ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry 等。等。He begged me.She was always worrying her father.第53页/共83页 含有含有“建议建议”“”“劝告劝告”等意义的动等意义的动词，如：词，如：advise,persuade,call on,urge 等。等。He urged us.The dentist advised me.第54页/共83页 含有含有“命令命令”“”“强迫强迫”“”“禁止禁止”等等意义的动词，如：意义的动词，如：order,command,require,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn 等。等。He required us.The doctor ordered him.I warn you.第55页/共83页 其他还有：其他还有：help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,wait for,train,depend on 等。等。He promised to teach me.We should train them.We are waiting for the train.第56页/共83页2.既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：宾语补足语的动词：see,watch,notice,look at,hear,listen to,observe,feel,have;imagine,find,discover,like,want,understand,hate,bring,get,leave,set第57页/共83页Did you see anyone?Dont imagine yourself.We find him.He set the boys.Ill leave him.第58页/共83页有些动词用有些动词用与用与用作宾语补足语作宾语补足语,所表达的意义是有差别所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成动作或动作的完成(即全过程即全过程);而用现而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行在分词则表示动作正在进行,即即:谓语谓语动词所表示的动作发生时动词所表示的动作发生时,现在分词所现在分词所表示的动作正在进行表示的动作正在进行,如：如：第59页/共83页Did you see anyone enter the house?He saw his father talking with his teacher.I once heard him sing this song.She heard Mr.White singing in the next room.第60页/共83页注：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在注：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略应当省略。下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号必须省去不定式符号to：let,make,have,see,watch,notice,look at,observe,hear,listen toHe observed someone open the door.I watched them get into the car.Did you notice him leave the room?第61页/共83页feel 一词在使用一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带语补足语时，不带 to；在使用；在使用 to be 型型不定式时，要带不定式时，要带 to，如：如：He felt them to be right.Did you feel the earth shake?help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带语时，可以带 to，也可以不带，也可以不带 to，如如：Do you often help your mother(to)do the housework?第62页/共83页使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为为被动结构被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略不可以省略，如：如：The boss made them work from morning till night.They were made to work from morning till night.第63页/共83页不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生例如例如:Who heard him say that?They invited us to go there this summer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用，如：，如：Im glad to have seen your mother.第64页/共83页七、不定式的完成式有下列用法七、不定式的完成式有下列用法1.构成复合谓语，如：构成复合谓语，如：He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.)She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)第65页/共83页2.在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语,如：如：You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.)Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.(=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.)She was very glad to have done something for the people.第66页/共83页3.在某些动词后作宾语，如：在某些动词后作宾语，如：He pretended not to have seen me.I meant to have told you about it,but I forgot to do so.第67页/共83页4.有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：宾语，如：It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主语主语）So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定语定语）They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（复合宾语复合宾语）She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work.（复合宾语复合宾语）第68页/共83页八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法1.构成复合谓语，如：构成复合谓语，如：They are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting along quite well.I happened to be going that way too.第69页/共83页2.在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3.在某些动词后作宾语，如：在某些动词后作宾语，如：He pretended to be listening attentively.4.有时可以作主语或状语，如：有时可以作主语或状语，如：I am glad to be working with you.(状语状语)Its nice of you to be thinking of us.(主语主语)第70页/共83页They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.She wished to have been training as hard as the others.Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.第71页/共83页1.作主语：作主语：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2.作宾语：作宾语：She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.第72页/共83页3.构成复合宾语：构成复合宾语：He wanted the letter to be typed at once.She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4.构成复合谓语：构成复合谓语：The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.第73页/共83页5.作定语：作定语：Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6.作状语：作状语：She was too young to be assigned such work.第74页/共83页It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）（主语）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do.(宾语宾语)）第75页/共83页He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party.（复合宾语）（复合宾语）The book is said to have been translated into many languages.（复合谓语）（复合谓语）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post.（定语）（定语）第76页/共83页1)Do you have anything _(say)in defense of yourself?2)Ill go to Shanghai tomorrow,do you have anything _(take)for your parents?3)My girlfriend is a very nice girl and she often come to my bedroom to see if I have some dirty clothes _(wash).to sayto be takento be washed第77页/共83页4)She is a nice girl _(get along with),so she has a lot of good friends.5)Everyone here will thank the fire fighters for the things they do _(prevent)fires _(make)the environment safe.6)The money collected should be made good use of _(help)people trapped in the earthquake.to get along withto preventto maketo help第78页/共83页7)We should make great efforts _(prevent)pollution _(live)happily.8)Which do you enjoy _(spend)your spare time,reading at home or go shopping?to preventto liveto spend第79页/共83页1.So far nobody has claimed the money in the library.（湖南）（湖南）A.discovered B.to be discovered C.discovering D.having discovered2.That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms.(上海上海)A.reducing B.to reduce C.reducedD.reduce第80页/共83页3.There were many talented actors out there just waiting _.(江西）江西）A.to discover B.to be discovered C.Discovered D.being discovered 4.I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.(山东山东)A.completing B.to completeC.completed D.being complete第81页/共83页5.With Fathers Day around the corner,I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.（全（全国国）A.buy B.to buy C.buying D.to have bought6.His first book _ next month is based on a true story.(陕西陕西)A.published B.to be published C.to publish D.being published第82页/共83页