奶牛营养与代谢病.ppt

NUTRITIONAL APPROACH FOR CATTLE FOOT CARE,通过营养的办法护理牛的体部,INFECTIOUS SKIN DISEASES (MULTIFACTORIAL PROBLEM),Disease organism Spirochaete,Deep Slurry 厚的泥浆泥浆浆浆 Wet Hooves 蹄部潮湿潮潮湿湿 Low Oxygen 氧,FOOT WARTS,Housing System,Nutrition (Protein),感染性皮肤病（多种因素引起的问题）,病原生物 螺旋体属,氧气含量低,蹄疣（蹄部肉赘）,圈舍条件,营养（蛋白质）,CLINICAL LESIONS IN HOOF RESULT FROM: POOR HORN QUALITY DEPENDS ON 决 QUALITY EPIDERMAL TISSUES Nutrition ,Keratinization Intercellular Substances,临床上蹄部损伤由以下因素造成：,角质质量差,决定于,表皮组织的质量,营养,角质化,细胞间的物质,HORN QUALITY * Keratin filaments and associated proteins * Cross linkages by disulphide bonds to form keratin masses * Intercellular cementing substances REQUIRED NUTRIENTS * Sulphur containing amino acids, cystine, methionine and histidine * Fatty Acids * Calcium, Zinc * Biotin,角质质量,角质蛋白丝和相关的蛋白,通过二硫键的交叉联接形成交织基质,细胞间的粘接基质,需要的营养物质,含硫氨基酸，胱氨酸，蛋氨酸和组氨酸,脂肪酸,钙，锌,生物素,CONCENTRATE FEEDING AND HOOF DISORDERS Large amount of No Effect Starch or restricted fibre leads Bergsten and Frank (1998) to hoof disorders Olsson et al. (1998) Peterse et al. (1989) Liversay and Fleming (1980) Manson and Lever (1988) (Concrete cubicles) Rubber Mats (Tie Stall),精料喂量与蹄病,大量的淀粉或纤维饲料供给有限导致蹄病,无效,（混凝土隔间）,橡胶垫 （拴系栏位）,RUMEN FERMENTATION PATTERNS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ADAPTION DUE TO pH REGULATION,适应PH 值变化规律的瘤胃发酵形式,瘤胃PH,醋酸 丙酸 乳酸,克分子（%）,CHANGES OF RUMEN pH THROUGHOUT A 24 HOUR PERIOD IN DAIRY COWS FED CLOVER PASTURE PLUS SMALL AMOUNTS OF MAIZE SILAGE,(Stockdale, 1994),放牧饲喂苜蓿草加少量玉米青贮的奶牛的24间的瘤胃PH值变化情况,时间（小时）,苜蓿草,苜蓿草加青贮,SEQUENCE OF EVENTS LEADING TO LAMINITIS,导致板炎的原因（事件的结果导致板炎）,营养,环境,传染病,子宫炎,乳房炎,蹄腐烂,组胺,应激,震动,外伤（创伤）,板炎,蹄部变质,板层破坏,血管收缩/扩张,革兰氏阴性菌死亡和内毒素释放,PH值下降,产生乳酸,谷物过多,粗料切割过细,谷物懒汉喂法（谷物饲喂次数过少）,PREDICTION OF MICROBIAL NITROGEN FLOWS TO THE DUODENUM IN DRY AND LACTATING COWS (From Firkin et al. 1998),Microbial Nitrogen flows (g/day),Net Energy (Lactation) Mcal/day,Dry Cow,Lactating Rations,N.R.C. Regression,Firkin et al. (1998) (From published data),微生物氮流入干奶牛和泌乳奶牛十二指肠的预测,干奶牛,泌如日粮,N.R.C.回归直,(发表的数据),净能(产奶)Mcal/日,微生物氮流量(克/日),Methionine g/d,REQUIREMENT FOR METHIONINE IN HIGH YIELDING DAIRY COWS COMPARED TO ESTIMATED SYNTHESIS OF MICROBIAL METHIONINE IN RUMEN,40 litres methionine requirement,30 litres methionine requirement,Milk Production L/day,高产奶牛的蛋氨酸需要量与估测的瘤胃微生物蛋氨酸合成的比 较,产40升奶蛋氨酸需要量,产30升奶蛋氨酸需要量,牛奶产量,40升,干奶牛,蛋氨酸 克/日,AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF PROTEIN MEALS AND RUMEN BACTERIAL PROTEIN (G/100G AMINO ACIDS),蛋白饲料的氨基酸组成和微生物蛋白的氨基酸组成,(克/100克氨基酸0,蛋氨酸 胱氨酸 赖氨酸,奶 肉粉,血粉,鱼粉,棉粕,葵花粕,菜粕,大豆,玉米 玉米蛋白饲料,高粱,细菌,最低-最高,PROBLEMS OCCUR AT CALVING * Dry matter intakes fall (Van Saun 1993, Grummer 1995) * Protein accretion of uterus doubles in last 60 days (Bell et al. 1998) * Uterine uptake of amino acids represents 70% of total material pool (Bell 1995) * Colostrum (rich in sulphur amino acids containing immunoglobulins) and the high milk yield drains the animal of these essential amino acids * Histidine and methionine first limiting amino acids for milk protein synthesis * Transient hypocalcaemia reduces calcium pool. (May last up to 6 weeks) * Increased rumen acidity,产犊时出现的问题,干物质进食量下降,子宫蛋白沉积在最后60天翻番,子宫的氨基酸的获取量占了总营养物质池的70%,初乳(含免疫球蛋白,含硫氨基酸丰富)和高的产奶量排除了动物体内的必需氨基酸,组氨酸和蛋氨酸是乳蛋白合成的第一限制性氨基酸,过度期低血钙降低了钙池中的钙(可能会持续6周),增加了瘤胃的酸度,FEED INTAKE CHANGES PRIOR TO CALVING,Van Saun et al., (1993),Days Prior to Calving,DM Intake (Kg/d),产前的采食量变化,产犊前日龄,干物质进食量(公斤?日),ROLE OF CALCIUM IN BOVINE HOOF EPIDERMAL INTEGRITY SYNTHESIS OF INCREASED SULPHUR AMINO ACID RICH PROTEINS MANY SULPHYDRAL GROUPS BORDER OF CORNIFICATION PROCESS CHANGE FROM SULPHYDRAL GROUPS TO DISULPHIDE BONDS CORNIFICATION * Sulphur amino acids important for formation of cellular envelope (Marginal Bond) * Acts as protective sheath on inner side of cell membrane of keratinizing epidermal cells CALCIUM IMPORTANT * Activator of epidermal transglutaminase (Cross Links) * Induction of terminal differentation of keratinocytes,钙在牛蹄部表皮完整性中的作用,含硫氨基酸丰富的蛋白质的合成,许多含硫基团,角质化过程的边界,由含硫基团转变为二硫键,角质化,含硫氨基酸对细胞的形成发展非常重要(边缘键),在角质化表皮细胞的细胞膜的内侧起到保护套的作用,钙的重要性,表皮谷氨酰胺转氨酶激活剂,(交联键),诱导角质化细胞的最终分化,Blood Calcium Concentration (mg/100ml),Lower Level of normal (Hove 1986),PERIPARTURIENT CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IN PLASMA FROM COWS FED AN IONIC OR CATIONIC DIET PRIOR TO CALVING,Day 0 was day of calving (Goff et al. 1991),奶牛产前饲喂阴离子或阳离子日粮在临产前后血浆钙的浓度,正常的低水平,血液钙的浓度(毫克/100毫升,0日为产犊日,阴离子,阳离子,EFFECT OF FORAGE : CONCENTRATE RATIO ON RUMEN BIOTIN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO,(Da Costa Gomez, 1998),精饲料和粗饲料比例体外试验对瘤胃生物素合成的影响,粗饲料:精饲料,生物素 微克/日,Steinberg et al. 1994,mcg/d,Biotin Balance in lactating dairy cows,泌乳奶牛的生物素平衡,饲料 牛奶 尿 粪,微克/日,Incidence of Hoof Abnormalities: Control vs. Biotin after 12 months at Final Hoof Trimming,*p0.05,(Bergsten et al., 1999),蹄部奇型发病率:12个月后最后一次修时蹄对照比生物素,占发病奶牛(%),蹄底出血,双重蹄底 脊(棱线),蹄跟角质糜烂,对照 生物素20毫克,WASHINGTON STATE BIOTIN FIELD STUDY,150 cows, high producing herd computer feeder system allowed control and treatment groups: 0 or 20 mg/day biotin 1 year trial; clinical hoof evaluations 4x, hooftrimmed 3x milk production from DHIA records outstanding LOL nutritionist,(Bergsten et al., 1999),华盛顿洲进行的生物素领域研究,150头高产奶牛,电脑喂料系统保证了对照和处理组:0或20毫克生物素/日,试验1年；蹄部临床症状评价4次，修蹄三次,由牛群改良委员会记录产奶量,湖手牛奶公司杰出的营养专家,Influence of Biotin on Milk Production in Dairy Cows (Washington State Biotin Field Study),n = 94,(Bergsten et al., 1999),*p0.01,生物素对奶牛产奶量的影响（在华盛顿洲进行的生物素领域研究）,与对照比增加,生物素20毫克,高出的产奶量（公斤/305天）,RAINFALL PATTERN AND NUMBER OF WET DAYS/MONTHS IN THE MILLAA MILLAA REGION OF NTH QLD,(T. Fitzgerald, B.W. Norton, R. Elliott and O.L. Svendsen, 1998),北昆氏兰州米拉米拉地区个月的降雨量和降雨天数,降雨天数 降雨量 毫米/月,97年5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月12月98年1月2月 3月 4月 5月,MEAN LOCOMOTION SCORES OF HERDS WITH OR WITHOUT BIOTIN SUPPLEMENTATION,*,*,Significant Difference : P0.05,(T. Fitzgerald, B.W. Norton, R. Elliott and O.L. Svendsen, 1998),补充生物素与不补充生物素牛群的平均运动评分,对照 生物素,运动评分,显著水平：P0.05,97年5月 7月 9月 11月 98年1月 3月 5月,REPORTED MONTHLY INCIDENCE OF LAMENESS IN CATTLE WITH OR WITHOUT BIOTIN SUPPLEMENTATION,*,*,*,*,*,*,Significant Difference : * P0.05, *P0.01, *P0.001,(T. Fitzgerald, B.W. Norton, R. Elliott and O.L. Svendsen, 1998),补充或不补充生物素的奶牛个月的跛行发病率,生物素 对照,跛行奶牛头数/月,97年 5月,6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月,98年 1月,2月 3月 4月 5月,显著水平: *P0.05 *P0.01 *P0.001,INFLUENCE OF BIOTIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON HOOF HEALTH (Totals For Year),(T. Fitzgerald, B.W. Norton, R. Elliott and O.L. Svendsen, 1998),补充生物素对蹄部健康状况的影响,(年合计),变量 没有补充生物素 补充生物素 显著水平,蹄部和蹄趾表现为中等或严重损伤,左后蹄,右后蹄,左前蹄,右前蹄,蹄趾病变,内侧,外侧,穿鞋或挂掌奶牛数,抗生素治疗奶牛数,Kaplan-Meir Plot of Survival Function in Biotin Supplement and Unsupplemented Cows,补充生物素和不补充生物奶牛卡普兰-梅尔(人名)存活函数图,时间(天),没有补充生物素,补充生物素,存活函数值,SOLE HORN MOISTURE CONTENT (%) IN COWS WITH CLINICAL LAMINITIS AND COWS WITH SOUND HOOVES.,*Signifcant difference (P 0.01),Sole Horn Moisture Content (%),*,临床上为蹄板炎的奶牛和蹄部完好的奶牛的蹄底角质含水量(%),蹄板炎奶牛,蹄部完好奶牛,显著水平(P0.01),蹄底角质湿度(%),Mean serum Biotin Concentration (pg/ml) of cows with clinical laminitis and cows with sound hooves,Serum Biotin concentrations (pg/ml),*,临床上表现为蹄板炎奶牛和蹄完好奶牛的血清平均生物素含量 (微微克/毫升),蹄板炎奶牛,蹄完好奶牛,血清生物素浓度 (微微克/毫升),n=14 r=0.903 p0.001,Serum Biotin Concentration (pg/ml),Sole horn moisture content (%),CORRELATION BETWEEN SERUM BIOTIN CONCENTRATIONS (pg/ml) MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOLE HORNS OF COWS WITH CLINICAL LAMINITIS AND COWS WITH SOUND HOOVES.,临床上蹄板炎奶牛和蹄部完好奶牛的蹄底角质含水量 与血清生物素浓度(微微克/毫升)的关系,血清生物素浓度(微微克/毫升),蹄底角质含水量(%),补充生物素对产奶量影响的实验结果总结,出处 处理 设计 反应(结果),应用研究，圈养，一个农场 305天增加320公斤校正产奶量,(处理组12,110 公斤比对照组 的11,790公斤， P0.05),0或20毫克/日,0或20毫克/日 应用研究，经电脑喂料器补充 305天校正产奶量增加878公斤（P0.01),一个农场,牛群滚动平均 产奶量=9800 公斤,0或20毫克/日 应用研究，每个处理10个农场,放牧（澳大利亚）,对产奶量没有作用。对照每天约产奶 19公斤，处 理约产奶18 公斤,0，10，20毫克/日 对照研究，每个处理15头奶牛,产奶最出100天,线形反应（P0.05)；0，10，和20毫克 各处理的产 奶量为36.9， 37.8和39.7 公斤/日。,产奶周龄,产奶量，公斤/日,每天补充生物素对产奶量的影响（ =对照， =10毫克 ， =20毫克）,丙酰CoA 丙酸盐 丙酸盐,丙酮酸盐 丙酮酸盐 乳酸盐,甲基丙二 酰CoA,葡萄糖,脂肪酸,丙二酰CoA,细胞质,乙酸盐 乙酰CoA,枸橼酸盐,草酰乙酸盐-？,丙酮酸磷酸脂-？,苹果酸盐,苹果酸盐,线粒体,三羧酸循环,拘橼酸盐,乙酰CoA,草酰乙酸盐-？,图2.糖原异生和脂肪合成通路需要生物素参加1=丙酮酸羧化酶，2=乙酰CoA羧化酶 3=丙酰CoA羧化酶。B-甲基巴豆酸酰CoA羧化酶参与亮氨酸代谢通路，图中没有显示。,CONTROL OF RUMEN ACIDITY,Prevention of endotoxins,Vitamins A D E,Physical maintenance of good hoof structure,Maintenance of vascular integrity,Diffusion of nutrients to epidermis,Amino Acids,Intracellular synthesis of protein,Keratins,Proteins of cellular envelope,Cornification,Minerals,Vitamins,Biotin,Synthesis of long fatty acids,Intercellular cementing substance,(Prevention of excessive hydration),Zinc (Other trace elements) Calcium,Sulphur rich amino acids,瘤胃酸度控制,内毒素防治,维生素,蹄部良好结构的物理维护,血管完整性的维护,营养物质向表皮扩散,矿物质,氨基酸,维生素,富含硫的氨基酸,生物素,长链脂肪酸的合成,蛋白质的细胞内合成,细胞间的粘接物质,（防止过渡水化）,锌,（其他微量元素）,钙,角蛋白,细胞外壳蛋白质,角质化,