资源描述
,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,14-,23,Click to edit Master title style,CHAPTER 14,TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION,CHAPTER 14TAXATION AND INCOM,Vocabulary,Statutory Incidence,Economic Incidence,Tax Shifting,Partial Equilibrium Models,0,VocabularyStatutory Incidence,Tax Incidence: General Remarks,Only people can bear taxes,Functional distribution of income,Size distribution of income,Both sources and uses of income should be considered,Incidence depends on how prices are determined,Incidence depends on the disposition of tax revenues,Balanced-budget tax incidence,Differential tax incidence,Lump-sum tax,Absolute tax incidence,Tax Incidence: General Remarks,Tax Progressiveness Can Be Measured in Several Ways,Average tax rate versus marginal tax rate,Proportional tax system,Progressive tax system,Regressive tax system,Tax Liabilities under a hypothetical tax system,Income,Tax Liability,Average Tax Rate,Marginal Tax Rate,$2,000,-$200,-0.10,0.2,3,000,0,0,0.2,5,000,400,0.08,0.2,10,000,1,400,0.14,0.2,30,000,5,400,0.18,0.2,Tax Progressiveness Can Be Mea,Measuring How Progressive a Tax System is,Measuring How Progressive a Ta,Measuring How Progressive a Tax System is A Numerical Example,Measuring How Progressive a Ta,Before Tax,After Tax,Consumers Pay,Suppliers Receive,$1.40,$1.00,$1.20,$1.20,0,D,0,S,0,D,1,S,1,Partial Equilibrium Models,Quantity,$,Before TaxAfter TaxConsumers P,0,D,X,S,S,X,D,X,PerfectlyInelasticSupply,Quantity,$,0DXSSXDXPerfectlyInelasticS,0,D,X,S,S,X,D,X,PerfectlyElasticSupply,Quantity,$,0DXSSXDXPerfectlyElasticSup,Ad Valorem Taxes,Pounds of food per year,Price per Pound of food,D,f,S,f,Q,0,Q,m,Q,r,P,0,P,m,P,r,D,f,Ad Valorem TaxesPounds of food,Taxes on Factors,The Payroll Tax,Capital Taxation in a Global Economy,Taxes on FactorsThe Payroll Ta,Commodity Taxation without Competition,Monopoly,Oligopoly,Commodity Taxation without Com,Profits Taxes,Economic profit,Perfect competition,Monopoly,Measuring economic profit,Profits TaxesEconomic profit,Tax Incidence and Capitalization,P,R,= $R,0,+ $R,1,/(1 + r) + $R,2,/(1 + r),2,+ + $R,T,/(1 + r),T,P,R, = $(R,0, u,0,) + $(R,1, u,1,)/(1 + r) + $(R,2, u,2,)/(1 + r),2,+ + $(R,T, u,T,)/(1 + r),u,0,+ u,1,/(1 + r) + u,2,/(1 + r),2,+ + u,T,/(1 + r),T,Capitalization,Tax Incidence and Capitalizati,General Equilibrium Models,Partial equilibrium,General equilibrium,General Equilibrium ModelsPart,Tax Equivalence Relations,t,KF =,a tax on capital used in the production of food,t,KM,= a tax on capital used in the production of manufactures,t,LF,= a tax on labor used in the production of food,t,LM,= a tax on labor used in the production of manufactures,t,F,= a tax on the consumption of food,t,M,= a tax on consumption of manufactures,t,K,= a tax on capital in both sectors,t,L,= a tax on labor in both sectors,t = a general income tax,Tax Equivalence RelationstKF =,Tax Equivalence Relations,Partial factor taxes,t,KF,and,t,LF,are equivalent to,t,F,and,and,and,t,KM,and,t,LM,are equivalent to,t,M,are,are,are,equivalent,equivalent,equivalent,to,to,to,t,K,and,t,L,are equivalent to,t,Source: McLure 1971.,Tax Equivalence RelationsParti,The Harberger Model,Assumptions,Technology,Elasticity of substitution,Capital intensive,Labor intensive,Behavior of factor suppliers,Market structure,Total factor supplies,Consumer preferences,Tax incidence framework,The Harberger ModelAssumptions,Analysis of Various Taxes,Commodity tax (t,F,),Income tax (t),General tax on labor (t,L,),Partial factor tax (t,KM,),Output effect,Factor substitution effect,Analysis of Various TaxesCommo,Some Qualifications,Differences in individuals tastes,Immobile factors,Variable factor supplies,Some QualificationsDifferences,An Applied Incidence Study,Income Category,Average Federal,Tax Rate,Share of,Federal Taxes,Lowest Quintile,5.6%,1.1%,Second Quintile,12.1,5.2,Third Quintile,15.7,10.3,Fourth Quintile,19.8,19.0,Highest Quintile,26.5,64.2,All Quintiles,21.6,100.0,Top 1%,31.2,21.3,Source: Congressional Budget Office 2004. These figures are based on,projections that rely on assumptions about inflation and income growth.,They include all tax law as of 2001.,Table 14.3Average federal tax rates and share of federal taxes by income quintile (2006),An Applied Incidence StudyInco,The Payroll Tax,Hours per year,Wage rate per hour,D,L,S,L,L,0,= L,1,w,g,= w,0,P,r,D,L,w,n,The Payroll TaxHours per yearW,Monopoly,X per year,$,D,X,MR,X,ATC,X,MX,X,X,0,P,0,ATC,0,a,b,c,d,EconomicProfits,D,X,MR,X,P,n,i,g,f,h,X,1,EconomicProfits,after unittax,MonopolyX per year$DXMRXATCXMX,
展开阅读全文