再生与不可再生能源（英文）

Integrated Science Renewable and Nonrenewable energy sourcesIntroduction of sources of energy Non-Renewable Fossil FuelsNuclearRenewableWind SolarTidalHydropower5.GeothermalNon-Renewable energy sources:1.Fossil FuelsWhat are fossil fuels?A fuel is any substance used as a source of energy,including heating,transport,electricity generation and other uses.Most of the worlds energy is provided by the burning of fossil fuels(化石燃料).Coal,Oil and Gas are called fossil fuels”because they are natural combustible substances formed originally from dead plants and animals.The major fossil fuels are coal(煤),petroleum(石油)and natural gas(天然氣).Fossils fuels are non-renewable(非再生能源)energy sources.This is because fossil fuels take millions of years to form.Once they are used up they can never be replaced.World Fuel Resources Petroleum or OilNatural GasCoalPower reserves130 billion tonnes158 billion cubic metres950 billion tonnesTotal used in 19902.2 billion tonnes1.5billion cubic metres2.2 billion tonnesFrom the above table,the present worlds estimated oil reserves may be used up in the next 50 to 60 years.Coal Coal is the plants,that grew in swampy areas about 300 millions ago,died to form layers of decaying material.Heat,pressure and the action of bacteria changed the decaying plants into coal.How it works:Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt.How is coal used?Today,about 70%of the total coal mined is burned in power station.Coal Education(http:/www.coaleducation.org/)Petroleum1.How was petroleum formed?Petroleum was formed from small sea animals and plants that lived millions of years ago.After they died,heat;pressure;and the action of bacteria changed the remains into oil.The oil formed was then trapped as small drops inside the pores of rocks.Petroleum(http:/www.petroleum.co.uk/)How is petroleum used?The thick crude oil that comes from the ground is a complex mixture of compounds.It is necessary to separate the compounds.The separated substances have two main uses:as sources of useful fuels.e.g.petrol as raw materials to make other products.e.g.plastics,detergents.Products Made from a Barrel of Crude Oil Natural Gas Natural gas is found together with oil and sometimes with coal.The gas consists mainly of methane CH4.Natural Gas(http:/www.naturalgas.org/)In some countries,the gas is carried by pipes to homes and factories for heating and cooking.HOW NATURAL GAS IS STORED AND DELIVERED How is petroleum used?The advantage and disadvantages of using fossil fuelAdvantages Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal,fairly cheaply.Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy.Gas-fired power stations are very efficient.A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhereDisadvantages Pollution Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide,which contributes to the greenhouse effect,warming the Earth.Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning oil or gas.It also produces sulphur dioxide,a gas that contributes to acid rain.We can reduce this before releasing the waste gases into the atmosphere.Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous.Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.Non-Renewable energy sources:2.Nuclear EnergyWhat are Nuclear Power?Nuclear power is generated using Uranium,which is a metal mined in various parts of the world.Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines.Nuclear power produces around 11%of the worlds energy needs,and produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel,without the pollution that youd get from burning fossil fuelsHow it works Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations,except that a chain reaction inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead.The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel,and the heat is generated by nuclear fission.Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms,which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat.Carbon dioxide gas is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away,and the hot gas then heats water to make steam.The steam drives turbines which drive generators.Modern nuclear power stations use the same type of turbines and generators as conventional power stations.Advantages Nuclear power costs about the same as coal,so its not expensive to make.Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide,so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel.Produces small amounts of waste.Disadvantages It is very,very dangerous.It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away.It is reliable,but a lot of money has to be spent on safety-if it does go wrong,a nuclear accident can be a major disaster.People are increasingly concerned about the safety.Renewable energy sources:1.WindIntroduction Weve used the wind as an energy source for a long time.Wind power was used in the Middle Ages,in Europe,to grind corn,which is where the term windmill comes from.How it works The wind blows the propellor round,which turns a generator to produce electricity.The more towers,the more wind,and the larger the propellors,the more electricity we can make.Its only worth building wind farms in places that have strong,steady winds,although boats and caravans increasingly have small wind generators to help keep their batteries charged.Advantages Wind is free,wind farms need no fuel.Produces no waste or greenhouse gases.The land beneath can usually still be used for farming.Wind farms can be tourist attractions.A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.Disadvantages The wind is not always predictable-some days have no wind.Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast,where land is expensive.Some people feel that covering the landscape with these towers is unsightly.Can kill birds-migrating flocks tend to like strong winds.Can affect television reception if you live nearby.Can be noisy.Renewable energy sources:2.Solar PowerIntroduction Weve used the Sun for drying clothes and food for thousands of years,but only recently have we been able to use it for generating power.Just the tiny fraction of the Suns energy that hits the Earth(around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent)is enough to meet all our power needs many times over.In fact,every minute,enough energy arrives at the Earth to meet our demands for a whole year-if only we could harness it properly.How it works There are two main ways that we use the Suns energy:-Solar Cells-that convert light directly into electricity.2.Solar water heating,-where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels 1.on your roof.Advantages Solar energy is free-it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution.In sunny countries,solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place.Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargersDisadvantages Doesnt work at night.Very expensive to build solar power stations.Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity theyll produce in their lifetime.Can be unreliable unless youre in a very sunny climate.In the United Kingdom,solar power isnt much use except for low-power applications,as you need a very large area of solar panels to get a decent amount of power.Renewable energy sources:3.Tidal PowerIntroduction The tide moves a huge amount of water twice each day,and harnessing it could provide a great deal of energy-around 20%of Britains needs.Although the energy supply is reliable and plentiful,converting it into useful electrical power is not easy.There are eight main sites around Britain where tidal power stations could usefully be built,including the Severn,Dee,Solway and Humber estuaries.Only around 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal power stations.How it works:Tidal Barrages These work rather like a hydro-electric scheme,except that the dam is much bigger.A huge dam (called a barrage)is built across a river estuary.When the tide goes in and out,the water flows through tunnels in the dam.Advantages Once youve built it,tidal power is free.It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste.It needs no fuel.It produces electricity reliably.Not expensive to maintain.Tides are totally predictable.Disadvantages A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build,and affects a very wide area-the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream.Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed.There are few suitable sites for tidal barrages.Only provides power for around 10 hours each day,when the tide is actually moving in or out.Renewable energy sources:4.HydropowerIntroduction We have used running water as an energy source for thousands of years,mainly to grind corn.The first use of water to generate electricity was in 1882 on the Fox river,in the USA,which produced enough power to light two paper mills and a house.Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations,providing around 20%of the worlds electricity.The name comes from hydro,the Greek word for water.How it works A dam is built to trap water,usually in a valley where there is an existing lake.Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam,to turn turbines and thus drive generators.Notice that the dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top,because the pressure of the water increases with depth.Advantages Once the dam is built,the energy is virtually free.No waste or pollution produced.Much more reliable than wind,solar or wave power.Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly,unlike other power stations.Electricity can be generated constantly.Disadvantages The dams are very expensive to build.However,many dams are also used for flood control or irrigation,so building costs can be shared.Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream,causing problems for animals that used to live there.Finding a suitable site can be difficult-the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable.Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected,which can have an impact on plant life Renewable energy sources:5.GeothermalIntroductionThe centre of the Earth is around 6000 degress Celsius-hot enough to melt rock.Even a few kilometres down,the temperature can be over 250 degrees Celsius.In general,the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 36 metres you go down.In volcanic areas,molten rock can be very close to the surface.Geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in some countries for cooking and heating.The name geothermal comes from two Greek words:geo means Earth and thermal means heat.How it works Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam.We drill holes down to the hot region,steam comes up,is purified and used to drive turbines,which drive electric generators.There may be natural groundwater in the hot rocks anyway,or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them.Advantages Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution,and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.The power stations do not take up much room,so there is not much impact on the environment.No fuel is needed.Once youve built a geothermal power station,the energy is almost free.It may need a little energy to run a pump,but this can be taken from the energy being generated Disadvantages The big problem is that there are not many places where you can build a geothermal power station.You need hot rocks of a suitable type,at a depth where we can drill down to them.The type of rock above is also important,it must be of a type that we can easily drill through.Sometimes a geothermal site may run out of steam,perhaps for decades.Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground,and can be difficult to safely dispose of.Conclusion Though there are more and more renewable energy sources,saving energy is very important.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