英语专四 阅读训练1

阅读技巧及应试策略第一节 常用阅读技巧及运用范例阅读理解是一个复杂的感知和理解语言的过程，但这并不意味着其无章可循。心理学、心理语言学、认知科学等学科的研究结果表明，理解的过程实际上就是我们将新信息与大脑中已有的认知结构相互匹配、相互作用的过程(被称为“解码”)。阅读者将新信息与已知信息建立联系，进行判断、猜测、思考，最终达到理解的目的。阅读者对相关的知识和经验掌握得越多，理解起来就会变得越轻松。因此，阅读的过程实际上是一个形式上由细节到把握总体思想，内容上由总体思想指导理解细节的双向并行的处理过程，两者缺一不可。与之相对应的阅读常用技巧与步骤即可分为浏览试题、略读(skimming)、扫读(scanning)以及回查等几种，下面分别加以介绍。一、浏览试题以明确目标 在进行阅读之前，首先浏览短文后面的试题。在看完Section A选择题的题干和四个选项以及Section B简答题的题干后，分析掌握每个试题考查的内容和题型(推理题、细节题、主旨题等)，以便带着问题有目标地阅读短文，根据相应的解题技巧从中寻找正确答案，例如下面这道真题：85What is the main idea of the passage? A. Public speaking in international forums. B. Public speaking in daily life context. C. The many uses of public speaking. D. The rules of public speaking. 通过浏览此题，可以明显看出此题属于主旨题，需要考生重点关注短文的前几段中对主题的描述与说明，从而把握作者通篇所表达的观点和所持的态度。 The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2,000 years ago. Now, twitter, instant messaging, email, blogs and chat forums offer rival approaches to communication-but none can replace the role of a great speech. The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying tribute, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something. Over the past year, the human voice has helped guide US over the ups and downs of what was certainly a stormy time. Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action. Inspirational speeches confront the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to peoples heartsDuring wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle. A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. When the H1 N1 pandemic (流行病) was announced, the idea of “swine flu” (猪流感) scared many people. Informative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible precautions. Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonnas speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music. Its not only in world forums where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives. If youre taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of the soundness of your argument. In sports, athletes know the importance of a pep talk (鼓舞士气的讲话) before a match to inspire teammates. You yourself may be asked to do a presentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vital importance. On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.Great speaking ability is not something were born with. Even Barack Obama works hard to perfect every speech. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good useTo learn those roles you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past.解题点拨：在第一、二段提出本文主旨后，作者就逐一介绍public speaking的重要作用：Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view；Inspirational speeches confront the emotions；A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us；Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech；It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives由此可知，C能够概括全文主旨，故为正确答案。二、通过略读（skimming）全文以掌握主旨 略读(skimming)又称“跳读”(reading and skipping)或“浏览”(glancing)，是一种专门的、非常实用的快速阅读方法，其主要特征是有选择性地阅读，其目的有二：一是以尽可能快的速度获取文章主旨大意或中心思想；二是辨识文体，掌握结构(如果是记叙文，就要了解故事发生的时间、地点、背景和人物活动等主要线索；如果是论述文，就要弄清文章的中心论点及论述内容)。换句话说，略读要求读者有选择性地进行阅读，跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大意，从而加快阅读速度。其具体做法如下： (1)利用印刷细节，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、标点符号等，对文章进行预测，从而了解作者的思路、行文模式，以便把握住主旨、有关的细节及其相互间的关系。 (2)重点关注文章开头，力求抓住文章大意、文章背景、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。 (3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句，略去细节不读，以求提高速度=段落过长时可适当阅读其中某一到两行，以强化理解。 (4)注意转折词和序列词等起衔接作用的标志词。 下面以一篇英语阅读短文为例来说明略读的妙用： 以下文章只需阅读画线的部分即可，其余细节可略去不读。 There are superstitions attached to numbers; even those ancient Greeks believed that all numbers and their multiples had some mystical significance Those numbers between 1 and 13 were in particular to have a powerful influence over the affairs of men.For example, it is commonly said that luck, good or bad, comes in three: if an accident happens, two more of the same kind may be expect soon afterwards. The arrival of a letter will be followed by two others within a certain period. Another belief involving the number three has it that it is unlucky to light three cigarettes from the one match. If this happens, the bad luck that goes with the deed falls upon the person whose cigarette was the last to be lit. The ill-omen linked to the lighting of three things from one match or candle goes back to at least the 17th century and probably earlier. It was believed that three candles alight at the same time would be sure to bring bad luck; one, two, or four, were permissible, but never just three. Seven was another significant number, usually regarded as a bringer of good luck. The ancient astrologers believed that the universe was governed by seven plants; students of Shakespeare will recall that the life of man was divided into seven ages. Seven horseshoes nailed to a horse will protect it from all evil. Nine is usually thought of as a lucky number because it is the product of three times three. It was much used by the Anglo-Saxons in their charms for healing. Another belief was that great changes occurred every 7th and 9th of a mans life. Consequently, the age of 63 (the product of nine and seven) was thought to be a very perilous time for him. If he survived his 63rd year he might hope to live to a ripe old age. Thirteen, as we well know, is regarded with great awe and fear. The common belief is that this derives from the fact that there were 13 people at Christs Last Supper. This being the eve of his betrayal, it is not difficult to understand the significance given to the number by the early Christians. In modern times 13 is an especially unlucky number of a dinner party, for example. Hotels will avoid numbering a floor the 13th; the progression is from 12 to 14, and no room is given the number 13. Many home owners will use 121/2 instead of 13 as their house number. Yet oddly enough, to be born on the 13th of the month is not regarded with any fear at all, which just shows how irrational we are in our superstitious beliefs. 解题点拨： 通过略读各段的主题句可知，本文主要讲诉数字与迷信。全文为“总-分-总”结构，第一段指出中心议题“数字被赋予了迷信的含义”，下文各段举例说明一些数字的迷信含义，最后一段表明作者的态度。文章后的题目为：1. According to the passage, which of the following groups of numbers will certainly bring good luck to people?A. 3 and 7 B. 3 and 9 C. 7 and 9 D. 3 and 13解析：选C。通过略读第五、六段的开头句Seven was another significant number, usually regarded as a bringer of good luck.和Nine is usually thought of as a lucky number.便可得出正确答案为C。2. The ill luck associated with 13 is supposed to have its origin in .A. legend B. religion C. popular belief D. certain customs 解析：选B。通过略读第八段的Thirteen, as we well know, is regarded with great awe and fear.和第九段的The common belief is that this derives from the fact that there were 13 people at Christs Last Supper.便可得知B为正确答案。3. What is the authors attitude towards peoples superstitious beliefs?A. He is mildly critical. B. He is strongly critical.C. He is in favor of them. D. His attitude is not clear.解析：选A。略读全文最后一段Yet oddly enough, to be born on the 13th of the month is not regarded with any fear at all, which just shows how irrational we are in our superstitious beliefs. 即可知，作者的态度为A。三、 通过扫读（scanning）定位以获取特定、关键信息扫读（scanning）又称“寻读”或“查读”，同略读一样是一种快速阅读技巧。它是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一个具体事实或某一个特定信息，如人物、事件、地点、数字等，而对其他不相关内容略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内略过尽可能多的阅读材料，找到所需要的信息。这种方法一般可应用于事实3细节题的查找中。作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，扫读既要求速度，又要求准确。具体地说，扫读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。因此，可以把整段的文字直接映入大脑中，不必逐字逐句过目。视线在阅读材料上掠过时，一旦发现相关的内容，就要稍作停留，将它记住或摘录下来，从而既保证扫读的速度，又做到准确无误。扫读与略读不同。略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知；而扫读则是读者在略读之后，根据已知的文章大意与结构，按照题目要求确定所需特定、关键信息的位置，从而找到正确答案。例如，英语专业四级考试中曾出现过这样一道题：According to the passage, “.spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp” means that spring cleaning .A. is no longer an easy practice to understandB. is no longer part of modern family lifeC. requires more family members to be involvedD. calls for more complicated skills and knowledge 原文如下： I know when I know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen. Spring cleaning. Ill admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Todays busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order. “Honey, what say we spend the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow?” I say. “Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over?” my husband answers. But I tell my family, spring cleaning cant wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winters hibernation(冬眠), yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze and all of the natural world demanding “Awake and be clean!” Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at springs first light, which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone (激素) our bodies produce when its dark. When springs light comes, the melatonin diminishes, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus-filled house weve been hibernating in for four months. I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at springs arrival. I speak to them about lifes greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum fromthe bathtub, which hasnt been properly cleaned since the first snowfall. “Ill do it,” says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home. “You will? Wow!” I exclaim. Maybe after all these years, hes finally grasped the concept. Maybe hes expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe hes going to Florida for a break in a couple of weeks and hes being nice to me who is the financial-aid officer.No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, is found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he is supposed to be cleaning. “Awake and be clean!” I say.解题点拨：在通读全文的基础上，考生通过扫读可知，本文主要谈论现代家庭对待春季大扫除的态度以及作者自己家一次大扫除的过程。扫读后可将题干中的 “.spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp”定位到文章第三段第一句，然后再细读后面的句子Todays busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. 可以看出，这里是说人们不理解为什么要进行春季大扫除，故A为正确答案。四、 回查难点以确保无误“回查”是指考生在时间允许的情况下，对于把握不大或较难的试题（如概括归纳题、作者意图题等），将所给出的选项与原文中对应的部分进行仔细比较、反复推敲，从而得出结论。考生要尽量避免主观臆断，要在文中有关段落找到支撑的论据，以确保答案准确无误。五、 克服不良阅读习惯除了上文提到的阅读技巧外，绝大多数考生在阅读速度方面还必须努力克服以下不良阅读习惯，从而达到加快阅读速度、提高理解效率的最终目的。1. “指读”。用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读以期“集中注意力”。一旦遇到生词便停顿下来，便无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读理解。2. “唇读”。出声地阅读，或即使不出声嘴唇也在动，大脑中仍在“读”，无形中降低大脑的思考速度。3. “回读”。在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首甚至段首重读。4. “译读”。在阅读过程中，进行逐词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。六、 样题示例下面以最新考纲样题中的两篇阅读样题为例，进一步说明上述阅读方法。先来看下最新考纲样题中的第二篇阅读文章：Section A:Passage Two I was a second-year medical student at the university, and was on my second day of rounds at a nearby hospital. My universitys philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. Nice idea, but it overlooked one detail: second-year students know next to nothing about medicine. Assigned to my team that day was an attendinga senior faculty member who was there mostly to make patients feel they werent in the hands of amateurs. Many attendings were researchers who didnt have much recent hospital experience. Mine was actually an arthritis specialist. Also along was a resident (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine, at least to a rookie like myself). In addition, there were two interns (住院实习医生). These guys were just as green as I was, but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs. I began the day at 6:30am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients; later, we were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending. I had three patients and the intern had the other fivepiece of cake. But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams, he was sitting up in bed, sweating heavily and panting (喘气). Hed just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the log of his vital signs and saw that his respiration and heart rate had been climbing, but his temperature was steady. It didnt seem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pneumonia. So I asked Mr. Adams what he thought was going on. “Its really hot in here, Doc,” he replied. So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would return in a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye. At 8:40 am., during our team meeting, “Code Blue Room 307!” blared from the loudspeaker. I froze. That was Mr. Adamss room. When we arrived, he was motionless. The autopsy (尸体解剖) later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pulmonary embolism (肺部栓塞). A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathing capacity in half. His symptoms had been textbook: heavy perspiration and shortness of breath despite clear lungs. The only thing was: I hadnt read that chapter in the textbook yet. And I was too scared, insecure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help. This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, but whats particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will?第一步：略读全文，掌握主旨大意。本文作者主要对现行的医疗体制表示了担忧，提出了批评。第一段简要介绍了“我”到医院实习的基本情况。第二段介绍了医院医疗小组医生的真实实力，暗示了作者对这种状况的担忧。第三段介绍了自己当值的基本情况。第四至十段讲述了自己经历的一个真实病例。第十一段介绍了病人死亡的情况，并分析了自己的过失。最后一段总结全文，对现行的医疗教育体制表示担忧，并提出批评。第二步：通过扫读、回查等方法，仔细比较、辨别选项，寻找正确答案。44. We learn that the authors team members had .A. much practical experience B. adequate knowledgeC. long been working there D. Some professional deficiency解析：选D。根据题干关键词team members 定位至第二段。该段第二句Many attendings were researchers who didnt have much recent hospital experience.指出主治医生实践经验方面的缺陷。该段最后一句又提到These guys were just as green as I was, but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs. 说明名义上已经取得医生头衔的住院实习医生，实际上名不符实，也存在知识上的缺陷，可见，D是对原文意思的正确理解，故为答案。45. “His symptoms had been textbook” means that his symptoms were .A. part of the textbook B. no longer in the textbookC. Recently included in the textbook D. explained in the textbook解析：选D。由题干定位至第十一段。该段第三句中的冒号后面指出heavy perspiration and shortness of breath despite clear lungs, 即大量出汗、呼吸困难但肺部清晰，这是教科书对这种症状的记载，本段第二句则说明了这种症状的成因，而第四句提到I hadnt read that chapter in the textbook yet, 即 “我”还没有读到教科书的这个章节。综合看来，这种症状背后的成因在教科书中有所解释，作者之所以不知道，是因为他还没有读到此处，故D为正确答案。46. At the end of the passage, the author expresses about the medical education system.A. optimism B. hesitation C. concern D. support解析：选C。根据题干定位至最后一段。该段首句后半部分说whats particularly is that the same medical education system persists, 即尤其令人失望的是同样的医疗教育体制还在延续，可见，作者并不赞同现行的医学教育体制，故可排除A和D。而作者在该句中用了frustrating 一词， 又在最后一句提出疑问Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will? 即谁知道又有多少人在像我这样一个没经验的学生手上丧命或受到伤害，将来还会有多少人遭此噩运？可见，作者对这种体制的态度非常关注， 甚至是担忧，而非怀疑，因此C比B更准确，故为答案。Section BPassage Two52. Why was the author doing rounds in a hospital?答案：It was part of his medical training.解析：根据题干中的doing rounds in a hospital 定位至第一段。该段第二句说My universitys philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. 即我们大学的逻辑是在学生受教育期间尽早地见到病人。可见，作者参与医院当值是大学的统一安排，因此，这应该是作者大学医科训练的一部分，故答案为It was part of his medical training。再来看下最新考纲样题中的第四篇阅读文章：Section APassage Four Attachment Parenting is not Indulgent Parenting. Attachment parents do not “spoil” their children. Spoiling is done when a child is given everything that they want regardless of what they need and regardless of what is practical. Indulgent parents give toys for tantrums(发脾气)，ice cream for breakfast Attachment parents dont give their children everything that they want, they give their children everything that they need. Attachment parents believe that love and comfort are free and necessary. Not sweets or toys. Attachment Parenting is not “afraid of tears” parenting. Our kids cry. The difference is that we understand that tantrums and tears come from emotions and not manipulation. And our children understand this too. They cry and have tantrums sometimes, of course. But they do this because their emotions are so overwhelming that they need to get it out They do not expect to be rewarded for their strong negative emotions; they simply expect that we will listen. We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child has need for comfort and love, it is our job to provide those things. We are not afraid of tears. We dont avoid them. We hold our children through them and teach them that when they are hurt or frustrated we are here to comfort them and help them work through their emotions. Attachment Parents is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling to my children. In fact, Im pretty free-range. As soon as they can move they usually move away from me and let me set up a chase as they crawl, run, skip and hop on their merry way to explore the world. Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock than and sleep with them. But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base. The “attachment” comes from their being allowed to attach to us, not from us attaching to than like parental leeches. Attachment Parenting is not Selfish Parenting. It is also not selfless parenting. We are not doing it for us, and we are not doing it to torment ourselves. Attachment parenting is not Helicopter Parenting. I dont hover. I supervise. I follow, I teach, I demonstrate, I explain. I dont slap curious hands away. I show how to do things safely. I let my child do the things that my child wishes to do, first with help and then with superv