2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考前模拟强化练习题37（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue.The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better - or worse - part of my life. Being rich wouldnt be bad either, but that wont happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars.Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianitys seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat - or even only somewhat overweight - is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength.Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem - too much fat and a lack of fiber - than a weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory.1.Swept by the prevailing trend, the author（ ）.2.In the eyes of the author, and odd phenomenon nowadays is that（ ）.3.In human history peoples views on body weight（ ）.4.Whats the authors advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?5.The author criticizes womens obsession with thinness（ ）.问题1选项A.has to seek help form rich distant relatives.B.could still prevent herself from going off the track.C.has to go on a diet.D.has to wear highly fashionable clothes.问题2选项A.the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtue.B.being thin is viewed as a much desired quality.C.looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortune.D.religious people are not necessarily virtuous.问题3选项A.were closely related to their religious beliefsB.changed from time to time.C.varied between the poor and the rich.D.led to different moral standards.问题4选项A.They should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes.B.They should be more watchful for fatal diseases.C.They should gain weight to look healthy.D.They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyle.问题5选项A.from an economic and educational perspective.B.from sociological and medical points of view.C.from a historical and religious standpoint.D.in the light of moral principles.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问受流行趋势的影响，作者做什么？根据文章第二段中第二句“I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better - or worse - part of my life. 我自己也有穿窄身名牌服装的幻想。因此，在我的生活中，无论好坏，我都在节食。”确定C选项“不得不节食” 正确。2.细节事实题。题目提问在作者看来，现在奇怪的现象是什么？根据第一段 “No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. 女人不能太有钱也不能太瘦。这句话经常被认为是已故温莎公爵夫人说的，它体现了我们这个时代的许多古怪精神。苗条被认为是一种美德。”以及根据第四段中“Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. 今天情况正好相反。我们已经把瘦变成了美德的新标志。”可知，作者认为现在奇怪的现象是B选项“苗条被认为是一种非常理想的品质”。3.推理判断题。题目提问人类历史上人们对体重的看法？根据文章第三段最后一句“In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. 在一些宗教团体中，财富是救赎和高尚道德的象征，而肥胖则是财富和幸福的象征。”确定A选项“与他们的宗教信仰密切相关”正确。4.推理判断题。题目提问作者对那些专注于瘦身的女性有什么忠告？根据文章倒数第二段中“.in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem - too much fat and a lack of fiber - than a weight problem.在许多情况下，肥胖与增加心血管疾病的风险息息相关。不过除了超重，这些疾病也同样与我们的生活方式及高脂肪饮食习惯有很大关系。患消化系统癌症的相关风险可能更主要是饮食而非体重问题食物高脂肪低纤维。”以及最后一段中“It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style.如果那些瘦人认为他们自然而然就可保持健康，从而不注意总体生活方式，实际上会很危险。”可知作者提出肥胖、生活方式与疾病的关系，确定D选项“他们应该更加关注他们的整体生活方式”符合要求。5.推理判断题。题目提问作者从什么方面批评了女性对瘦身的痴迷？根据最后一段中“It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory.如果那些变瘦的人(或已经变瘦的人)认为他们天生就健康，因此不关注他们的整体生活方式，这实际上是危险的。瘦可以是纯粹的虚荣。”确定作者从健康方面和虚荣心方面批评了女性对瘦身的痴迷，B选项正确。2. 单选题After such a confrontation between the two parties, any reconciliation would be（ ）.问题1选项A.out of questionB.within questionC.without questionD.out of the question【答案】D【解析】短语辨析。A选项 “毫无疑问，没问题”； C选项 “毫无疑问”； D选项 “不可能，根本谈不上”；B选项不是一个短语；根据句意在两党之间有了这样的冲突后，和解是不可能的了确定D选项正确。3. 单选题The geographical location of a country and its physical（1）are very important to its development and（2） .The United States is very（3）in this（4） .（5） , it has good（6） In almost every（7） of the country it is possible to live（8） during the whole year. It is true that in the south it sometimes gets very hot and in the north very cold. But the people who live in these regions become（9） to the climate and never（10） much when the weather it either very hot or very cold. In a large country there is usually a great（11） of different physical characteristics. In the United States, there are wide plains and high mountains, thousands of lakes and rivers of all（12） , cool forests and hot deserts, and a coastline several thousand miles long. The many lakes and rivers,（13）the long coastline, have been（14） great importance to the development of the country, since they made possible the easy （15） of the people and all the things people（16） . Ships and boats are still necessary and important. In modem（17） .（18） , trains, automobiles, trucks and airplanes are doing much of the（19） which was（20）done by ships and boats.问题1选项A.positionB.characterC.characteristicsD.differences问题2选项A.advanceB.progressC.marchingD.prospect问题3选项A.fortunateB.luckC.happyD.favorable问题4选项A.areaB.regionC.meaningD.respect问题5选项A.In a wordB.First of allC.After allD.Over all问题6选项A.climateB.atmosphereC.weatherD.air问题7选项A.partB.sectionC.expanseD.sector问题8选项A.leisurelyB.idlyC.comfortablyD.pleasantly问题9选项A.accustomedB.co-operativeC.preparedD.adjustable问题10选项A.damageB.sufferC.fearD.frightened问题11选项A.varietyB.amountC.manyD.deal问题12选项A.areasB.sizesC.bignessD.volumes问题13选项A.as well asB.besidesC.except forD.in addition to问题14选项A.ofB.toC.inD.as问题15选项A.mobilizationB.extensionC.transportationD.connections问题16选项A.long forB.needC.eatD.have问题17选项A.epochB.ageC.timesD.era问题18选项A.howeverB.whereasC.otherwiseD.moreover问题19选项A.jobB.workC.occupationD.profession问题20选项A.formallyB.latelyC.recentlyD.formerly【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B第6题:A第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:B第11题:A第12题:B第13题:A第14题:A第15题:C第16题:B第17题:C第18题:A第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）词义与词形辨析。文章第一句话的意思是“一个国家的地理位置及其环境特征对于这个国家的发展和进步十分重要”，根据句意确定B选项和C选项意思都符合， 再根据下文的“hot”和“cold”可知此处表示“环境特征”时应该用复数,所以C选项正确。（2）词义与词形辨析。And连接的两个词表示并列，与development并列，表示“进步”，B选项的progress最合适。（3）语法逻辑关系。根据关键词very可知此处应该填入一个形容词，B选项排除。并且根据文章第三句中的关键词good可以推断出此处填入一个积极的词汇，A选项的 fortunate“幸运的”，C选项的happy “幸福的”和D选项的favorable “有利的，赞许的”，A选项的fortunate符合题意。（4）词组及固定搭配。in this respect “在这个方面”，D选项正确。（5）词义与词形辨析。A选项的in a word “总之，简言之”，总结前文所述；B选项的first of all “首先”，连接上下文；C选项的after all“毕竟，终究”：D选项的over all “从头到尾”，文章在此处是对美国优越的地理位置及其环境特征进行列举说明, B选项符合题意。（6）词义与词形辨析。A选项的climate 一般指比较长的时间气候状况，B选项的atmosphere侧重于指氛围或者大气，C选项的weather 般指特定地区在一定时间的气象情况，D选项的air常常指空气，根据下文“It is true that in the south sometimes gets very hot and in the north very cold”可知此处应指气候。 A选项正确。（7）词义与词形辨析。part和section都可以表示“部分”。section更具体，往往是一个整体分成了几块，而一个section就是其中一块，part可以用的范围更广泛一些，也可以抽象一些，它的大小是很模糊的，所以当表示“在这个国家的每个部分” 时应该用section。（8）词义与词形辨析。A选项的leisurely “悠闲地，从容地”；B选项的idly “无所事事地，懒惰地”；C选项的comfortably “舒适地”；D选项的pleasantly愉快地，和蔼地”，上文已说明美国的自然特性好，因此这里应指在美国，差不多在每个地区，人们整年都有可能生活得很舒服， C选项的comfortably符合题意。（9）词组及固定搭配。 become accustomed to 习惯于”。（10）词义与词形辨析。A选项的damage “损害”；B选项的suffer “遭受，忍受，受痛苦”；C选项的fear “恐惧，害怕”；D选项的frightened“使吃惊，吓走”， 上文说到，南方有时会很热，北方有时会很冷，但生活在那里的人已经习惯了那种气候，当天气非常热或非常冷的时候并不会遭受很多痛苦。所以B选项suffer正确。（11）词组及固定搭配。A选项的a great variety of “各种各样的”；B选项的a great amount of “大量的”;C选项的a great many of “大量的”， D选项的a great deal of “大量的”此处的句意是“大国家通常有各种各样不同的环境特征”，所以A选项正确。（12）词组及固定搭配。rivers of all sizes “大大小小的湖泊，各种规模的河流”。（13）词义与词形辨析。A选项的as well as “也，还，和”，连接两个并列成分；B选项的besides 着重于指“另外还有”；C选项的except for多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味；D选项的in addition to “除.之外还”。这句话的句意是许多湖泊和河流和漫长的海岸线，对国家的发展起到了非常重要的作用。所以A选项正确。（14）词组及固定搭配。be of “具有.的性质”。（15）词义与词形辨析。A选项的 mobilization动员，调动；B选项的extension延长，扩展；C选项的transportation运输，交通； D选项的connections连接，关系。 上文中提到的湖泊和长长的海岸线是对运输有利的， 故此处的意思应该为“使便利的运输成为可能”，所以C选项正确。（16）词义与词形辨析。A选项的long for渴望；B选项的need需要；C选项的 eat吃；D选项的have有。句子意思为“众多的湖泊、河流以及长长的海岸线使得人的交通和人们所需物品的运输成为可能，故对国家的发展意义重大”，所以B选项正确。（17）词义与词形辨析。A选项的epoch正式用词，侧重指以某重大事件或巨大变化为起点的新的历史时期；B选项的age常指具有显著特征或以某杰出人物命名的历史时代或时期； C选项的times侧重某一特定时期，in modem times表示“当今，现代”；D选项的era书面语用词，指历史上的纪元、年代，可与epoch和age互换。C选项正确。（18）语法逻辑关系。文章最后两句的意思是说“船舶在运输方面起到了重要作用，但是在现代，火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”，两个句子是一个转折的关系，所以A选项however符合题意。（19）词义与词形辨析。A选项的job指具体的职业或零工，是可数名词；B选项的work指人们日常生活和工作中从事的体力或脑力劳动，是不可数名词；C选项的occupation指一个人经常担任的工 作，不论是否领取工资；D选项的profession指人的职业。句子意思是“火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”，B选项符合题意。（20）词义与词形辨析。A选项的formally “正式地，形式上”；B选项的lately “近来，不久前”；C选项的recently “最近”；D选项的formerly “以前，原来”，句子意思是“火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”，D选项符合题意。4. 单选题From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal diseases can now be cured by modem drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus motor-car! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly injured each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a mans very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind the steering wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behavior. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual test for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a persons driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be made much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motor-cars.1.The main idea of this passage is that（ ）.2.Which of the statements below is NOT in keeping with the implication of the 2nd paragraph?3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a counter-measure against traffic accidents?4.The authors attitude toward the social phenomenon is（ ）.问题1选项A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.only stricter traffic laws can prevent road accidentsC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.thousands of people over the world are killed each year问题2选项A.People usually cannot stay quiet and pleasant while driving.B.People are usually beside themselves when they are driving.C.Peoples hidden abilities are often brought into full play by the act of driving.D.Peoples bad qualities and emotions can be fully exposed by the act of driving.问题3选项A.Making driving test standardized and more difficult.B.Raising age limit for drivers and retesting them regularly.C.Restricting the speed of driving within reasonable limits.D.Testing the amount of alcohol in drivers blood frequently.问题4选项A.ironicalB.criticalC.indifferentD.militant【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。本题询问这篇阅读的中心思想。A选项意为“交通事故主要是由摩托车引起的”；B选项意为“只有更严格的交通法规能够阻止事故的发生”；C选项意为“一些国家关于驾驶的法规太过松弛”；D选项意为“每年全世界有几千人丧生”。 分析全文内容可知，文章前几段主要分析了造成事故的几个原因，而最后一段得出的结论是应该通过更严格的交通法规才能更好地制止交通事故的发生，所以B选项正确。2.细节事实题。本题询问下列哪一项论述不符合第二段的内容。A选项意为 “人们开车时通常无法保持安静愉快的心情”；B选项意为“当人们开车时，他们通常会发狂”；C选项意为“通常人们隐藏的能力会通过驾驶行为充分地发挥出来”；D选项意为“人们的坏品质和负面情感会通过驾驶行为完全被公开”。根据原文 “It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a mans very worst qualities. 有人说得对，当一个人坐在方向盘后面，他的车就成了他个性的延伸。毫无疑问，汽车常常显露出一个人最坏的品质。”可知人们在驾驶时的情绪和个人品质会通过驾驶行为显露出来，C选项正确；由原文 “People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind the steering wheel. 通常安静而愉快的人，当他们坐在方向盘后面时，可能会变得面目无睹。” 可知本段中并没有说人们开车总是无法保持安静和愉快，A选项符合题意。3.细节事实题。本题询问下列哪一项没有被作为阻止交通事故发生的一项对策提及。A选项意为“将驾照考试更标准化和增加难度”；B选项意为“提高驾驶员的年 龄限制并定期复查”；C选项意为“将驾驶速度限制在合理的范围内”；D选项意为“经常测试司机血液中的酒精量”。根据原文最后一段中提出了的如何降低摩托车事故发生的方式“驾驶测试应当标准化，比现在要更严格；所有四级每三年考核一次；年轻人驾车的允许年龄应提高到21岁；全部机动车每年都应经过严格的安全测试”可知D选项没有提及符合题意。4.观点态度题。本题询问作者对于这种社会现象的态度。A选项意为“讽刺的”；B选项意为“批判的”；C选项意为“漠不关心的”；D选项意为“富有战斗性的”。文章的前三段分别给出了导致交通事故发生的几个原因，作者也呼吁各国制定更为严格的交通法规来阻止事故的发生，而对于摩托车事故，作者一直持批评的态度，B选项正确。5. 单选题No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended; where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.She who knows only her own sick of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she is equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doct