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History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume)美国文学史及选读1、2PartThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。6. 船长约翰史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书1612年弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导sought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年弗吉尼亚通史“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.10. 他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期开荒史及explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region(切萨皮克地区)，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.11. 早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.12. 清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church想建立神权社会found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉布拉德福德和约翰温思罗普普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;波斯顿第一任首长： John Winthrop.1 William Bradford:普利茅斯开发历史“The History of Plymouth Plantation”文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”2 John Winthrop:新英格兰历史“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.3 他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品 the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.4 清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing Gods Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans”.二、John Cotton and Roger Williams约翰科登和罗杰威廉姆斯1 John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England. 1633年到Boston开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为 he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit.听众对他深信不疑。他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.2 Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到现罗德岛Rhode Island。对不同意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 他对印第安语言非常感兴趣Indian language.他写过开启美国语言的钥匙或也叫做美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南“A Key into the Language of America” or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”三、 Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮布莱德斯特和爱德华泰勒这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。1 Anne Dudley Bradstreet是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一one of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。2 她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”.诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poetic ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.3 Edward Taylor:清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of Taylors work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。Part The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学1 托马斯佩因常识 Thomas Paines “Common Sense”; 托马斯杰弗逊独立宣言 Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2 在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.3 在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.4 美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。5文学上独立的代表作：1785年杰弗逊：弗吉尼亚洲的声明Jeffersons “Notes on the State of Virginia”; 1791年巴特姆：旅行笔记 “Travels” by Bartram一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1 出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办半岛公报。1732-1758出版穷人理查德的年鉴“Poor Richards Almanac” collocation of proverbs.2 建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.3 其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.4 他最好作品收录在自传“Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other mans on this young nation.5 教材作品自传”The Autobiography” 二、 Thomas Paine 托马斯佩因（1737-1809）1 被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美国著名政治小册子作家pamphleteer.2 1762年税务官职务employed as an excise officer. 1772年收税官的案子“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”第一部政治性小册子。 1774年富兰克林给他写介绍信“an ingenious worthy young man”去美国费城Philadelphia, edited the “Pennsylvania Magazine” and contributed to the “Pennsylvania Journal” 是政治讽刺的天才a political satirist of genius.3 1776年1月10日his famous pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared 常识，署名“By an Englishman”.书中大胆拥护“独立宣言”各主张it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.成了美国独立革命思想的代言人became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.4 1776-1783美国危机“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets.第一篇于1776年黑色12月出版，这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizens army。 最后一篇1783年12月9日出版。5 战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。(1791-1792)人权“Rights of Man”。拥护卢梭自由理念，号召推翻英国君主制not only championed Rousseaus doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.6 在法国他因反对绞死路易十六和反对恐怖统治入狱, he opposed the execution of Louis XVI and the Reign of Terror, was imprisoned. 理性的时代“The Age of Reason”1794-1795，这部自然神论的作品主张宗教观念的理性：a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. 他最后一部作品1797土地公平“Agrarian Justice”.7 教材作品：美国危机：“The American Crisis”.三、 Thomas Jefferson托马斯杰弗逊（1743-1826）1 美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics.2 尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特权a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一个必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction only in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise.3 1776年同约翰亚当斯、本杰明富兰克林、罗杰谢尔曼、罗伯特R利文斯顿一起起草独立宣言with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.4 1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。5 把自己收藏的一万册书卖给政府，建立了国会图书馆（the Library of Congress）.1819 年开始创建弗吉尼亚大学并担任第一任校长。6 1826年去世，正值独立宣言签署50周年the fiftieth anniversary of “The Declaration of Independence”7 教材作品：独立宣言(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。四、 Philip Freneau 菲利浦弗瑞诺（1752-1832）1 革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.2 1770年第1部作品想象的力量（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British.3 1776年出版夜屋（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. FL帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”“the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.4 1781写下名诗英国囚船(The British Prison Ship)一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.5 1786年他的早期作品被收录在战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”.6 1788 年出板札记“Miscellaneous Works”. 1791 年创办国家公报对抗联邦公报with Jeffersons support “National Gazette” campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States” edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).7 他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.8 教材作品：野忍冬花： “The Wild Honey Suckle” 印第安人的坟地： “The Indian Burying Ground” 致凯提迪德： “To a Caty-Did”Part The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学1. 1828年安德鲁杰克逊当选7th 总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束” the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861年开始Civil War.2. 美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.3. 这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双重影响The attitudes of Americas writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.4. 浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.6 超验主义（1830sthe Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.7 美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.8 From the early 1800s to the civil war 美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈的物质主义的现实需求。美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war.一、 Washington Irving华盛顿欧文1783-18591. 他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.2. 他的作品简单明了，但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，这归因于他始终把作品同自己的人格特征结合起来，作品中尽量表现出自己的个性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他温文尔雅，放眼世界，幽默谦虚，他用自己大气，优雅的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，最后形成自己的风格he was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality。他是第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作纯是为快乐和为了创造快乐he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.3. 1819-1820他第一部见闻札记是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣 his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.4. 19岁发表乔纳森欧尔德斯泰尔讽刺作品，对纽约人的生活进行了讽刺“Jonathan Oldstyle”, satires of New York lif.5. 1809年以迪德里奇尼克博克的名字出版纽约外史，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York” by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.6. 1822年布雷斯布里奇庄园“Bracebridge Hall”.7. 1824年旅行者故事，带有德国浪漫主义风格“ Tales of Traveller” has the flavor of the German romanticism.8. 同美国剧作家及演员约翰佩恩创作著名社会喜剧查理二世（又叫快乐君主）in Paris he with John Howard Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy “Charles the Second” or “The Merry Monarch”.9. 1828克里斯托弗哥伦布生平及航海历史“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus”;10. 1829格拉纳达征服编年史“A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”;11. 1831哥伦布同伴航海及发现“Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” .1832阿尔罕布拉“Alhambra”; 1832年西班牙征服传说收录在1835年见闻札记中“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”(in the “Crayon Miscellany”).12. 陆续出版系列西部传奇故事，1835草原游记；1836阿斯托里亚；1837博纳维尔船长历险记， western adventures as “A Tour on the Prairies”; “Astoria” and “The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”. 13. 1840奥立弗戈尔德史密斯“Life of Oliver Goldsmith”; 1855-1859乔治华盛顿传“Life of George Washington”.14教材作品：作者自叙：“The Authors Account of Himself”; 睡谷传奇：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.二、 James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯芬尼莫库珀1789-18511美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.21821年他第二部小说间谍获得极大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期间“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.3库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，即边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说 Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824年领航者最为成功“The Pilot” the best of his many sea romances. 1839年他写过第一部美国式正官方历史美国海军 he wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy.4库珀边疆小说皮袜子故事集由5部小说共同组成，历时18年，1823-1841，即杀鹿者、最后的莫希干人、探路人、拓荒者及大草原。阿伦内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last of the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic”.通过这些人物的描写，作者记录了当时美国人思想意识，还使欧洲人意识到美国with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American.5教材作品：最后的莫希干人：“The Last of the Mohicans”三、 William Cullen Bryant威廉卡伦布莱恩特1794-18781. 1817年伟大史诗死之思考（希腊语），人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.2. 他不仅在诗坛享有极高声望，在新闻界也是一个重量级新闻人物，他是当时最杰出的编辑之一。他积极支持言论自由、贸易自由等主张，还主张废除奴隶制apart from his fames as a poet, Bryant merits a reputation as one of the great editors of American journalism. He supported such causes as free speech, free trade and the abolition of slavery.3. 致水鸟是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”.4. 后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了伊利亚特和奥德赛his most important later works are his translations of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse.5. 当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.6. 教材作品：死之思考：“Thanatopsis”致水鸟：“To a Waterfowl”四、 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加阿伦坡1809-18491. 1833年，在一次小说比赛中他的金瓶子城的方德先生获奖he won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the “Southern Literary Messenger” ( 南方文学信使)坡充分展示了自己作为编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic, and a writer of fiction.2. 发表了鄂榭府崩溃记“The Fall of the House of Usher”.3. 1840 年，第一部短篇小说集述异集his first collection of short stories “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”.4. 1845 年诗集乌鸦出版“The Raven” was published as the title poem of a collection 在欧洲，坡被人们称作诗歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers.5. 教材作品：给海伦：“To Helen”乌鸦：“ The Raven”安娜贝尔李“ Annabel Lee”鄂榭府崩溃记“The Fall of the House of Usher”五、 Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生1803-18821 他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强 he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.2 1836 年出版了第一本书论自然“Nature”, 真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是美国学者，还有一个是神学院致辞“The American Scholar” and “The Divinity School Addres
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