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第1讲谓语动词 全国卷考情分析题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1.(2019全国卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have_reported(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.2(2019全国卷) Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.3(2019全国卷) I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have_made(make) over the years.4(2018全国卷)While running regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.1.时态的考查主要是一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时；2考查被动语态的用法；3考查主谓一致。考点一 一般时态单句语法填空1(2019福州四校联考)It always _(lift) my spirits, but now I know that its because it is an act of gratitude(感激) to the musicians and the music.lifts考查动词时态。由but可知，此处是对一般情况的叙述，空处应用一般现在时，故填lifts。2(2019广州调研)One rainy day，as he went for a walk，a leaping frog _(draw) his attention to a puddle.drew考查动词时态。句意：在一个雨天，他散步的时候，一个跳跃的青蛙使他注意到一个水坑。根据One rainy day可知，本句应用一般过去时，故填drew。3(2019福建五校统考)According to a recent survey, violence did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also _ (express) their great concern about it.expressed考查时态。and前后并列时态一致，根据句中showed可知，该句叙述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。4(2019湖南省长沙市雅礼中学高三一模)The movie _ (adapt) from the true story of a road trip through the southern US in the early 1960s. In the film, the black pianist Don Shirley hires ItalianAmerican Tony to drive him to performances, but they face problems because of Shirleys skin color. was adapted考查一般过去时态的被动语态。这部电影改编自一个真实的故事，且时间为过去，故答案为was adapted。5(2019浙江嘉兴基础测试)They made up their minds that they _(buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.would buy句意：他们决定一旦拉里换了工作，他们就买座新房子。that引导的从句为复合句，其中once引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时，故主句用过去将来时。一、一般现在时1一般现在时的构成主要由动词原形构成。动词be的第一人称单数形式用am，第三人称单数形式用is，其他人称形式均用are。动词have的第三人称单数形式用has。实义动词的第三人称单数形式的变化规则是：一般情况直接加shatehates结尾为s，x，sh，ch或o，在词尾加esdiscussdiscusseswashwashesteachteachesfixfixesgogoes结尾为“辅音字母y”变y为i再加escarrycarriesstudystudies2.一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always，every time，now and then，occasionally，often，seldom，never，sometimes，usually，every day/night等连用。He often goes to work by bus，and he takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day.他经常乘公共汽车去上班，而且每天正餐后和妻子一块儿散步。(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作。只限于go，arrive，leave，start，stay，return，begin，come等动词。Look at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18：20.看看时间表。快点儿吧！4026航班18：20起飞。(3)在状语从句中，当主句是一般将来时态时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。If it is fine tomorrow，we will go there.要是明天晴天，我们就去那里。二、一般过去时1一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。不规则动词的过去式的变化规则变化规则例词一般情况在动词后加edlooklooked以e结尾的动词后加dhopehopedlikeliked以“辅音字母y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加edstudystudiedtrytried以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加edstopstoppedpreferpreferredadmitadmittedpermitpermitted2.一般过去时的用法表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often，usually，seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday，the other day，last week，the day before yesterday等过去的时间状语连用。In 1931，Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.1931年，亚当斯成为第一个赢得诺贝尔和平奖的美国女性。三、一般将来时1一般将来时的构成由“shall/will动词原形”构成。其中shall用于第一人称，will用于一切人称。2一般将来时的用法表示现在看以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow，next year，in一段时间等连用。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。What time is it? 几点了？I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you.我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。3其他表示“将来”的结构及用法(1)“be going to动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Look，dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon，I think.瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。Whether in the home or the workplace，social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.无论是在家里还是在工作场所，在未来的几年里社交机器人将会变得越来越普遍。(2)“be to动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.到10点你得交上试卷。(3)“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird.汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。易错提醒如果表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，要用过去将来时(would/should动词原形)。该时态主要出现在间接引语中。I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I would/should do next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周要干什么。考点二 进行时态单句语法填空1(2019江西师范大学附属中学高三三模)Compared with the life we _ (live) on the earth now, the future life on Mars will be totally different.are living考查现在进行时。句意：与我们现在地球上的生活相比较，未来火星上的生活将完全不同。由“now”可知，本句为现在进行时。故填 are living 。2(2019浙江湖州期末考试)One day, when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he _(bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly.was bathing由前面的“I was drawing diagrams”可知，本句应用过去进行时，而且and连接的并列句要保持时态一致。3(2019湖北武昌区高三调考)Hurry up！Mark and Carol _ (expect) us.are expecting句意：快点！马克和卡罗尔正等着咱们呢。根据题干中的Hurry up可知此处表达expect的动作正在进行中。4(2019浙江台州模拟考试)The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers _(repair)one of the main pipes.are repairing句意：因为工人们正在修理其中一条主管道，所以供水系统临时被切断了。根据语境可知设空处表示现在的情况正在进行，故用现在进行时。5(2019安徽百所重点高中二模)Jim _(watch) a latenight film at home when，right in the middle of a thrilling scene，the television went blank.was watching句意：吉姆正在家看一部午夜电影，正看到令人毛骨悚然的场景时，电视变成空白了。根据句意可知，此处表示过去某时间正在进行的动作。一、进行时的构成现在进行时由“am/is/are现在分词”构成；过去进行时由“was/were现在分词”构成；将来进行时由“will/shallbe现在分词”构成。现在分词的变化规则如下：变化规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加ingaskasking以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加ingwritewritingtaketakingfacefacing以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母再加ingcutcuttingbeginbeginningswimswimming以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加inglielyingdiedying二、进行时的用法1现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。I hear you are working in a pub.Whats it like?我听说你在酒吧工作。感觉怎么样？Well，its very hard work and Im always tired，but I dont mind.哦，工作很辛苦，我也总是很累，不过我不介意。(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常用于go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，have，wear，run out等动词。Food supplies in the floodstricken area are running out.We must act immediately before theres none left.洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前马上行动。2过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time，at that moment，at this time yesterday，at ten oclock yesterday等连用。He must have sensed that I was looking at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly，“Why are you staring at me like that？”他一定感觉到了我正在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼，轻声地说：“你为什么那样盯着我看？” (2)表示过去的两个动作中持续进行的一个，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。3将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如：at this time tomorrow，by then，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会议了，因为她那个时间在授课。考点三 完成时态单句语法填空1(2019山西省太原五中高三下学期阶段性检测)Over the years, aerospace engineering _ (make) huge leaps in aeroplane technology, meaning planes can carry more passengers and go faster.has made考查时态。句意：多年来，航空航天工程在飞机技术上取得了巨大的飞跃，这意味着飞机可以装载更多的乘客，速度更快。根据Over the years“在最近的这些年里”，所以句子用现在完成时态，且主语是aerospace engineering，单数第三人称形式，故答案为has made。2(2019湖北省黄冈市高三模拟)In 1990 about 750 million Chinese people lived in extreme poverty; today fewer than 10 million do. Its GDP per person, in terms of purchasing power, _ (rise) ten times since 1990.has risen考查时态和主谓一致。句意：1990年，中国大约有7.5亿人生活在极度贫困中，而现在只有不到1 000万人生活在极度贫困中。按购买实力计算，中国人均GDP自1990年增长了10倍。主语是GDP per person，谓语动词用第三人称单数，“since 1990”表明用现在完成时，故填has risen。3(2019浙江金华十校模拟)Doctors and scientists _(learn) a great deal about sleep in the last thirty years.have learned根据in the last thirty years可知，本句应用现在完成时。一、完成时的构成现在完成时由“have/has过去分词”构成；过去完成时由“had过去分词”构成。二、完成时的用法1现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already，just，yet，never，before，lately，recently，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，till now，so far等。He has already received three similar invitations this week.本周他已经收到了三个相似的邀请。In the past few years thousands of films have been produced all over the world.在过去的几年里，全世界拍摄了数以千计的电影。(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since时间点； for时间段等。I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？Sorry，I havent played the piano for years.抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。(3)在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作。Will you come to my office when you have finished your work? 你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？2过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。(天津卷)When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I hadnt seen for years.沿街走路时，我偶然遇见了戴维，我们已经有好几年没见了。(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before，by then，by that time，by the end of，by the time从句等。It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我做的一切。(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。3常使用完成时的句型(1)This/It/That is the first/.timethat sb.has/have done；This/It/That was the first/.timethat sb.had done sth.这是某人第几次做某事。It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。(2)It(This)is/was the最高级名词(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。(3)It is/has been一段时间since sb.did；It was/had been一段时间since sb.had done sth.自从以来多久了。(4)hardly(scarcely).when./no sooner.than.( 一就)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我一到家，就下起了倾盆大雨。考点四 完成进行时单句语法填空1(2019云南玉溪一中第二次月考)Tony，why are your eyes red?I _(cut)up peppers for the last five minutes.have been cutting句意：“托尼，为什么你的眼睛红了？” “过去的五分钟里我一直都在剁辣椒。”根据本题中的for the last five minutes可以判断动作从过去开始，持续到现在，并且可能现在还在进行，故用现在完成进行时。2(2019湖北武汉高三调考)When Alice came to life，she did not know how long she _(lie)there.had been lying句意：当艾丽斯苏醒过来的时候，她不知道自己已在那儿躺了多久。由句意可知，“她躺在那儿”发生在came to life和did not know之前，且表示动作的延续，应用过去完成进行时。一、现在完成进行时的用法1常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。Im very tired.I have been checking the students papers all the morning.我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。2表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this morning，but theres no answer.今天上午我给他打了很多次电话，但目前一直没有收到答复。现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成，体现动作的结果现在完成进行时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行，甚至仍将继续Ive read Tiny Times.我已经读过小时代了。(已经完成)I have been reading Tiny Times these days.这些天我一直在读小时代。(仍在进行甚至仍将继续)二、过去完成进行时过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“hadbeenv.ing”构成。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作仍继续)She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续)The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.这位女孩对运动很感兴趣，在过去的三年里一直一周两次去上羽毛球课。考点五 被动语态单句语法填空1(2019河南省八市重点高中联盟“领军考试”高三第五次测评)Calligraphy_(consider) as one of the four best friends of ancient Chinese literati(文人), along with playing stringed musical instrument, the board game “go”， and painting. There are some general standardizations of the various styles of calligraphy in this tradition.is considered考查语态。主语Calligraphy与动词consider之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。句意：书法被认为是中国古代文人最好的四个朋友之一，此外还有弦乐器、棋类游戏、“围棋”和绘画。在这一传统中，各种书法风格都有一些普遍的规范。故填is considered。2(2019武汉武昌区调研)This medicine _(taste) terrible. I hate it.tastes由整个语境可知，此处为一般现在时，表示对客观事实的描述。此处taste为系动词，表示事物本身具有的性质时不使用被动语态。3(2019武汉武昌区调研)As a foreigner, I _(absorb) and charmed by the genuine warmth of welcome and unique culture during the trip.was absorbed考查动词时态和语态。此处描述当时旅行的情景，故应用一般过去时；由语境可知，作者被吸引住了，故应用被动语态。4(2019江西南昌一模)John, as well as the other children who have no parents _(take) good care of in the city now.is being taken由now可知此处应为现在进行时，表示该动作正在进行。此句主语为John，as well as the other children为伴随状语，故使用单数的谓语动词。一、被动语态的构成形式被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态的构成形式还有：get/become过去分词。各种时态的被动语态形式如下(以动词give为例)：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式am givenis givenare givenwas givenwere givenshall be givenwill be givenshould be givenwould be given进行式am being givenis being givenare being givenwas being givenwere being given无无完成式has been givenhave been givenhad been givenshall have been givenwill have been givenshould have been givenwould have been given被动语态的使用场合：(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时；(2)强调动作的承受者时。It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.据报道，一个空间站将在未来的几年内在月球上被建成。In my hometown，there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut.在我的家乡，所有的麦子被收割后，总是要给农民们准备一顿收获的晚餐。With many forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.因为许多森林被毁，每年大量肥沃的泥土被冲走。易错提醒(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belong to属于；take part in参加。(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/take place/occur发生；remain剩下；break out爆发；last持续；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。二、get构成的表示被动的短语：get paid/lost/hurt等While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to perform his duty.在等待机会被提拔期间，亨利尽量履行好自己的职责。We get paid by the week.我们按周获得薪酬。三、主动形式表示被动意义1“系动词feel，sound，taste，look，smell，appear，seem，turn，stay，become，get，grow，keep等形容词/名词”构成系表结构，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软，卖得很好。2当sell，read，cut，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers.你买最近销售很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。3在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这房子需要修理。4在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出。5be to rent/blame主动形式表被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?谁应为此错误接受谴责？考点六 虚拟语气(高考不作要求，只作了解)单句语法填空1(2019浙江台州模拟考试)Its a pity that you were late, otherwise you _(see) the star Rain from Korea.would have seen句意：很遗憾你迟到了，要不然你就会见到从韩国来的明星Rain了。主句中用的是过去时，otherwise表示句中的“你”并没有见到那位明星是客观事实，故此处是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故用would have done结构。2I should not have laughed if I _(think) you were serious.had thought句意：如果我(当时)认为你是认真的，我就不会笑了。主句中谓语动词使用should not have laughed，表明与过去的事实相反，从句谓语动词应该使用had done形式。3(2019西安九校联考)Dont handle the vase as if it _(be) made of steel.were句意：不要把那个花瓶当作是钢做的那样搬运。as if引导的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词应用一般过去时，be动词用were。4(2019湖北武昌区高三调考)If we _(make) adequate preparations，the conference wouldnt have been so successful.hadnt made句意：如果我们没有做好充分准备的话，会议就不会如此成功。分析句子结构可知本句是一个虚拟语气句式，根据主句中的wouldnt have been可知是对过去事情的虚拟，因此if条件从句要用had done形式来表示对过去发生事情的虚拟。一、if条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟条件句虚拟情况主句从句与现在事实相反主语should/would/could/mightdoif主语过去式(be用were)与过去事实相反主语should/would/could/mighthave doneif主语had过去分词与将来事实可能相反主语should/would/could/mightdoif主语过去式/were to do/shoulddoIf the new safety system had been put to use，the accident would never have happened.要是新的安全系统被投入使用的话，这起事故就不会发生了。We would be back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.如果你没有把地图丢了的话，我们现在就回到旅馆了。Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there，she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often.格蕾丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为如果住在那里，她就不能经常看到她的父母了。易错提醒(1)如果在表示虚拟语气的if从句中含有were，had或should，可将if省略，然后将were，had或should移至主语之前。(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。二、含蓄条件句的虚拟语气有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语有：without(要是)没有；but for要不是；otherwise/or否则等。Do you have Bettys phone number?你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？Yes.Otherwise，I wouldnt have been able to reach her yesterday.有，不然我昨天就联系不上她了。Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison.要不是托马斯爱迪生，我们现在从中受益的很多东西就不会存在。三、 虚拟语气在从句中的运用1在名词性从句中的运用(1)在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后的宾语从句中，以及这些动词的名词形式后面的同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。常见的此类动词：一坚持(insist)、二命令(order，command)、三要求(require，demand，request)、四建议(suggest，advise，propose，recommend)。She suggested that Dale join the debating team，believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。He insisted that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting.他执意要求在会上讨论这个问题。My desire is that we (should) not quarrel over such things again.我的希望是我们不再为这样的事情争吵了。易错提醒当suggest作“暗示，表明”，insist作“坚持认为”讲时，从句要用陈述语气。(2)在“It is/wasadj./donethat.”句型中，从句中的谓语动词用(should)动词原形。常见的形容词或过去分词有：important，necessary，strange，suggested，ordered，advised，requested，demanded 等。It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hours exercise every day.中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。(3) wish后的宾语从句中的谓语可用一般过去时，had过去分词和could/might/would动词原形，分别表示与现在、过去相反的情况和与将来情况可能相反。I wish that I had met that film star yesterday.我希望昨天见到那个影星。Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced as well as her.埃伦是一位了不起的舞蹈家。要是我能跳得像她一样好那该有多好啊。(4) would rather所接的宾语从句中，从句的谓语如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生过的动作，从句用过去完成时。We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us，but it is her choice，and she is not a child any longer.我们宁愿女儿待在家，陪在我们身边，但是选择权在她手上，毕竟她不再是个孩子了。2三个固定句式中的虚拟语气虚拟情况句式虚拟现在虚拟过去虚拟将来if only引导的条件句及感叹句过去式had过去分词would/could/might动词原形as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句过去式had过去分词would/could/might动词原形It is (high) time that.过去式或should动词原形It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had done it?打破窗户的是约翰。为什么你说得好像是我打破的似的？It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem.确实到了我们采取措施解决问题的时候了。Look at the trouble we are in. If only we had taken our teachers advice！看看我们所处的困境，要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好！易错提醒当as if/though引导的句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。【技法点拨】语法填空的一个完整句子中若没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词，就要考虑动词的时态和语态，还要注意主谓一致和虚拟语气。15
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