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第2讲非谓语动词无论在语法填空还是短文改错中，非谓语动词都是历年高考的必考点，是考生必须要掌握的知识。在解答有关非谓语动词类的试题时，考生同样必须要分清是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，如果句中找到了谓语动词，而又找不到连词(并列连词或从句连词)，则所给动词一定用非谓语动词形式。当我们确定应用非谓语动词后，就要根据相应的语法知识去判断应使用非谓语动词的哪种形式，是v.ing、v.ed形式还是不定式。考点感悟语法填空短文改错语法填空对非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语都会有所涉及，其中作状语、定语、宾语和补语的考查更为突出。感1.(2019天津滨海七所重点学校联考)_ (free) the students from their endless homework the school has decided to take a series of measures.答案：To free句意：为了把学生从没完没了的作业中解放出来，学校决定采取一系列措施。本句已经存在谓语动词且句中没有连词，故free只能作非谓语动词，在本句中作目的状语故用不定式。2.(2019江苏无锡高三期末)A case of suspected food poisoning in New York has led to 6 high school students _ (send) to hospital.答案：being sent句意：纽约一个疑似食品中毒的案件已经导致6名高中生被送到医院了。lead to “导致”，其中的to是介词，后面接动名词的复合结构：逻辑主语(6 high school students)动名词，因为students和send之间是被动关系，故用动名词的被动式。3.(2019江苏高考)Chinas image is improving steadily, with more countries _ (recognize) its role in international affairs.答案：recognizing句意：中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。此处是with复合结构(with宾语宾补)，more countries与recognize (承认，认识，认可)之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作宾补。4.(2018北京高考)_ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.答案：Traveling此处为动名词作主语的用法。5.(2018江苏高考)Around 13, 500 new jobs were created during the period, _ (exceed) the expected number of 12, 000 held by market analysts.答案：exceeding此处用非谓语动词作结果状语，exceed与主语Around 13, 500 new jobs为主动关系，且与句子谓语动词没有先后关系，故应用现在分词。6.(2018天津高考)It took him a long time _ (acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.答案：to acquire此处为It takes/took sb. to do sth.固定句式。7.(2018北京高考)Ordinary soap, _ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.答案：used此处为非谓语动词作状语的用法，use与逻辑主语为被动关系。8.(2018天津高考)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph _ (take).答案：taken此处为非谓语动词作宾补的用法，take与宾语photograph为被动关系。短文改错对非谓语动词的考查主要集中于动词与非谓语动词的误用、现在分词与过去分词的误用、不定式符号的误用、缺失或多余。感1.(2019全国卷)I want my cafe have a special theme such as “Tang Dynasty”._答案：cafe后加towant sb./sth. to do sth. “希望某人/某物做某事”。2.(2017全国卷)When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables._答案：pick前加toinvite sb. to do sth.意为“邀请某人去做某事”。3.(2015全国卷)We hope that all of us will devote our efforts to protect pandas and let them live in the wild again some day._答案：protectprotectingdevote . to . “致力于”，其中的to为介词而非不定式符号，故其后应跟动名词形式。4.(2019广州调研)They send letters to businesses, going to job interviews, and ask their friends and relatives for help._答案：goinggo根据语意语境可知，该句陈述的是当前的行为，且此处与send，ask并列，故应用动词原形。5.(2016全国卷)I showed them I was independent by wear._答案：wearwearing介词后应用动名词形式作宾语。6.(2016四川高考)Mom was grateful and moving._答案：movingmoved根据语意“妈妈很感激和感动”可知，此处应用由过去分词转化而来的形容词moved作表语，意为“感动的”，用来修饰人。悟 无论语法填空还是短文改错，熟悉非谓语动词的基本用法及作同种成分时的用法区别都是解题的关键。另外平时还要多记固定搭配和常用形式，学会分析句子结构，判断句子成分，这样才能以不变应万变。考点素能一 非谓语动词的解题原则原则1了解句法功能，分析句子结构，判断句子成分，确定非谓语动词形式非谓语动词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、补语多种成分，理解非谓语动词的句法功能，判断出其应作哪种成分是解题的关键。作伴随状语和结果状语时用现在分词More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国又建了更多的高速公路，这使人们从一处到另一处的出行变得更容易了。(表结果)All night long he lay awake, thinking of the problem.他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。(表伴随)特别提醒源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语，表示句子主语所处的一种状态，常见的有：seated (坐着的)，devoted (专注的)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)，dressed in (穿着)等。Absorbed in his book, he didnt notice me enter the room.他专注读书，没注意到我进入房间。作目的状语时用不定式，且只能用不定式的一般式非谓语动词作目的状语，要想到用不定式。To make it easier to get in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand.为了更容易与我们取得联系，你最好随身带着这张卡片。非谓语动词作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果要想到用不定式，表示必然的结果要想到用现在分词。He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.他匆匆赶到车站结果却发现火车已经离开了。(表出乎意料的结果)非谓语动词作原因状语，表示“喜怒哀乐”的形容词要想到用不定式；非谓语动词作时间状语、条件状语和原因状语等要想到用分词。I am only too glad to see everything settled.看到一切问题都解决了，我很高兴。Being tired, he went to bed early.因为很累，他很早就睡了。作主语时常用动名词，作介词的宾语时一定用动名词分析句子成分，如果一个经常性、习惯性的动作作主语，常用v.ing形式。Knowing basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.掌握基本的急救技能将有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速做出反应。介词和带介词to的固定搭配一定跟v.ing作宾语。Im looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.我希望尽快收到你的来信。作表语时指物用v.ing，指人用v.ed形式牢记v.ing作表语或定语时常指物，v.ed作表语或定语时常指人。He was very shocked to learn the shocking news that his wife was killed in a traffic accident.得知他的妻子在交通事故中死亡这一令人震惊的消息时，他非常吃惊。原则2利用固定搭配或习惯用法，确定非谓语动词形式牢记用v.ing/to do形式作宾语的词(短语)接v.ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：suggest, risk, imagine, mind, admit, practice, allow, avoid, delay, include, deny, escape, advise, finish, miss, forgive, consider, recommend, forbid, give up, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to, devote . to, pay attention to等。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。接to do形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：decide, refuse, promise, pretend, hesitate, manage, plan, fail, choose, desire, hope, afford, agree, learn, determine, demand, offer, make up ones mind, would like等。Nervous and anxious, Jill failed to make a good impression at the job interview.又紧张又焦虑，吉尔没有在面试中给人留下好印象。有些动词或动词短语既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但表示的含义不同。meanforgetrememberregrettrygo oncant helpI regret to tell you that he didnt take your application into consideration.我很遗憾地告诉你他没有考虑你的申请。I regret making rude comments on your appearance.我很后悔对你的外表做了粗鲁的评论。掌握非谓语动词的几种句型公式不定式作宾语补足语tell/order/persuade/force/warn/encourage/ask/invitesb. to do sth.Id like to invite you to take part in the activity.我想邀请你参加这项活动。用省略“to”的不定式作宾语补足语的动词：“五看；三使；二听；一感觉”。五看：look at/watch/notice/see/observe sb. do sth.；三使：make/have/let sb. do sth.；二听：listen to/hear sb. do sth.；一感觉：feel sb. do sth.。The boss made the workers do the work all day.老板迫使工人们整天干活。用于it形式主语结构中Itbe名词或形容词(no good/no use/a pleasure/worthwhile/useless)动词ing；Itbe形容词(difficult/kind/clever等)for/of sb. to do sth.；Ittakessb.some timeto do sth.As is known to us, its no use complaining without taking action.众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动没用。with复合结构中补足语的比较withWith so many people looking at him, he felt very nervous.那么多人看着他，他感到很紧张。With the problem solved, the quality has been improved.问题解决了，质量也提高了。有些非谓语动词形式的固定结构需牢记considering that 鉴于，考虑到judging by/from 从来判断supposing/providing/provided/assuming that . 假定，假设compared with/to 与相比Michaels new house is like a huge palace, compared with his old one.与迈克尔的旧房子比起来，他的新房子像个大宫殿。原则3理清逻辑关系，确定非谓语动词形式解答非谓语动词的试题时，要能辨明其与逻辑主语的关系为主动关系还是被动关系，主动考虑用v.ing形式，被动则考虑用v.ed形式。非谓语动词作定语若非谓语动词作定语，与其逻辑主语为主动关系时用现在分词，为被动关系时用过去分词。“Things lost never come again！” I couldnt help talking to myself.我不禁自言自语：“覆水难收啊！”Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨晚，有上百万的人观看开幕式的电视直播。非谓语动词作状语/补语若非谓语动词作状语，则其逻辑主语是句子的主语。若句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，即主谓关系，则用现在分词形式；若句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，即动宾关系，则用过去分词。Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.这个句子被译成英语后，被发现有一个完全不同的语序。Hearing the good news, they were all excited.听到这个消息，他们都非常激动。若非谓语动词作宾语补足语，则其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。若宾语是分词动作的发出者，即主谓关系，且强调进行，则用现在分词形式；若宾语是分词动作的承受者，即动宾关系，则用过去分词。I saw him climbing the fence just now.我刚才看见他在爬栅栏。A villager saw the little girl taken away by a middleaged lady.一位村民看见这个小女孩被一位中年妇女带走了。原则4根据动作先后及逻辑关系，确定非谓语动词形式做题时，我们要根据非谓语动词与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序，去确定非谓语动词的时态，根据其与逻辑主语的主被动关系去确定语态。非谓语动词形式意义过去分词表示被动、完成不定式的被动式表示被动且尚未发生现在分词的被动式表示被动、进行动名词的被动式表示被动非谓语动词的完成式非谓语动作发生在谓语动作之前We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。Having been told many times, he still couldnt understand it.被告知了多次，他仍旧不明白。二 非谓语动词的易错易混点易错易混点1现在分词和过去分词作状语现在分词作状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词作状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。典例1(2019福州八中质检)_ (realize) it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.解析Realizing分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，realize与句子主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故填Realizing。典例2(2019蚌埠二中模拟)Greatly _ (encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria.解析encouraged分析句子结构可知，空格所处的部分为非谓语动词作状语，encourage与句子主语the team之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填encouraged。易错易混点2现在分词和过去分词作前置定语和表语作前置定语和表语时，现在分词和过去分词都相当于形容词，前者意为“令人的”，后者意为“感到的”。典例1(2019全国卷)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel _ (challenge)解析challengedfeel为系动词，后接形容词；此处表示“被挑战的”，用由过去分词转化来的形容词challenged。典例2(2019山西省实验中学质检)Dennis Williams, the new owner of the phone numbers, responded to the _ (excite) baby news.解析exciting此处为非谓语动词作前置定语，表示“令人兴奋的有关孩子的消息”。故填exciting。典例3(2019山西长泊二中等五校一联)With a _ (puzzle) look on my face, I pointed to myself and said, “Me？”解析puzzled句意：脸上带着疑惑的表情，我指着自己说：“我吗？” a puzzled look “困惑的表情”；过去分词表示人的心理特征，也用于修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, voice等名词。过关检测(限时：30分钟).单句语法填空1_ (catch) the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.答案：To catch2There is a door _ (lead) to the garden.答案：leading3They worked day and night, _ (finish) the work ahead of time.答案：finishing4The two presidents agree with each other on the whole, but much remains _ (discuss) at the next meeting.答案：to be discussed5_ (absorb) in painting, John didnt notice evening approaching.答案：Absorbed6_ (understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.答案：Understanding7Amy, please tell the people seated and _ (wait) for their turns to come to my office five minutes later.答案：waiting8Any danger for the patient _ (operate) on by Dr Smith?Hard to say. Doctors are trying their best.答案：being operated9With the exam _ (take) place in ten minutes, they were asked to hand in their mobile phones.答案：to take10Yanan, a city _ (locate) in northern Shaanxi Province, has seen great progress in its tourism industry over the past few years.答案：located.单句改错1In recent years an English word “infosphere” has appeared, combined the meanings of “information” and “atmosphere”_答案：combinedcombining2We must know what we should do and we should avoid leave a good impression on others in public places._答案：avoid后加to3You cannot accept an opinion offering to you unless it is based on facts._答案：offeringoffered4The film star wears glasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without recognizing._答案：recognizingbeing recognized5Having working for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule._答案：workingworked6Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr Lee was very happy to see his mother taking good care of at home._答案：takingtaken7Amazing at his final score, he decided to treat himself to a big dinner._答案：AmazingAmazed8Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it performed live is quite another._答案：it后加being9They were caught in a traffic jam, thus cause the delay._答案：causecausing10Halfway through his talk, the speaker stopped and decided create a group activity._答案：decided后加to.语法填空(2019长沙雅礼中学高三检测)I first discovered China Daily a few years ago. It was the first time that I _1_ (visit) China, and I was waiting for my tour guide _2_ (arrive) at the hotel. I picked up a newspaper written in EnglishChina Daily. I opened the newspaper, and _3_ that day on, in every hotel I visited, when the staff asked me, “A newspaper _4_ (deliver) to your room？” I would always answer, “Do you have China Daily？” Why had I _5_ (immediate) taken a liking to China Daily after just one reading of it? I think that China Daily is a very _6_ (influence) newspaper for many reasons. First of all, China Daily _7_ (write) about both Western and Chinese culture. _8_ example to support this reason is an article I read just the other day：When the Bard (诗人) met his Chinese match. This article is about _9_ both China and the UK will honor their most famous playwrights (剧作家) with a series of _10_ (event) this year. The playwrights are William Shakespeare from the UK and Tang Xianzu from China. And the newspaper also manages to compare them in a proper way.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者是如何与China Daily结下不解之缘的。1had visited考查动词的时态。It was the first time that . “第一次”为固定句型，其中的that从句需要用过去完成时。2to arrive考查非谓语动词。“我”在等“我”的导游到达宾馆。wait for sb. to do sth. “等待某人做某事”为固定搭配。3from考查固定搭配。from . on意为“从起”，是固定用法。4delivered考查非谓语动词。newspaper与deliver之间是被动关系，故此处使用deliver的过去分词形式。5immediately考查词性转换。为什么“我”仅读了一次中国日报就马上喜欢上它了呢？此处应用副词修饰动词。6influential考查词性转换。空格处在句中作定语修饰后面的名词newspaper，故用形容词influential “有影响力的”。7writes考查动词的时态和语态。中国日报的内容与中西方文化都有关系。这是一种客观陈述，表示客观事实要用一般现在时。注意：write作“写道，(以文字形式)表达”讲时通常不用被动语态。8An考查冠词。此处泛指“一个例子”，需用不定冠词表泛指，且example的发音以元音音素开头，故需用An。9how考查名词性从句的连接词。此处表示中英两国如何纪念他们最为著名的剧作家。空格处在句中引导一个宾语从句，且表示“如何，怎样”，故用how。10events考查名词。此处表示“一系列活动”，根据前面的a series of和event作“公开活动”讲时是可数名词可知，设空处应填其复数形式。.短文改错(2019河北保定中学高三月考)Its reported that some Chinese tourists behave badly travel at home and abroad. They speak loudly in public places, carve characters at tourist attractions, throw a rubbish everywhere, even cross the road when the traffic lights are still red. Such bad behavior had caused damage to what people think of themselves and our country. Actions should be taken to stop this. First, tourists should be educating to obey social and public order, and respect locally religions and customs. Besides, laws should be made to punish those which dont behave politely in public. I hope soon tourists will change their behavior and win respect of themselves and our country.答案：Its reported that some Chinese tourists behave badly at home and abroad. They speak loudly in public places, carve characters at tourist attractions, throw rubbish everywhere, even cross the road when the traffic lights are still red. Such bad behavior caused damage to what people think of and our country. should be taken to stop this. First, tourists should be to obey social and public order, and respect religions and customs. Besides, laws should be made to punish those dont behave politely in public. I hope soon tourists will change their behavior and win respect themselves and our country.- 13 -
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